【按語:《快樂的科學(xué)(1882)》中最重要的主題是卷3開篇提出的“上帝死了(God is dead)”:目的論、真理和知識(shí)、道德和宗教都坍塌了,價(jià)值等待著被重估。然而,“上帝死了”這一事實(shí)對(duì)于尼采來說卻是歡樂之源,因而有《快樂的知識(shí)(or科學(xué))》,“這影響也許同人們估計(jì)的恰好相反,斷不是悲傷和消沉,而是難于言說的新的光明、幸福、輕松、歡愉、勇氣、朝霞...不錯(cuò),我們這些哲學(xué)家和‘自由的天才’一聽到‘老上帝已死’的消息,就頓覺周身被新的朝暉照亮,我們的心就傾瀉著感激、驚詫、預(yù)知和期待的洪流?!薄?24】
“上帝已死(God is dead)”是首次涉及的新主題?!吧系垡阉?,其意義遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不止表明基督教和普遍宗教信仰的幻滅,還表明那不能再以永恒物質(zhì)和神學(xué)原則為基礎(chǔ)的物理學(xué)和玄學(xué)的死亡?!薄?20】“尼采認(rèn)為,上帝之死的后果并不是被悲傷擊倒,而是促成解放的前提,在人性中有一種新的歡悅蘇醒,并取代悲悼?!薄?21-2】
“上帝死了。依照人的本性,人們也會(huì)構(gòu)筑許多洞穴來展示上帝的陰影的,說不定要綿延數(shù)千年呢。而我們,我們必須戰(zhàn)勝上帝的陰影(God is dead; but given the way people are, there may still for millennia be caves in which they show his shadow. - And we - we must still defeat his shadow as well)!”【191】
“你相信什么?——我相信:一切事物的價(jià)值必將重新得到評(píng)估(What do you believe in ? - In this: that the weight of all things must be determined anew)。”【259】“你的良心在說什么?——你要成為你自己?!薄?60】
“這個(gè)時(shí)代必須為一個(gè)更高級(jí)的時(shí)代開辟道路和聚集必要的力量,亟需大批做好準(zhǔn)備的、勇于任事的人才,要把英雄氣概帶進(jìn)更高級(jí)時(shí)代的知識(shí)領(lǐng)域,要為獲得觀念和實(shí)現(xiàn)觀念而奮斗。”【270】“你反對(duì)任何終極的和平,你渴望戰(zhàn)爭與和平那永恒的循環(huán)(you will the eternal recurrence of war and peace)。”【272】“人自此越升越高,再也不向上帝流泄了?!薄?72】“需要新的正義、口號(hào)和哲學(xué)家!道德的地球是圓的!它也有對(duì)立體!而對(duì)立體也有生存的權(quán)利!另一個(gè)世界尚待發(fā)現(xiàn),而且不止一個(gè)!上船吧,哲學(xué)家們!”【275】
然而,尼采對(duì)此感到樂觀:“然而究竟是何原因使得我們對(duì)這陰暗不抱絲毫同情、絲毫不為自己擔(dān)憂和懼怕、反而期盼這陰暗的來臨呢?也許是我們受這一事件的近期影響太深之故吧,這影響也許同人們估計(jì)的恰好相反,斷不是悲傷和消沉,而是難于言說的新的光明、幸福、輕松、歡愉、勇氣、朝霞(these immediate consequences, the consequences for ourselves, are the opposite of what one might expect - not at all sad and gloomy, but much more like a new and barely describable type of light, happiness, relief, amusement, encouragement, dawn)...不錯(cuò),我們這些哲學(xué)家和‘自由的天才’一聽到‘老上帝已死’的消息,就頓覺周身被新的朝暉照亮,我們的心就傾瀉著感激、驚詫、預(yù)知和期待的洪流。終于,我們的視野再度排除遮攔,縱然這視野還不十分明亮;我們的航船再度起航,面對(duì)重重危險(xiǎn);我們?cè)俣仍谥R(shí)領(lǐng)域冒險(xiǎn)?!薄?24】
這里Nietzsche進(jìn)行了一個(gè)很有意思的政治意識(shí)分析,像斯賓諾莎和霍布斯那種“自我保存”的觀念無非是陷入窘境的表現(xiàn),“‘為生存而斗爭’的片面理論,這恐怕與大多數(shù)自然科學(xué)家的出身有關(guān),他們是‘老百姓’,其祖先貧窮卑微,故切身體會(huì)到處世維艱?!薄?37】“‘為生存而斗爭’只是一個(gè)例外情形,是一個(gè)時(shí)期內(nèi)生存意志受到限制所致。而大大小小的斗爭全是圍繞著為獲得優(yōu)勢(shì)、發(fā)展和擴(kuò)張而展開,為了獲得與權(quán)力意志相稱的權(quán)力,而權(quán)力意志正是生存意志?。═he struggle for survival is only an exception, a temporary restriction of the will to life; the great and small struggle revolves everywhere around preponderance, around growth and expansion, around power and in accordance with the will to power, which is simply the will to life)。”【337】
Nietzsche新的思想是新的無限(new infinite):“人在思考、分析時(shí)不得不從自己的立場和視角出發(fā),而不能超越自己的立場和視角?!薄?83】“對(duì)我們來說,世界再次變得‘無窮無盡’了,所以,我們也不能排斥這一可能性,即世界本身也包括對(duì)它的解釋的無窮性(Rather, the world has once again become infinite to us: insofar as we cannot reject the possibility that it includes infinite interpretation)?!薄?83】
英譯(以Kaufmann為例,參考其他英譯):
Laughter. --Laughter means: being schadenfroh but with a good conscience.
