現(xiàn)代電力系統(tǒng)分析

前言

　　由于電力系統(tǒng)規(guī)劃、設(shè)計(jì)、運(yùn)行和控制都要進(jìn)行電力系統(tǒng)分析，因此，在國內(nèi)外的高等院校中都把“電力系統(tǒng)分析”作為本科生的重要專業(yè)課程之一，有的在研究生階段還進(jìn)一步將它列為學(xué)位課程。作為這門課程的教材，國內(nèi)外已經(jīng)有十多種，本書為印度理工學(xué)院Kothari和貝拉理工學(xué)院Nagrath兩位教授編寫的第3版?！　械牡?章到第12章內(nèi)容屬于電力系統(tǒng)分析的傳統(tǒng)和基本內(nèi)容，主要包括電力系統(tǒng)元件的參數(shù)、等值電路和穩(wěn)態(tài)運(yùn)行特性，電力系統(tǒng)的潮流計(jì)算，電力系統(tǒng)的運(yùn)行優(yōu)化以及自動(dòng)發(fā)電和電壓控制，對(duì)稱和不對(duì)稱故障分析，電力系統(tǒng)穩(wěn)定性等?！　〉?3章到第17章是第3版新增的內(nèi)容，包括電力系統(tǒng)靜態(tài)安全分析，電力系統(tǒng)狀態(tài)估計(jì)，F(xiàn)ACTS（柔性交流輸電系統(tǒng)）元件及其對(duì)系統(tǒng)參數(shù)和功率的補(bǔ)償，電力負(fù)荷預(yù)測，電力系統(tǒng)電壓穩(wěn)定性。此外，在第1章中還增加了新能源和可再生能源發(fā)電、分散和分布式發(fā)電、電力市場以及電能生產(chǎn)對(duì)環(huán)境的影響等方面的基本知識(shí)?！　≡趥鹘y(tǒng)部分的編寫中，內(nèi)容比較全面、完整。例如，在潮流計(jì)算中，包括了近似潮流、高斯·賽得爾法、牛頓－拉夫遜法以及快速解耦法；在運(yùn)行方式優(yōu)化方面，從經(jīng)典的基于等微增率的經(jīng)濟(jì)調(diào)度，到最優(yōu)潮流和機(jī)組經(jīng)濟(jì)組合；在對(duì)稱和不對(duì)稱故障分析中，除了簡單系統(tǒng)的分析方法以外，介紹了復(fù)雜系統(tǒng)的計(jì)算機(jī)分析方法，等等。新增加的內(nèi)容使本書更貼近電力系統(tǒng)的運(yùn)行和控制。　　此外，本書還有以下的顯著特點(diǎn)：　　1.書中包含了大量的例題，它們除了說明具體的計(jì)算方法和過程以外，還可以讓讀者順便了解很多實(shí)際知識(shí)（例如元件及系統(tǒng)的結(jié)構(gòu)和參數(shù)等）。有的則通過例題介紹其他方面的內(nèi)容和知識(shí)（例如，在例2.4中引入通信干擾和諧波等知識(shí)），從而擴(kuò)大了本書所包含的信息量。另外，書中還給出了大量的習(xí)題并附有相應(yīng)的答案，以便讀者進(jìn)一步鞏固和深化有關(guān)的理論和分析方法。特別地，這些例題和習(xí)題有助于讀者進(jìn)行自學(xué)。

內(nèi)容概要

　　《現(xiàn)代電力系統(tǒng)分析（第3版）》中包含了大量的例題，它們除了說明具體的計(jì)算方法和過程以外，還可以讓讀者順便了解很多實(shí)際知識(shí)（例如元件及系統(tǒng)的結(jié)構(gòu)和參數(shù)等）。有的則通過例題介紹其他方面的內(nèi)容和知識(shí)（例如，在例2.4中引入通信干擾和諧波等知識(shí)），從而擴(kuò)大了《現(xiàn)代電力系統(tǒng)分析（第3版）》所包含的信息量。另外，書中還給出了大量的習(xí)題并附有相應(yīng)的答案，以便讀者進(jìn)一步鞏固和深化有關(guān)的理論和分析方法。特別地，這些例題和習(xí)題有助于讀者進(jìn)行自學(xué)。

