基因X

前言

　　New data are acquired daily， and new insights into well-studied processes come on a scale measured in weeks or months rather than years. Its difficult to believe that the first complete organism genome sequence was obtained less than fifteen years ago. The structure and function of genes and genomes and their associated cellular processes are sometimes elegantly and deceptively simple but frequently amazingly complex， and no single book can do justice to the realities and diversities of natural genetic systems.　　This book is aimed at advanced students in molecular genetics and molecular biology. In order to provide the most current understanding of the rapidly-changing subjects in molecular biology， we have enlisted twenty-one scientists to provide revisions and content updates in their individual fields of expertise. Their expert knowledge has been incorporated throughout the text. Much of the revision and reorganization of this edition follows that of the second edition of Lewiss Essential GENES， but there are many updates and features that are new to this book. Most notably， there are two new chapters： Chapter3 （"Methods in Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering"） provides an introduction to the concepts and practice of laboratory techniques in molecular biology early on in the book， and Chapter 8 （"Genome Evolution"） combines， expands， and updates material that had been scattered among various chapters in previous editions， as well as introducing a number of topics new to this book. This edition is generally up dated and reorganized for a more logical flow of topics， and many chapters have been renamed to better indicate their contents. In particular， discussion of chromatin organization and nucleosome structure now precedes the discussion of eukaryotic transcription， because chromosome organization is critical to all DNA transactions in the cell， and current research in the field of transcriptional regulation is heavily biased toward the study of the role of chromatin in this process. The discussion of transcriptional activation and chromatin remodeling has accordingly been combined into one chapter （Chapter 28）. Two chapters on transposons and retroposons have been combined into one （Chapter 17）. In addition， some chapters have been revised to contain extensive new material. The original intro ductory chapter on messenger RNA has been entirely rewritten to cover more advanced topics （Chapter 22， "mRNA Stability and Localization"）， and the regula tory RNA chapter has been dramatically expanded to include material on RNAi pathways （Chapter 30，"Regulatory RNA"）. Many new figures are included in this book， some reflecting new developments in the field， particularly in the topics of chromatin structure and function， epigenetics， and regulation by noncoding and micro RNAS in eukaryotes.

內(nèi)容概要

分子生物學(xué)與分子遺傳學(xué)領(lǐng)域正經(jīng)歷著日新月異的變化，每天都會(huì)出現(xiàn)新的數(shù)據(jù)，那些熱門的研究進(jìn)程，過去每隔數(shù)年才會(huì)出現(xiàn)新的見解和看法，現(xiàn)在只要幾周或幾個(gè)月。在過去幾十年里，對(duì)廣大教學(xué)者來說，Lewin的《基因》是一本十分優(yōu)秀的教材，該書對(duì)分子生物學(xué)和分子遺傳學(xué)進(jìn)行了精彩的論述，內(nèi)容涵蓋了基因的結(jié)構(gòu)、序列、組織和表達(dá)。最新版的Lewin本書，擁有一支嶄新的知識(shí)淵博的作者隊(duì)伍，21位科學(xué)家根據(jù)各自的專業(yè)研究特長，對(duì)書中內(nèi)容進(jìn)行了修訂和更新，以保證本書是本領(lǐng)域最新穎全面的教材。本書在內(nèi)容上增加了一些新的章節(jié)，結(jié)構(gòu)也進(jìn)行了一些調(diào)整，使得全書各個(gè)主題在排列上更加富有邏輯性。另外許多章節(jié)也重新命名，和內(nèi)容更加相符。新版中還包含了一些新的教學(xué)特色，便于學(xué)生在閱讀本書過程中更好地學(xué)習(xí)；增加一個(gè)在線學(xué)習(xí)導(dǎo)航，學(xué)生可以使用它對(duì)關(guān)鍵內(nèi)容進(jìn)行自我測(cè)試?！　⌒掳嫣厣　　と碌牡?章——分子生物學(xué)和基因工程方法，詳細(xì)介紹了分子生物學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)技術(shù)的概念和實(shí)踐?！　　ば虏迦氲牡?章——基因組進(jìn)化，對(duì)于早期版本分散在各章節(jié)中的相關(guān)材料做了整合、擴(kuò)展和更新，并介紹了一些新進(jìn)展?！　　さ?2章——mRNA的穩(wěn)定性和定位，完全更新并重寫，以包含更多的前沿內(nèi)容。　　·第30章——調(diào)控RNA和小RNA，特別引入了RNAi通路的相關(guān)內(nèi)容?！　　ご罅繊湫碌木啦鍒D反映了相關(guān)領(lǐng)域的新進(jìn)展，尤其是基閃組結(jié)構(gòu)和功能、表觀遺傳學(xué)，以及原核生物中非編碼和小RNA的調(diào)控。

