人工腎

前言

大學(xué)最重要的功能是向社會(huì)輸送人才．大學(xué)對(duì)于一個(gè)國(guó)家、民族乃至世界的重要性和貢獻(xiàn)度，很大程度上是通過(guò)畢業(yè)生在社會(huì)各領(lǐng)域所取得的成就來(lái)體現(xiàn)的．中國(guó)科學(xué)技術(shù)大學(xué)建校只有短短的50年，之所以迅速成為享有較高國(guó)際聲譽(yù)的著名大學(xué)之一，主要就是因?yàn)樗囵B(yǎng)出了一大批德才兼?zhèn)涞膬?yōu)秀畢業(yè)生．他們志向高遠(yuǎn)、基礎(chǔ)扎實(shí)、綜合素質(zhì)高、創(chuàng)新能力強(qiáng)，在國(guó)內(nèi)外科技、經(jīng)濟(jì)、教育等領(lǐng)域做出了杰出的貢獻(xiàn)，為中國(guó)科大贏得了“科技英才的搖籃”的美譽(yù)．2008年9月，胡錦濤總書記為中國(guó)科大建校五十周年發(fā)來(lái)賀信，信中稱贊說(shuō)：半個(gè)世紀(jì)以來(lái)，中國(guó)科學(xué)技術(shù)大學(xué)依托中國(guó)科學(xué)院，按照全院辦校、所系結(jié)合的方針，弘揚(yáng)紅專并進(jìn)、理實(shí)交融的校風(fēng)，努力推進(jìn)教學(xué)和科研工作的改革創(chuàng)新，為黨和國(guó)家培養(yǎng)了一大批科技人才，取得了一系列具有世界先進(jìn)水平的原創(chuàng)性科技成果，為推動(dòng)我國(guó)科教事業(yè)發(fā)展和社會(huì)主義現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)做出了重要貢獻(xiàn)．據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)，中國(guó)科大迄今已畢業(yè)的5萬(wàn)人中，已有42人當(dāng)選中國(guó)科學(xué)院和中國(guó)工程院院士，是同期（自1963年以來(lái)）畢業(yè)生中當(dāng)選院士數(shù)最多的高校之一．其中，本科畢業(yè)生中平均每1，000人就產(chǎn)生1名院士和。700多名碩士、博士，比例位居全國(guó)高校之首．還有眾多的中青年才俊成為我國(guó)科技、企業(yè)、教育等領(lǐng)域的領(lǐng)軍人物和骨干．在歷年評(píng)選的“中國(guó)青年五四獎(jiǎng)?wù)隆鲍@得者中，作為科技界、科技創(chuàng)新型企業(yè)界青年才俊代表，科大畢業(yè)生已連續(xù)多年榜上有名，獲獎(jiǎng)總?cè)藬?shù)位居全國(guó)高校前列．鮮為人知的是，有數(shù)千名優(yōu)秀畢業(yè)生踏上國(guó)防戰(zhàn)線，為科技強(qiáng)軍做出了重要貢獻(xiàn)，涌現(xiàn)出20多名科技將軍和一大批國(guó)防科技中堅(jiān)．

內(nèi)容概要

本書系統(tǒng)介紹了人工腎的起源、結(jié)構(gòu)系統(tǒng)、工作原理及發(fā)展前景，詳細(xì)論述了多種人工腎數(shù)理模型和計(jì)算機(jī)模擬優(yōu)化方法，并運(yùn)用大量實(shí)例闡述了人工腎實(shí)驗(yàn)研究方法。本書適合生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程、臨床醫(yī)學(xué)、血液透析、膜科學(xué)、傳熱傳質(zhì)、化工領(lǐng)域的學(xué)生、教師以及研究人員閱讀，可作為相應(yīng)課程的教學(xué)參考書及新型人工腎研發(fā)的實(shí)用手冊(cè)。