作者簡介

　　D P Kothari，is Professor， Centre for Energy Studies，Indian Institute of Technology， Delhi. He hasbeen Head of the Centre for Energy Studies（1995-97） and Principal （1997-98） VisvesvarayaRegional Engineering College， Nagpur. He has been Director-incharge， liT Delhi （2005）， Deputy Director （Admn.） （2003-2006）. Earlier （1982-83 and 1989）， he was a visiting fellow at RMIT，Melbourne， Australia. He obtained his BE， ME and Ph.D degrees from BITS， Pilani. A fellow of the Institution of Engineers （India）， fellow of National Academy of Engineering，fellow of National Academy of Sciences， Senior Member IEEE， Member IEE，Life Member ISTE， Professor Kothari has published/presented around 500papers in national and international journals/conferences. He has authored/co-authored more than 18 books， including Power System Optimization， ModernPower System Analysis， Electric Machines， Power System Transients， Theoryand Problems of Electric Machines and Basic Electrical Engineering. Hisresearch interests include power system control， optimization， reliability andenergy conservation. He has received the National Khosla award for LifetimeAchievements in Engineering for 2005 from liT Roorkee.　　I J Nagrath is Adjunct Professor， BITS， Pilani， and retired as Professor of electrical engineering and Deputy Director of Birla Institute of Technology and Science， Pilani. He obtained his BE with Hons. in electrical engineering from the University of Rajasthan in 1951 and MS from the University of Wisconsin in 1956. He has co-authored several successful books which include Electric Machines， Modern Power System Analysis and Systems： Modelling and Analysis. He has also published several research papers in prestigious national and international journals.