書籍目錄

ContentsPrefacePart 1. GENES AND CHROMOSOMES 1　Chapter 1. Genes Are DNA 2　Chapter 2. 　　Genes Code for Proteins 26　　Edited by Esther Siegfried, Pennsylvania State University, Altoona　Chapter 3. Methods in Molecular Biology andGenetic Engineering 42Edited by John Brunstein, University of British Columbia　Chapter 4. The Interrupted Gene 79Edited by Donald Forsdyke, Queens University　Chapter5. The Content of the Genome 98　Chapter 6. Genome Sequences and GeneNumbers 118　Chapter 7. Clusters and Repeats 139　Chapter 8. Genome Evolution 159　Chapter 9. Chromosomes 189Edited by Hank W. Bass, Florida State University　Chapter 10. Chromatin 220Part 2. DNA REPLICATIONAND RECOMBINATION 262　Chapter 11. The Replicon 263Edited by Stephen D. Bell, Oxford University　Chapter 12. Extrachromosomal Replicons 282Edited by Sgren Johannes Serensen & lars Hestbjerg Hansen, University of Copenhagen　Chapter 13. Bacterial Replication Is Connectedto the Ceil Cycle 299Edited by Barbara Funnell, University of Toronto　Chapter 14. DNA Replication 320Edited by Peter Burgers, Washington University Medical School　Chapter 15. Homologous and Site-SpecificRecombination 348Edited by Hannah L. Klein & Samantha Hoot, New York University Langone Medical Center　Chapter 16. Repair Systems 391　Chapter 17. Transposable Elementsand Retroviruses 419Edited by Damon Lisch, University of California,Berkeley　Chapter 18. Somatic Recombination andHypermutation in the Immune System 458Edited by Paolo Casali, Institute for Immunology,University of California, IrvinePart 3. TRANSCRIPTIONAN D POSTrRANSCRIPTIONALMECHANISMS 503　Chapter 19. Prokaryotic Transcription 504Edited by Richard Gourse, University of Wisconsin, Madison　Chapter 20. Eukaryotic Transcription 546　Chapter 21. RNA Splicing and Processing 573Edited by Xiang-Dong Fu, University of California,San Diego, School of Medicine　Chapter 22. mRNA Stability andLocalization 618Edited by Ellen Baker, University of Nevada, Reno　Chapter 23. Catalytic RNA 642Edited by Douglas ,7. Briant, University of Victoria　Chapter 24. Translation 665Edited by Cheryl Keller Capone, Pennsylvania State University　Chapter 25. Using the Genetic Code 704Edited by John Perona, University of California, Santa BarbaraPart 4. GENE REGULATION 734　Chapter 26. The Operon 735Edited by Liskin Swint-Kruse, University of Kansas School of Medicine　Chapter 27. Phage Strategies 767　Chapter28.Eukaryotic TranscriptionRegutation 795　Chapter 29. Epigenetic Effects AreInherited 828Edited by Trygve ToUefsbol, University of Alabama, Birmingham　Chapter 30. Regutatory RNA 861Gtossary 881Index 905

章節(jié)摘錄

　　Exons act as modules for building genes thaiare tried out in the course of evolution in various combinations （see Section 4.9, Some ExonCan Be Equated with Protein Functional Domains）At one extreme, an individual exon from onegene may be copied and used in another geneAt the other extreme, an entire gene, includingboth exons and introns, may be duplicated. Insuch a case, mutations can accumulate in onecopy without elimination by natural selectionas long as the other copy is under selection tcremain functional. The selectively neutral copymay then evolve to a new function, becomeexpressed at a different time or in a differenlcell type from the first copy, or become a nonfunctional pseudogene. FIGURE 8.19 summarizes our present view otthe rates at which these processes occur.　　Thereis a　probability that a given gene will beincluded in a duplication in a period of onemillion years. After the gene has duplicated,differences evolve as the result of the occurrence of different mutations in each copy. Theseaccumulate at a rate of -0.1% per million years（see Section 8.4, A Constant Rate of Sequence Divergence Is a Molecular Clock）. If this does not happen, one of the genes is likely to become a pseudogene because it will by chance gain a deleteri ous mutation, and there will be no puri fying selection to eliminate this copy so by genetic drift the mutant version may increase in frequency and fix in the species.　　Typically this takes　4 mil lion years for globin genes; in general, the time to fixation of a neutral mutant depends on the generation time and the effective population size, with genetic drift being a stronger force in smaller populations. In such a situation, it is purely a matter of chance which of the two copies becomes inactive. （This can contribute to incompatibility between different individuals, and ultimately to speciation, if different copies become inactive in different populations.） Analysis of the human genome sequenceshows that -5% of the genome comprisesduplications of identifiable segments rangingin length from 10 to 300 kb. These duplicationshave arisen relatively recently; that is, there hasnot been sufficient time for divergence betweenthem for their homology to become obscured.They include a proportional share （-6%） of theexpressed exons, which shows that the duplications are occurring more or less irrespectiveof genetic content.

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