環(huán)境經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)

前言

The exact shape and location of the production possibility curve are deter-mined by the technical capacities in the economy, together with the ecologicalfacts——meteorology, hydrology, and so on——-of the natural system in which thesociety is situated. It says, for example, that if the current level of economic out-put is cl, an increase to c2 can be obtained only at the cost of a decrease in envi-ronmental quality from el to e2. One major objective of any society, of course, isto change the production possibility curve so that the underlying trade-off ismore favorable in other words, so that a given economic output is consistentwith higher levels of environmental quality.Although the PPC itself is a technical constraint, where a society chooses tolocate itself on its PPC is a matter of social choice. This depends on the valuesthat people in that society place on conventional economic output as opposedto environmental quality. Where values come from is an open question, but itis clear that values differ from one person to another and even for the sameperson at different points in time. The study of the values that people place onenvironmental factors is a major part of environmental economics and will bediscussed in more detail in Chapters 7 and 8. Another matter of concern is that current measures of aggregate economicoutput typically contain only measures of quantities of market goods. This isbecause the prices of these goods and services are provided by the markets inwhich they are traded, so their aggregate values can be assessed quite easily. Envi-ronmental quality, on the other hand, is generally a nonmarket type of outcome, inthe sense that elements of environmental quality do not trade directly on marketswhere prices could be evaluated. If a society puts too much stress on increasingits measured output, it may end up at a point like （c2, e2） in Figure 2.2, panel （a）,even though true social welfare may be higher at a point like.

內(nèi)容概要

本書是兩位環(huán)境經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)資深教授巴利·C．菲爾德和瑪莎·K．菲爾德多年教學(xué)的結(jié)晶。在介紹環(huán)境經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的基本原理的同時，兩位作者引領(lǐng)讀者對環(huán)境保護(hù)與經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的關(guān)系問題進(jìn)行深入的思考，向我們傳達(dá)了作者的環(huán)保理念：在權(quán)衡令人棘手的環(huán)境與經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展關(guān)系時，如何使我們的行動對環(huán)境的傷害達(dá)到最小，如何在環(huán)境支出一定的情況下取得最優(yōu)的效果。

作者簡介

巴利·C.菲爾德（Barry C.Field），是馬薩諸塞州立大學(xué)資源經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)教授。他曾執(zhí)教于邁阿密大學(xué)和喬治.華盛頓大學(xué)。在康奈爾大學(xué)獲得本科和碩士研究生學(xué)位后，他從加利福尼亞州立大學(xué)伯克利分校獲得博士學(xué)位。在馬薩諸塞州立大學(xué)菲爾德教授長期為各層次學(xué)生講授環(huán)境經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)，并

書籍目錄

前言第一部分 導(dǎo)論　第1章 什么是環(huán)境經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)　　經(jīng)濟(jì)分析　　激勵的重要性　　激勵：一個有關(guān)居民的例子　　激勵與全球變暖　　環(huán)境政策的設(shè)計(jì)　　宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)問題：環(huán)境與經(jīng)濟(jì)增長　　收益一成本分析　　環(huán)境估價　　市郊化擴(kuò)張　　國際問題　　經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化與環(huán)境　　環(huán)境經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)與政治　　小結(jié)　第2章 經(jīng)濟(jì)與環(huán)境　　自然資源經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)　　基本平衡　　環(huán)境的經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會資產(chǎn)功能　　術(shù)語　　排放、周邊環(huán)境質(zhì)量和損害　　污染物的類型　　累積性污染與非累積性污染　　局部污染、區(qū)域污染與全球污染　　點(diǎn)源污染與非點(diǎn)源污染　　持續(xù)性排放和間歇性排放　　與廢棄物排放無關(guān)的環(huán)境損害第二部分　分析工具　第3章　成本和收益、供給和需求　第4章　經(jīng)濟(jì)效率與市場　第5章　環(huán)境質(zhì)量經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)第三部分　環(huán)境分析　第6章　分析框架　第7章　收益-成本分析：收益　第8章　收益-成本分析：成本第四總分　環(huán)境政策分析　第9章　環(huán)境政策的評估標(biāo)準(zhǔn)　第10章　分權(quán)政策：責(zé)任法、產(chǎn)權(quán)、自愿行為　第11章　命令和控制型的環(huán)境政策：標(biāo)準(zhǔn)　第12章　激勵型的環(huán)境政策：排污費(fèi)和補(bǔ)貼　第13章　激勵型環(huán)境政策：可轉(zhuǎn)讓排污許可證第五部分　美國的環(huán)境政策　第14章　美國的水污染控制政策　第15章　美國空氣污染控制政策　第16章　美國聯(lián)邦有毒及有害物質(zhì)控制政策　第17章　州和地方環(huán)境事務(wù)第六部分　國際環(huán)境問題　第18章　其他工業(yè)化國家的環(huán)境問題　第19章　經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展與環(huán)境　第20章　全球環(huán)境　第21章　國際環(huán)境協(xié)定附錄　本書詞語簡寫和縮略詞

章節(jié)摘錄

插圖：When our descendants look back at the last part of the 20th century, and now atthe beginning of the 21st, we want them to be able to say: "That's when theybegan to take the degradation of the natural environment, with its threats tohuman life and the life of the planet, seriously." Furthermore, we would likethem to be able to see that around this time we took serious steps to halt and re-verse this process. This book is an introduction to environmental economics,one way of approaching the steps that need to be taken. It's about the wayhuman decisions affect the quality of the environment, how human values andinstitutions shape our demands for improvement in the quality of that environ-ment, and, most especially, about how to design effective public policies tobring about these improvements. Problems of environmental quality are not something new; in fact, history isfilled with bleak examples of environmental degradation, from deforestation byancient peoples to mountains of horse manure in urban areas in the days beforeautomobiles. But today's world is different. For one thing, many people in eco-nomically developed countries, having reached high levels of material well-being, are beginning to ask questions: What good is great material wealth if itcomes at the cost of large-scale disruptions of the ecosystem by which we arenourished？ More fundamental, perhaps, is the fact that with contemporary eco-nomic, demographic, and technological developments around the world, theassociated environmental repercussions are becoming much more widespreadand lethal. What once were localized environmental impacts, easily rectified,have now become widespread effects that may very well turn out to be irre-versible. Indeed some of our most worrisome concerns today are about globalenvironmental impacts.

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