錢(qián)謙益之「詩(shī)史」說(shuō)與明清易鼎之際的遺民詩(shī)學(xué)Qian Qianyi’s Theory of Shishi during the Ming-Qing Transiti

內(nèi)容概要

Qian Qianyi’s Theory of Shishi during the Ming-Qing Transition
Abstract
This study explores Qian Qianyi’s (1582-1664) vision for the poetics of Ming loyalism: shishi, “poet-historian” or “poetry-history.” Qian’s theory of shishi synthesizes paramount values of Chinese historiographical and poetic traditions. Although he draws heavily on ancient intellectual and literary precursors, his purpose is not to restore the values of antiquity. Qian strives, rather, to demarcate a poetic space for Ming loyalism, a space and value Qian no doubt desires to share with the Ming loyalists; and to devise, for this line of writing, a hermeneutic strategy for his contemporaries and posterity. We will expose elements of this theory in a close reading of an important essay that Qian wrote in 1656, “Hu Zhiguo shi xu” (Preface to Hu Zhiguo’s Poetry), and an examination of related literary, cultural and historical contexts. Despite its brevity, this essay is of great significance, critically and polemically, in the contexts of Ming poetics and the Ming-Qing dynastic transition. More specifically, it not only reflects the general literary temperament of the Ming remnants, but it also provides a critical apparatus with which to approach the kind of poetry Qian himself labored over in his later years, which became his most celebrated.
We argue that Qian’s essay can be seen as targeted at the Ming loyalists and their sympathizers, in their day and in the future. A promise to the loyalists and a guide to posterity, the message can be interpreted on three levels. First, it issues an assurance: Qian assures the Ming loyalists that posterity will remember them, through their writings, just as the Ming people remember the Song loyalists. It is meant to impress on every loyalist the urgent necessity to record. Second, there is a summons: Qian urges the Ming loyalists to write shishi, the most effective record of their times. Third, Qian offers a reading strategy for posterity: read between the lines to flesh out the Ming loyalists’ intent as embodied in those “subtle words.” For the loyalists, Qian’s promise is an immortality secured by writing a particular kind of verse, in a time when the loyalists were marginalized and had no authority except in the realm of literature. The writing of “Hu Zhiguo shi xu” might be an act of self-redemption on Qian’s part, too. Qian knew if he could inscribe his own name on the monument of the loyalists, posterity would form a more favorable impression of him, and save him from the disgrace he had to bear in his mortal life.
Keywords: Qian Qianyi      poetics of Ming loyalism     “Hu Zhiguo shi xu”    shishi       Ming-Qing transition
錢(qián)謙益之「詩(shī)史」說(shuō)與明清易鼎之際的遺民詩(shī)學(xué)
中文提要
本文探論錢(qián)謙益 (1582-1664) 於明亡以後所倡之「詩(shī)史」說(shuō)，剖析此一詩(shī)歌美學(xué)體系與明遺民情境之關(guān)係。錢(qián)氏詩(shī)史說(shuō)之一大特色，端在結(jié)合中國(guó)史學(xué)傳統(tǒng)之褒貶觀與詩(shī)學(xué)傳統(tǒng)之美刺觀而為明遺民詩(shī)學(xué)點(diǎn)撥出一種「微言」式的修辭與喻意策略。就創(chuàng)作言，此一語(yǔ)言策略容許了抒情主體在詩(shī)篇中寄託一己之情思與乎經(jīng)驗(yàn)，亦賦予了載體在歷史記憶、政治及社會(huì)批評(píng)上重要的使命及功能。就詮釋言，具有詩(shī)史性格的詩(shī)篇要求讀者積極挖掘詩(shī)人於字裡行間所寄寓之情志與「大義」。本文將環(huán)繞錢(qián)謙益順治十三年 (1656) 所撰〈胡致果詩(shī)序〉一文展開(kāi)論述，探究詩(shī)史與中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)史學(xué)、經(jīng)學(xué)、詩(shī)學(xué)之關(guān)係，追蹤詩(shī)史在唐代、宋代、宋元之際及明代所歷經(jīng)的發(fā)展，最後聚焦於明清易鼎之際的歷史、政治情勢(shì)及明遺民詩(shī)人的創(chuàng)作特色與集體訴求。錢(qián)氏〈胡致果詩(shī)序〉一文篇幅雖不長(zhǎng)，卻是探論明遺民詩(shī)學(xué)與情境的重要文獻(xiàn)，藉之並可進(jìn)窺錢(qián)氏晚年所作詩(shī)文的企圖與成就。
本文認(rèn)為，錢(qián)氏〈胡致果詩(shī)序〉的讀者對(duì)象為明朝遺民及當(dāng)時(shí)後世同情於遺民的文士。明清改朝換代之際，明遺民被逼或自願(yuàn)處?kù)墩螜?quán)力之外，特立獨(dú)行，其抱持者，為對(duì)前朝的記憶、認(rèn)同與自我的價(jià)值、信念。詩(shī)史為一「見(jiàn)證」及「存在」美學(xué)，遺民藉之可將當(dāng)代重要?dú)v史、政治事件及己身之遭際、感慨筆之於文，傳之於世。而史學(xué)傳統(tǒng)的褒貶觀及詩(shī)學(xué)傳統(tǒng)的美刺觀在中國(guó)文化中地位崇高，亦為此時(shí)此地的書(shū)寫(xiě)行動(dòng)注入了超越實(shí)際政權(quán)的強(qiáng)韌力量。由是觀之，「立言」一途，亦可「不朽」，歌詩(shī)一藝，不能以小技目之。詩(shī)史於此端，遂亦具有對(duì)抗政治、命運(yùn)的深沉意味。政權(quán)轉(zhuǎn)移之際，形勢(shì)險(xiǎn)危。錢(qián)氏詩(shī)史說(shuō)主微言大義，無(wú)異提供一種較為隱晦的修辭策略，在語(yǔ)犯時(shí)忌的陰影下，詩(shī)史性的書(shū)寫(xiě)或多或少發(fā)揮著一種保障的功能。錢(qián)謙益的詩(shī)史說(shuō)緊扣遺民處境建立，且述說(shuō)之際，儼然以遺民自居。這也許是一種建構(gòu)「意欲形象」的努力。世人咸知，錢(qián)氏身事明清二朝，為「貳臣」。錢(qián)氏通過(guò)詩(shī)史論述而以遺民形象出現(xiàn)，或欲洗刷其「貳臣」的歷史污點(diǎn)？或欲賦其未遂之志？
關(guān)鍵詞：錢(qián)謙益    明遺民詩(shī)學(xué)    〈胡致果詩(shī)序〉    詩(shī)史                明清之際

作者簡(jiǎn)介

嚴(yán)志雄　美國(guó)耶魯大學(xué)博士(1998年)，現(xiàn)任中央研究院中國(guó)文哲研究所助研究員，研究領(lǐng)域：明清文學(xué)。

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