書籍目錄

Preface to the USTC Alumni's SeriesList of SymbolsSection Ⅰ  Introduction  Chapter 1  Human Kidneys    1.1  Function and Structure of Human Kidney    1.2  Kidney Failure    1.3  End-Stage Renal Disease    1.4  Classification of Uremic Solutes  Chapter 2  Artificial Kidneys    2.1  Function and Structure of Artificial Kidney    2.2  Major Milestones of Artificial Kidney Development    2.3  Classification of Artificial Kidneys    2.4  Dialysis Membranes  Chapter 3  Transport in Artificial Kidneys    3.1  Diffusive Transport    3.2  Convective Transport    3.3  Coupled Diffusive-Convective Transport  ReferencesSection Ⅱ  Numerical Analyses of Mass Transfer in Artificial Kidney  Chapter 4  Equivalent Annulus Model    4.1  Introduction    4.2  Modeling    4.3  Numerical Algorithm    4.4  Results and Discussion    4.5  Conclusions  Chapter 5  Porous Media Model    5.1  Introduction    5.2  Modeling and Algorithm    5.3  Results and Discussion    5.4  Conclusions  Chapter 6  Double Porous Media Model    6.1  Introduction    6.2  Theory    6.3  Simulation Conditions    6.4  Validation of Model    6.5  Conclusions  Chapter 7  Determinations of Membrane Properties and Parameters    7.1  Introduction    7.2  Preparation of Mini-Module Dialyzer    7.3  Selection of Solutes    7.4  Measurement of Hydraulic Permeability    7.5  Measurement of Diffusive Permeability    7.6  Measurement of Reflection Coefficient    7.7  Sample Assays    7.8  Calculation of Pore Size    7.9  Measurement of Darcy Permeability  Chapter 8  Kinetic Modeling in Hemodialysis    8.1  Introduction    8.2  Simulation of Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy(CRRT)    8.3  Intermittent Hemodialysis and Sustained Low-EfficiencyDialysis    8.4  Results and Discussion    8.5  Conclusions  ReferencesSection Ⅲ  In Vitro Experimental Study of Hemodialysis  Chapter 9  Introduction to General in Vitro Methodologies    9.1  Hemodialyzers and Hemofilters    9.2  Experimental Solutes    9.3  System Setup    9.4  Data Analysis  Chapter 10  Local Clearance of Hemodialyzer    10.1  Introduction    10.2  Materials and Methods    10.3  Experiment Setup    10.4  Data Collection and Analysis    10.5  Results and Discussion    10.6  Conclusions  Chapter 11  Effects of Dialyzer Reprocessing    11.1  Introduction    11.2  Materials and Methods    11.3  Results and Discussion    11.4  Conclusions  Chapter 12  Cytokine-Induced Substance Back Transport in a High Flux Dialyzer    12.1  Introduction    12.2  Materials and Methods    12.3  Results    12.4  Discussion    12.5  Conclusions  Chapter 13  A Study of Dilution Mode and Ultrafiltration Rate in a High Volume Continuous Hemofiltration    13.1  Introduction    13.2  Materials and Methods    13.3  Assays    13.4  Results    13.5  Conclusions  Chapter 14  Determinants of Solute Clearance in Hemodiafiltration    14.1  Introduction    14.2  Purpose    14.3  Materials and Methods    14.4  Assays    14.5  Results and Discussion    14.6  Conclusions  ReferencesSection Ⅳ  Novel MRI Approach for Flow Field Measurement  Chapter 15  Basic Principles of MRI    15.1  Magnetic Properties of Atomic Nuclei    15.2  Relaxation Processes    15.3  Standard Imaging Pulse Sequences    15.4  Magnetic Resonance Flow-Imaging Techniques  Chapter 16  Experimental Design and Image Analysis    16.1  Flow Phantom    16.2  2-D Phase-Contrast Study    16.3  2-D Fourier-Transform Study    16.4  Results of 2-D Phase-Contrast Study    16.5  Results of 2-D Fourier-Transform Study  ReferencesSection Ⅴ Advances in New Membrane Development  Chapter 17  Ceramic Membrane for Hemodialysis    17.1  Introduction    17.2  Principle of Aluminum Anodization    17.3  Materials and Methods    17.4  Results and Discussion    17.5  Conclusions  Chapter 18  Bio-functional Artificial Kidney    18.1  Current Status of Therapy for Renal Failure    18.2  Bioengineered KidneyReferences

章節(jié)摘錄

插圖： In addition, the mortality rate of ESRD patients in the United Statesremains higher than those reported in other industrialized nations such asEurope and Japan. Between the year 1982 and 1987, Japan had a 61％unadjusted five-year survival of ESRD patients, Europe had a 59％unadjusted five-year survival of ESRD patients, and the United Statesonly had 40％ unadjusted five-year survival of ESRD patients. Whenadjusted for age and proportion of patients with diabetic nephropathy,the adjusted five-year survival of ESRD patients in the United Statesremained lower than that in Europe, followed by Japan. The adjustedrelative risk of mortality for ESRD patients in United States was 1.33compared to the ESRD patients in Japan and was 1.15 compared to theESRD patients in Europe （Held et al. 1990）. It has also been reportedthat the mortality rates of ESRD patients undergoing dialysis therapy inthe United States were 25％ to 50％ higher than those in Japan andEurope （Friedman 1996）. In the year 1991, the gross mortality rate per 100 patient-years forthe ESRD patients in the United States was 28.7 compared to 13.0 for theESRD patients in Italy who started renal replacement therapy in 1986 and1987 respectively. The unadjusted relative risk of mortality for the ESRDpatients in Italy was 0. 439 compared to those in the United States. Whenadjusted for age, gender, diabetic status, comorbid conditions, andtreatment modality; the adjusted one-year, two-year, and five-yearsurvivals for the ESRD patients in the United States were 84. 4％,67. 0％, and 33.4％ respectively, and those for the ESRD patients in Italywere 88.3％, 75.9％, and 45.9％ respectively. The adjusted relative riskof mortality for the ESRD patients in Italy was 29％ lower than that forthe ESRD patients in the United States （Marcelli et al. 1996）.

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