書籍目錄

Preface to Third EditionPreface to First Edition1. Introduction1.1 A Perspective1.2 Structure of Power Systems1.3 Conventional Sources of Electric Energy1.4 Renewable Energy Sources1.5 Energy Storage1.6 Growth of Power Systems in India1.7 Energy Conservation1.8 Deregulation1.9 Distributed and Dispersed Generation1.10 Environmental Aspects of Electric Energy Generation1.11 Power System Engineers and Power System Studies 3!1.12 Use of Computers and Microprocessors1.13 Problems Facing Indian Power Industry and its ChoicesReferences2. Inductance and Resistance of Transmission Lines2.1 Introduction2.2 Definition of Inductance2.3 Flux Linkages of an Isolated Current-Carrying Conductor2.4 Inductance of a Single-Phase Two-Wire Line2.5 Conductor Types2.6 Flux Linkages of one Conductor in a Group2.7 Inductance of Composite Conductor Lines2.8 Inductance of Three-Phase Lines2.9 Double-Circuit Three-Phase Lines2.10 Bundled Conductors2.11 Resistance2.12 Skin Effect and Proximity EffectProblemsReferences3. Capacitance of Transmission Lines3.1 Introduction3.2 Electric Field of a Long Straight Conductor3.3 Potential Difference between two Conductors of a Group of Parallel Conductors3.4 Capacitance of a Two-Wire Line3.5 Capacitance of a Three-Phase Line with Equilateral Spacing3.6 Capacitance of a Three-Phase Line with Unsymmetrical Spacing3.7 Effect of Earth on Transmission Line Capacitance3.8 Method of GMD (Modified)3.9 Bundled ConductorsProblemsReferences4. Representation of Power System Components4.1 Introduction4.2 Single-phase Solution of Balanced Three-phase Networks4.3 One-Line Diagram and Impedance or Reactance Diagram4.4 Per Unit (PU) System4.5 Complex Power4.6 Synchronous Machine4.7 Representation of LoadsProblemsReferences5. Characteristics and Performance of Power Transmission Lines5.1 Introduction5.2 Short Transmission Line5.3 Medium Transmission Line5.4 The Long Transmission Line——Rigorous Solution5.5 Interpretation of the Long Line Equations5.6 Ferranti Effect5.7 Tuned Power Lines5.8 The Equivalent Circuit of a Long Line5.9 Power Flow through a Transmission Line5.10 Methods of Voltage ControlProblemsReferences6. Load Flow Studies6.1 Introduction6.2 Network Model Formulation6.3 Formation of YBus by Singular Transformation6.4 Load Flow Problem6.5 Gauss-Seidel Method6.6 Newton-Raphson (NR) Method6.7 Decoupled Load Flow Methods6.8 Comparison of Load Flow Methods6.9 Control of Voltage ProfileProblemsReferences7. 0 ptimal System Operation7.1 Introduction7.2 Optimal Operation of Generators on a Bus Bar7.3 Optimal Unit Commitment (UC)7.4 Reliability Considerations7.5 Optimum Generation Scheduling7.6 Optimal Load Flow Solution7.7 Optimal Scheduling of Hydrothermal SystemProblemsReferences8. Automatic Generation and Voltage Control8.1 Introduction8.2 Load Frequency Control (Single Area Case)8.3 Load Frequency Control and Economic Despatch Control8.4 Two-Area Load Frequency Control8.5 Optimal (Two-Area) Load Frequency Control8.6 Automatic Voltage Control8.7 Load Frequency Control with Generation Rate Constraints (GRCs)8.8 Speed Governor Dead-Band and Its Effect on AGC8.9 Digital LF Controllers8.10 Decentralized ControlProblemsReferences9. Symmetrical Fault Analysis9.1 Introduction9.2 Transient on a Transmission Line9.3 Short Circuit of a Synchronous Machine (On No Load)9.4 Short Circuit of a Loaded Synchronous Machine9.5 SeIection of Circuit Breakers9.6 Algorithm for Short Circuit Studies9.7 ZBusFormulationProblemsReferences10. Symmetrical Components10.1 Introduction10.2 Symmetrical Component Transformation10.3 Phase Shift in Star-Delta Transformers10.4 Sequence Impedances of Transmission Lines10.5 Sequence Impedances and Sequence Network of Power System10.6 Sequence Impedances and Networks of Synchronous Machine10.7 Sequence Impedances of Transmission Lines10.8 Sequence Impedances and Networks of Transformers10.9 Construction of Sequence Networks of a Power SystemProblemsReferences11. Unsymmetrical Fault Analysis11.1 Introduction11.2 Symmetrical Component Analysis of Unsymmetrical Faults11.3 Single Line-To-Ground (LG) Fault11.4 Line-To-Line (LL) Fault11.5 Double Line-To-Ground (LLG) Fault11.6 Open Conductor Faults11.7 Bus Impedance Matrix Method For Analysis of Unsymmetrical Shunt FaultsProblemsReferences12. Power System Stability12.1 Introduction12.2 Dynamics of a Synchronous Machine12.3 Power Angle Equation12.4 Node Elimination Technique12.5 Simple Systems12.6 Steady State Stability12.7 Transient Stability12.8 Equal Area Criterion12.9 Numerical Solution of Swing Equation12.10 Multimachine Stability12.11 Some Factors Affecting Transient StabilityProblemsReferences13. Power System Security13.1 Introduction13.2 System State Classification13.3 Security Analysis13.4 Contingency Analysis13.5 Sensitivity Factors13.6 Power System Voltage StabilityReferences14. An Introduction to State Estimation of Power Systems14.1 Introduction14.2 Least Squares Estimation： The Basic Solution14.3 Static State Estimation of PowerSystems14.4 Tracking State Estimation of Power Systems14.5 Some Computational Considerations14.6 External System Equivalencing14.7 Treatment of Bad Data14.8 Network Observability and Pseudo-Measurements14.9 Application of Power System State Estimation 5.5ProblemsReferences15. Compensation in Power Systems15.1 Introduction15.2 Loading Capability15.3 Load Compensation15.4 Line Compensation15.5 Series Compensation15.6 Shunt Compensators15.7 Comparison between STATCOM and SVC15.8 Flexible AC Transmission Systeins (FACTS) 56~15.9 Principle and Operation of Converters15.10 Facts ControllersReferences16. Load Forecasting Technique16.1 Introduction16.2 Forecasting Methodology16.3 Estimation of Average and Trend Terms16.4 Estimation of Periodic Components16.5 Estimation of Ys (k)： Time Series Approach16.6 Estimation of Stochastic Component： Kalman Filtering Approach16.7 Long-Term Load Predictions Using Econometric Models16.8 Reactive Load ForecastReferences17. Voltage Stability17.1 Introduction17.2 Comparison of Angle and Voltage Stability17.3 Reactive Power Flow and Voltage Collapse17.4 Mathematical Formulation of Voltage Stability Problem17.5 Voltage Stability Analysis17.6 Prevention of Voltage Collapse17.7 State-of-the-Art， Future Trends and ChallengesReferencesAppendix A： Introduction to Vector and Matrix AlgebraAppendix B： Generalized Circuit ConstantsAppendix C： Triangular Factorization and Optimal OrderingAppendix D： Elements of Power System Jacobian MatrixAppendix E： Kuhn.Tucker TheoremAppendix F： Real-time Computer Control of Power SystemsAppendix G： Introduction to MATLAB and SIMULINKAnswers to ProblemsIndex

