禁苑黃昏

出版時(shí)間:2001-11  出版社:百家出版社  作者:[美] 凱瑟琳·卡爾  頁(yè)數(shù):244  字?jǐn)?shù):166000  譯者:晏方  
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內(nèi)容概要

美國(guó)女畫(huà)家凱瑟琳·卡爾(1858——1938)20世紀(jì)初曾創(chuàng)了兩項(xiàng)空前絕后的世界性紀(jì)錄:她是惟一在中國(guó)官廷之內(nèi)一連呆了很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的外國(guó)人,又是惟一替尚健在的中國(guó)后妃畫(huà)過(guò)肖像的人。    她1903年來(lái)華,是當(dāng)時(shí)中國(guó)海關(guān)稅務(wù)司柯?tīng)枠?lè)(Francis Augusta Carl)的姐姐,1903年經(jīng)美國(guó)公使夫人蘇珊·康格(Susan Conger)的推薦倒頤和園為西太后畫(huà)像。原定畫(huà)兩次的,結(jié)果一發(fā)而不可收,一直畫(huà)了9個(gè)月。這期間她大多數(shù)時(shí)間都在宮里。9個(gè)月的宮廷生活不僅使卡爾完成了四幅西太后的肖像,更重要的是為她兩年之后出版的此書(shū)提供了豐富的素材。    卡爾的這部書(shū)與其他同類(lèi)作品比較起來(lái),有其鮮明的特色。一是對(duì)主要人物西太后、光緒皇帝和皇后,以及種種小事的記載之詳,而且完全是親眼目睹;二是作者由于職業(yè)的訓(xùn)練,觀察非常細(xì)致,又善于捕捉人物的內(nèi)心世界,所以她筆下的這幾個(gè)主要人物都給人以形神畢肖的感覺(jué);三是由于作者是應(yīng)邀到宮里去作畫(huà)的外國(guó)人,并非清朝臣民,所以無(wú)須過(guò)于拘束甚至戰(zhàn)戰(zhàn)兢兢,而正是這種輕松的氛圍和賓主交流的平等導(dǎo)致了使此書(shū)內(nèi)容得以生動(dòng)的種種小事件、小沖突。    “柯姑娘”——當(dāng)時(shí)宮廷內(nèi)外對(duì)卡爾的一致稱(chēng)呼——一個(gè)美國(guó)人給西太后畫(huà)像,這在當(dāng)時(shí)聽(tīng)起來(lái)似乎是異想天開(kāi)的一件事,所以得以實(shí)現(xiàn),不能不歸功于康格夫人。    康格夫人是位富有正義感的女權(quán)主義者,她的正義感使她對(duì)當(dāng)時(shí)外國(guó)人在中國(guó)為所欲為的傲慢行為順理成章地產(chǎn)生了強(qiáng)烈的反感,而西太后作為一位掌握全中國(guó)生殺大權(quán)的女性,其在社會(huì)上產(chǎn)生的作用之大顯然是女權(quán)運(yùn)動(dòng)所歆羨的,由此也就成了她的崇拜對(duì)象。    庚子年義和團(tuán)圍攻北京外國(guó)公使館,得到西太后的全力支持,甚至還派軍隊(duì)去助戰(zhàn),所以此后她在外國(guó)人的心目中形象大壞,西方有許多人都將她恨之入骨,而一些漫畫(huà)更是將她的面目肆意歪曲??蹈穹蛉藶榱烁淖冞@一局面,想出了為西太后畫(huà)像、然后送往圣路易斯博覽會(huì)展出的主意。關(guān)于這個(gè),她在給女兒的信中是這么說(shuō)的:“好幾個(gè)月以來(lái),我對(duì)報(bào)上那些有關(guān)皇太后陛下的可怕的、不公平的漫畫(huà)一直很氣憤,同時(shí)越來(lái)越希望能讓全世界看到她較為真實(shí)的形象。我想到了請(qǐng)求皇太后陛下準(zhǔn)許與她討論關(guān)于為她畫(huà)肖像的事?!?   她起初向西太后推薦這一計(jì)劃時(shí),西太后也并不怎么領(lǐng)情,但后來(lái)在她的多方努力之下也就勉強(qiáng)同意了。所謂勉強(qiáng),就是限定只準(zhǔn)畫(huà)兩次,而對(duì)于一幅這么大尺寸的肖像畫(huà),兩次當(dāng)然遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不夠。幸好親自看畫(huà)家畫(huà)了一回之后,西太后來(lái)了興趣,結(jié)果兩次變成了9個(gè)月。這樣不但畫(huà)像的任務(wù)得以順利完成,也使卡爾有了寫(xiě)成這本書(shū)的可能。    此書(shū)對(duì)西太后的評(píng)價(jià)并不客觀,有過(guò)于吹捧之嫌,卡爾對(duì)西太后的個(gè)人崇拜顯然是其中的一大原因。不過(guò)能對(duì)西太后作較全面的描述的文獻(xiàn)不多,而且大多并非信史,真正能像卡爾這樣,通過(guò)直接接觸而來(lái)的,可說(shuō)是鳳毛麟角,所以就顯得可貴了。再說(shuō)無(wú)論如何,卡爾是外國(guó)人,吹捧也罷,個(gè)人崇拜也罷,都超不出小巫的范圍。    翻譯方面,本用不著說(shuō)什么,但因作者所處的時(shí)代關(guān)系,書(shū)中有幾個(gè)名詞如今看來(lái)用得并不適宜,如“拳民”(Boxer)和“滿州”(Manchuria)等。為尊重原文件,硬改譯為“義和團(tuán)”和“東三省”顯然不妥,故一仍其舊,特向讀者作一說(shuō)明。                                                           譯者                                                        2001年6月1日