(點(diǎn)評(píng):with a good conscience不是伴隨著良心,而是心無愧疚。)
英譯:
Moderation in industriousness. --One should not try to excel one's father's industriousness; that makes on sick.
?。c(diǎn)評(píng):標(biāo)題是“勤奮的Maa?”,Maa?相當(dāng)于中文說凡事要有個(gè)度的“度”,英譯moderation顯然更貼切。后面的句子黃更是完全譯反了。)
英譯:
Animals as critics. --I fear that the animals consider man as a being that has lost in a most dangerous way its sound animal common sense; they consider him the insane animal, the laughing animal, the weeping animal, the miserable animal.
(點(diǎn)評(píng):黃犯了很多錯(cuò)誤。Ich fürchte (I fear)相當(dāng)于I'm afraid,是委婉表達(dá),不是真的擔(dān)心,但黃譯出來的是后一種感覺。Consider譯作“認(rèn)為”更確切, 譯作“當(dāng)成”或“看成”都容易被誤解?!拔:o窮”云云本身是誤譯,而且黃還搞錯(cuò)了句子結(jié)構(gòu)。黃還擅自改變了最后幾個(gè)形容詞的次序。最后,“評(píng)論”不能表達(dá)批評(píng)、批判的意思。)
英譯:
The four errors. --Man has been educated by his errors. First, he always saw himself only incompletely; second, he endowed himself with fictitious attributes; third, he placed himself in a false order of rank in relation to animals and nature; fourth, he invented ever new tables of goods and always accepted them for a time as eternal and unconditional: as a result of this, now one and now another human impulse and state held first place and was ennobled because it was esteemed so highly. If we removed the effects of these four errors, we should also remove humanity. humaneness, and "human dignity."
(點(diǎn)評(píng):黃譯幾乎沒有一句是對(duì)的,就不一一指出了。愿意看英文的同學(xué)自己對(duì)照,懶得看的請(qǐng)直接對(duì)照試譯。)
試譯:
四個(gè)謬誤?!耸潜凰腻e(cuò)誤鑄成的。第一,他永遠(yuǎn)只看到一部分自己;第二,他賦予自己種種虛構(gòu)的屬性;第三,在動(dòng)物和自然界中,他把自己置于一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤的等級(jí)上;第四,他認(rèn)為是善的東西(table of goods)在不斷變化,但每次在一段時(shí)間內(nèi)他都認(rèn)為當(dāng)時(shí)他認(rèn)為是善的東西是永恒的、無條件的善:于是,這樣那樣的人類沖動(dòng)和狀態(tài)因?yàn)槿藗兊耐瞥缍兊酶哔F,先后占據(jù)了至善的寶座。如果我們消滅這四個(gè)謬誤的效果,我們也就消滅了人性、人道和‘人的尊嚴(yán)’?!?
第109節(jié)最后兩句“When will we complete our de-deification of nature? When may we begin to “naturalize” humanity in terms of a pure, newly discovered, newly redeemed nature?”,黃給譯成“我們何時(shí)方能去掉大自然的神性呢?我們何時(shí)方能具備重新被找到的、重新被解救的純潔本性而使人變得符合自然呢?”第一句尚可,第二句,LZ只能說是一個(gè)奇跡,不知你們信不信。其實(shí)LZ不信。