章節(jié)摘錄

　　Demerits　　1. Nuclear reactors produce radioactive fuel waste, the disposal of which poses serious environmental hazards.　　2. The rate of nuclear reaction can be lowered only by a small margin, so that the load on a nuclear power plant can only be permitted to be marginally reduced below its full load value. Nuclear power stations must, therefore, be realiably connected to a power network, as tripping of the lines connecting the station can be quite serious and may required shutting down of the reactor with all its consequences.　　3. Because of relatively high capital cost as against running cost, the nuclear plant should operate continuously as the base load station. Wherever possible, it is preferable to support such a station with a pumped storage scheme mentioned earlier.　　4. The greatest danger in a fission reactor is in the case of loss of coolant in an accident. Even with the control rods fully lowered quickly called scram operation, the fission does continue and its after-heat may cause vaporizing and dispersal of radioactive material.　　The world uranium resources are quite limited, and at the present rate may not last much beyond 50 years. However, there is a redeeming feature. During the fission of 235U, some of the neutrons are absorbed by the more abundant uranium isotope 23SU （enriched uranium contains only about 3% of 235U while most of its is ） converting it to plutonium, which in itself is a fissionable material and can be extracted from the reactor fuel waste by a fuel reprocessing plant. Plutonium would then be used in the next generation reactors （fast breeder reactors-FBRs）, thereby considerably extending the life of nuclear fuels. The FBR technology is being intensely developed as it will extend the availability of nuclear fuels at predicted rates of energy consumption to several centuries.　 Figure 1.9 shows the schematic diagram of an FBR. It is essential that for breeding operation, conversion ratio （fissile material generated/fissile material consumed） has to be more than unity. This is achieved by fast moving neutrons so that no moderator is needed. The neutrons do slow down a little through collisions with structural and fuel elements. The energy density/kg of fuel is very high and so the core is small. It is therefore necessary that the coolant should possess good thermal properties and hence liquid sodium is used. The fuel for an FBR consists of 20% plutonium plus 8% uranium oxide. The coolant, liquid sodium, leaves the reactor at 650℃ at atmospheric pressure. The heat so transported is led to a secondary sodium circuit which transfers it to a heat exchanger to generate steam at 540℃.

編輯推薦

　　《現(xiàn)代電力系統(tǒng)分析(第3版)》介紹了現(xiàn)代電力系統(tǒng)的運(yùn)行、控制和分析方法?！　〉?版的主要特色　　新增章節(jié)　　電力系統(tǒng)安全性　　狀態(tài)估計(jì)　　電力系統(tǒng)中的補(bǔ)償裝置（包括SVS和FACTS）　　負(fù)荷預(yù)測　　電壓穩(wěn)定　　新增附錄　　MATLAB和SIMULINK在電力系統(tǒng)中的應(yīng)用演示　　基于計(jì)算機(jī)的電力系統(tǒng)實(shí)時(shí)控制　　專家評(píng)論　　《現(xiàn)代電力系統(tǒng)分析(第3版)》內(nèi)容全面、組織合理、材料新穎，敘述清晰流暢，易于自學(xué)。同時(shí)，書中每一個(gè)概念和方法都有相應(yīng)的算例進(jìn)行說明。

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