書(shū)籍目錄

第一章:入宮覲見(jiàn)與我在中國(guó)宮廷的第一天第二章:皇太后陛下的外貌第三章:攝政王(七王爺醇親王)府第四章:皇太后陛下的御座房第五章:皇后和宮廷女官第六章:繼續(xù)畫(huà)像——太后的寵犬第七章:宮中的喜慶第八章:光緒皇帝陛下第九章:皇上的誕辰第十章:北京——三海第十一章:太后的一些特點(diǎn)——二進(jìn)三海第十二章:回到頤和園第十三章:汽艇——半年一度的祭孔第十四章:宮中的太監(jiān)第十五章:皇太后的文學(xué)趣味與才能第十六章:朝會(huì)大殿——一些朝廷慣例第十七章:頤和園內(nèi)第十八章:中秋節(jié)——繪制太后的肖像第十九章:頤和園中的一次露天招待會(huì)第二十章:我開(kāi)始為太后繪制第二幅肖像——宮內(nèi)畫(huà)師第二十一章:來(lái)到宮中的歐洲馬戲團(tuán)第二十二章:宮中習(xí)慣第二十三章:皇太后陛下的煩心事——他的圣誕第二十四章:紫禁城內(nèi)廷第二十五章:北京——開(kāi)始繪制將在圣路易斯博覽會(huì)展出的肖像第二十六章:滿人與漢人的一些社會(huì)風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣第二十七章:中國(guó)人的送禮第二十八章:冬天在宮中的一些日子第二十九章:中國(guó)的宗教儀式第三十章:慈禧皇太后陛下第三十一章:慈禧皇太后的善舉、正義感、奢侈,以及個(gè)性第三十二章:元旦——正式覲見(jiàn)第三十三章:繼續(xù)繪制將在圣路易斯博覽會(huì)展出的肖像——三海的春日第三十四章:肖像的完成與送出第三十五章:回到頤和園

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  •     On the 29th of July, 1903, Miss Carl, who was invited by Mrs. Conger, left Shanghai for Peking. She would have the first sitting with the Empress Dowager at the Summer Palace to paint the portrait of her. This portrait would exhibit in the Exposition at St. Louis, 1904, to display “a true likeness of” Empress Dowager (pp.xix). Finally, Miss Carl had been staying in Peking with Empress Dowager for around a year. After she finished her task in Peking, she wrote the book titled With the Empress Dowager which was published in the year of 1905. In this book, Miss Carl carefully described her experiences in Peking, which was unknown for the West.
      
      There are, at least, two things in this book that interest me. On the one hand, Miss Carl in her book provided an image of Empress Dowager which was contrary to that of the West. In her eyes, Empress Dowager was a charming lady who not only had great knowledge of literacy, but also possessed the tenderness as a woman. Miss Carl talked about her loving of nature, of flowers, and of dogs. She especially emphasized the charming and attractive characteristics of Empress Dowager.
      
      On the other hand, Miss Carl gave readers a sharp and accurate observation of the life in the Qing court. She depicted several festivals in Peiking, such as the Birthday of Empress Dowager, the Middle Autumn Festivals, the Chinese new year, and the ritual to Confucius. She also described different kinds of people in Qing court, such as the eunuch, the Qing official, the emperor, the court artists, and other princess and ladies in the court. Moreover, She carefully depicted some Chinese architectures and the scenes of Chinese garden or palace. She also talked about the culture of Manchus, such as the life of Manchuria female, their clothes, and their customs. In this sense, Miss Carl was not an artist but an anthropologist.
      
      Some of these depictions are neural and objective, but some are different. Sometimes, when Miss Carl talked about Chinese culture in an amazing tone. For example, when she talked about how Chinese people played with their birds, she said, “The Chinese are so near to nature, so simple in every way, that their influence over animals and birds is extraordinary, and seems to us almost magical”(pp.138). This amazing tone shows her Orientalist perspective and stereotypes to Chinese people and culture. However, it is the Orientalism that interests me a lot. Miss Carl, on the one hand, has stereotypes to China, on the other, she loves Chinese culture from heart. She, on the one hand, seems know a lot about the life of Qing court and the customs of China, on the other, her knowledge is general and limited because of her experiences.
      
      These paradoxes are the most interest part of this book. Moreover, I love her language as well. From her writing, I think Miss Carl must be a cute lady both in appearance and personality. This photo of her in Manchuria clothes provides a good example.
  •      慈禧不是武則天,雖然她坐在和武則天一樣的位子上——一代女皇,武則天所處的時(shí)代是除我華夏外無(wú)強(qiáng)國(guó),慈禧處在一個(gè)風(fēng)雨飄搖的朝代,歷史背景的不同,造就了不同的結(jié)局,武則天是如此的幸運(yùn)都不能完全沒(méi)后人所接受,可想慈禧的境遇又會(huì)好到哪里去呢。
       但凡能做到皇位上的人都有著過(guò)人之處,這是可以肯定的,只是歷史和傳統(tǒng)選擇了去抹黑一個(gè)偉大的女人,來(lái)應(yīng)和這個(gè)男權(quán)的社會(huì)。
       我還是很欣賞慈禧的,縱然她有再多的局限性,在那個(gè)時(shí)代已經(jīng)算是得體了,她的美是隱藏的。
       中國(guó)這個(gè)大大的儒國(guó),淹沒(méi)了多少是非,人們是懂的。
       慈禧是哪個(gè)時(shí)代的國(guó)母,母儀天下,從各種條件來(lái)說(shuō)都是不為過(guò)的。如果是活在當(dāng)下,也不是一般之流所能攀附的。
       慈禧在我心中是美麗的
       歷史又是真的就公正嗎?
       圣人不仁以,蒼生為芻狗
 

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