法律英語

前言

法律英語主要是指普通法國家（common－law countrics）的律師、法官、法學工作者所用的專業(yè)語言，它包括詞匯、短語或特定的表達方式（mode of expression）。法律英語在英美法系國家是經(jīng)過長期司法實踐逐步形成的表達模式和規(guī)范，有著悠久的歷史和豐富的內(nèi)涵，有其獨特的詞法與句法規(guī)則，而這些規(guī)則又是準確理解法律英語原文和書寫法律英語文書的關(guān)鍵。法律英語課程現(xiàn)在是英美普通法國家大學教育中普遍開設(shè)的重要課程。例如，美國波士頓大學的英語語言及其起源項目中心（the Center br English Language.and Orientation Programs）開展的Legal English教學活動，其課程設(shè)計對象是在校的法學碩士研究生（LLM students）和執(zhí)業(yè)律師（legal practitioners），課程的設(shè)置旨在提供給學生在法律語境下掌握英語表達能力的知識和技能。課程主要內(nèi)容包括法律詞匯的學習、法律語言的訓練、演講能力的培養(yǎng)、美國法律體系的認知等。英國甚至開設(shè)了“法律英語技能考試”（Test of Legal English Skills，TOLES），目標是滿足法律服務(wù)機構(gòu)、公司企業(yè)、法學研究機構(gòu)以及法律工作者和法科學生對掌握法律語言的要求。此考試在32個國家和地區(qū)設(shè)有考試中心，我國香港理工大學也是考點之一。我國的法律英語課程教學開始于20世紀80年代初，歷經(jīng)20多年的發(fā)展，法律英語的教學實踐已初具規(guī)模。全國開設(shè)法學專業(yè)或英語專業(yè)的高等院校已經(jīng)普遍開設(shè)了這一課程。本書是為英語專業(yè)高年級學生或已經(jīng)通過大學英語四級的法學類學生而編寫的，對于職業(yè)律師、法官、法律英語愛好者等也是很好的參考資料。

內(nèi)容概要

本書是為英語專業(yè)高年級學生或已經(jīng)通過大學英語四年級的法學類學生而編寫的，對于職業(yè)律師、法官、法律英語愛好者等也是很好的參考資料。本書內(nèi)容涉及英美國家的法律制度、司法系統(tǒng)、憲法、刑法、民法、侵權(quán)法、知識產(chǎn)權(quán)法、合同法、民事訴訟法、勞動法等。其目的是培養(yǎng)學生基本了解普通法系的法律制度，基本掌握法律英語詞匯、術(shù)語并能夠獨立閱讀英美法律文獻，初步具備英美司法文書的分析、理解和寫作能力以及獨立思考問題的能力。    本書共13個單元，每單元由4部分組成：（1）漫畫及名人名言。（2）課文：簡明扼要介紹某一部門法的內(nèi)容，旨在使學生系統(tǒng)了解該部門法的基本制度和規(guī)則。（3）法律幽默故事：此部分旨在通過該部門法的經(jīng)典幽默增強學生學習法律英語的趣味性。（4）案例分析：每個單元通常由兩個案例組成，案例一簡單實用，可作為閱讀分析案例；案例二較為復(fù)雜，可作為精選案例進行課堂討論和總結(jié)點評。學生通過對案例的思考、分析和討論，就問題作出判斷，從而理解和掌握課文的法律精神和法律規(guī)范，并提高用英語分析問題和解決問題的能力。

書籍目錄

Unit 1  Law in GeneralUnit 2  Constitutional lawUnit 3  property LawUnit 4  Tort LawUnit 5  Contract LawUnit 6  Corporate LawUnit 7  Intellectual Property LawUnit 8  Labor and Employment LawUnit 9  Marriage LawUnit 10  Civil Procedure LawUnit 11  Criminal Law and Criminal Procedure LawUnit 12  Dispute ResolutionUnit 13  Case Citation

章節(jié)摘錄

插圖：Two notions serve as the basis of all torts: wrongs and compensation. There are three elements of constitution of a tort: causation, damages and immunity. Causation is an element common to all branches of torts: strict liability, nuisance, negligence, and intentional wrongs. First, a tort must be the cause in fact of a particular injury. Second, plaintiffs must establish that a particular tort was the proximate cause of an injury before liability will be imposed. Personal injury tort victims must normally .recover all their damages——past, present, and future—— during a single lawsuit. Damages may be recovered for physical, psychological, and emotional injury. Specifically, these injuries may include permanent disability, pain and  suffering,  disfigurement,  humiliation,  embarrassment,  distress, impairment of earning capacity, lost wages or profits, medical costs, and out-of-pocket expenses. Courts typically rely on expert testimony to translate such losses into dollar figures. Certain individuals and entities are granted immunity from both damage awards and assessments of liability in tort. An immunity is a defense to a legal action where public policy demands special protection for an entity or a class of persons participating in a particular field or activity. Historically, immunity from tort litigation has been granted to government units, public officials, charities, educational institutions, spouses, parents, and children.Tort law and criminal law （See Exhibit 2 ）In common law, many torts originated in the criminal law. For example, in English law an assault is both a crime and a tort （a form of trespass to the person）. The difference that grew up between the two is that in tort it is the victim （or "claimant" in English law） who will normally initiate any court action and who aims to have a wrong compensated （for example, by the payment of damages） or prevented （for example, by injunctive reliefS61）. Criminal actions are normally for punitive purposes and initiated by a public body or their representative. Another distinction is that incarceration is available as a penalty for crimes, but not for torts. In some cases, such as assault and battery, a basis could exist for a criminal prosecution as well as a tort action. For example, Joe is walking down the street, minding his own business, when suddenly he is attacked by a person. In the ensuing struggle, Joe falls and breaks his leg. The wrongdoer is restrained and arrested by a police officer.

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《法律英語》是為英語專業(yè)高年級學生或已經(jīng)通過大學英語四級的法學類學生而編寫的，對于職業(yè)律師、法官、法律英語愛好者等也是很好的參考資料。

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