本杰明.富蘭克林自傳

內(nèi)容概要

本杰明·富蘭克林（Benjamin Franklin，1706-1790）——美國(guó)精神最完美的代表，著名的思想家、政治家、科學(xué)家、文學(xué)家、外交家和實(shí)業(yè)家，一個(gè)堪稱通才的偉人。他一生最真實(shí)的寫(xiě)照就像他自己所說(shuō)過(guò)的一句話：“誠(chéng)實(shí)和勤勉，應(yīng)該成為你永久的伴侶?！?   本杰明·富蘭克林出生在波士頓一個(gè)皂燭商家庭。他早年輟學(xué)，十歲開(kāi)始在父親的皂燭店幫工，十二歲成為其兄所辦印刷所的學(xué)徒。富蘭克林十七歲只身前往費(fèi)城，開(kāi)始了艱苦創(chuàng)業(yè)。通過(guò)自己的誠(chéng)實(shí)勤勉及不懈努力，他很快事業(yè)有成，躋身費(fèi)城的成功人士之列。富蘭克林利用一切空閑時(shí)間刻苦自學(xué)，通曉了多種外語(yǔ)，閱讀了大量歐洲各國(guó)的歷史、哲學(xué)、文學(xué)著作，對(duì)自然科學(xué)和政治經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)也做了很深的研究，且取得了令人矚目的成果。富蘭克林成名之后在北美殖民地的文化傳播和社會(huì)福利方面做了大量工作，逐漸成為北美殖民地中最具影響力的人物之一。在北美獨(dú)立和解放的革命大潮中，富蘭克林忘我地投身到這場(chǎng)波瀾壯闊的斗之中。他在大陸會(huì)議上與保守派進(jìn)行了堅(jiān)決的斗爭(zhēng)，協(xié)助杰斐遜起草并修改了《獨(dú)立宣言》，全權(quán)代表美國(guó)出使法國(guó)，出色地完成了一系列外交使命，被譽(yù)為民主精神的締造者和美國(guó)人的象征。美國(guó)開(kāi)國(guó)元?jiǎng)住⒌谝蝗慰偨y(tǒng)喬治·華盛頓曾經(jīng)這樣評(píng)價(jià)他：“在我的一生中，能讓我敬佩的人只有三位：第一位是本杰明·富蘭克林先生；第二位也是本杰明·富蘭克林先生；位還是本杰明·富蘭克林先生?！?   富蘭克林晚年根據(jù)自己的人生經(jīng)歷寫(xiě)成的《富蘭克林自傳》是一本為世人所贊頌的經(jīng)典自傳。世界各國(guó)許多年輕人深受其影響，因此而奮發(fā)圖強(qiáng)，勵(lì)志人生，徹底改變了自己，走上了成功的道路。在這本自傳中，富有啟蒙時(shí)代樂(lè)觀進(jìn)步精神與人道主義思想的富蘭克林袒露心扉，向讀者展示了其人生的經(jīng)歷，講述了自己追求人性與自由、科學(xué)與進(jìn)步的美好向往。他相信人類(lèi)憑借知識(shí)和理性足以解決發(fā)展中的種種難題，并諄諄告誡讀者不要拋棄以勤勞節(jié)儉為核心的美德?！陡惶m克林自傳》就像他的為人那樣淳樸無(wú)華，文風(fēng)簡(jiǎn)潔明快，語(yǔ)言清晰親切，通俗幽默。讀者閱讀此書(shū)就如同在與一個(gè)慈祥的長(zhǎng)者娓娓對(duì)話，悉心體會(huì)一位成功人士的處世哲學(xué)，從中汲取人生修養(yǎng)的大智慧，在品味其無(wú)窮無(wú)盡韻味的同時(shí)，思想和精神得到突破性的升華。

作者簡(jiǎn)介

　　本杰明·富蘭克林,1706年1月6日出生于波士頓米爾克大街。他的父親約瑟亞·富蘭克林是一個(gè)制蠟燭的匠人。約瑟亞·富蘭克林結(jié)過(guò)兩次婚，在他的十七個(gè)孩子中，本杰明·富蘭克林是他最小的兒子。本杰明·富蘭克林的學(xué)校教育經(jīng)歷在他十歲時(shí)就結(jié)束了，十二歲時(shí)給他的哥哥詹姆斯的生意幫忙。詹姆斯是個(gè)印刷從業(yè)者，他出版了-份名為《新英格蘭報(bào)》的報(bào)紙。本杰明·富蘭克林成了這份報(bào)紙的一名撰稿人，以后還做了一段時(shí)間編輯。但是后來(lái)兩兄弟吵了架，本杰明·富蘭克林隨即離家出走，先是到了紐約，之后來(lái)到費(fèi)城，時(shí)同是1723年的10月。他很快就干起了印刷的工作，但他還沒(méi)千幾個(gè)月就在總督基思的誘惑下去了倫敦。到了倫敦之后，他發(fā)現(xiàn)基思的允諾完全是一張空頭支票，他只好又干起了排字工人的工作，直到他被一個(gè)名叫德納姆的商人帶回費(fèi)城，讓他為其工作。德納姆去世之后，富蘭克林重操舊業(yè)。他很快就自己開(kāi)了一家印刷所，出版了《賓夕法尼亞人報(bào)》。他在那份報(bào)紙上發(fā)表了許多文章，并使這份報(bào)紙成為了一個(gè)引發(fā)當(dāng)?shù)囟囗?xiàng)改革的媒體。1732年他開(kāi)始出版其著名的《窮人理查德的歷書(shū)》，他借用他人或親自編纂的那些至理名言言簡(jiǎn)意賅，既為此書(shū)增色生輝，又從很大程度上奠定了他此后盛名卓著一生的基礎(chǔ)。1758年，富蘭克林在《窮人理查德的歷書(shū)》中發(fā)表了?！吧窀竵喞钡难葜v”一文，之后就停止了此書(shū)的寫(xiě)作。。神父亞拉伯罕的演講。一文被視為美國(guó)殖民地時(shí)期最杰出的一篇文學(xué)作品。　　在此期間，富蘭克林越來(lái)越關(guān)注公眾事務(wù)。他開(kāi)始建立學(xué)院的計(jì)劃，這個(gè)學(xué)院后來(lái)發(fā)展成賓夕法尼亞大學(xué)。他還創(chuàng)立“美利堅(jiān)哲學(xué)研究會(huì)”，以便讓具有科學(xué)探索精神的人能夠就他們的科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)相互交流富蘭克林本人則開(kāi)始了對(duì)電的研究以及其他科學(xué)探索。在富蘭克林畢生從事實(shí)業(yè)與政治活動(dòng)的間隙，他總會(huì)繼續(xù)這些研究。1748年，富蘭克林已經(jīng)積蓄到了不菲的財(cái)富，他賣(mài)掉了生意，以得到閑暇進(jìn)行科學(xué)研究。過(guò)了幾年，富蘭克林做出了多項(xiàng)發(fā)明，這讓他在整個(gè)歐洲學(xué)術(shù)界名聲鵲起?！　≡谡紊希惶m克林既是一個(gè)能力非凡的管理者又是一個(gè)口若懸河的雄辯家，但他的政治生涯卻因?yàn)樗寐殭?quán)為親友謀利而受到損害。他在家鄉(xiāng)的政治生活中做出的最為顯著的貢獻(xiàn)就是郵政改革。然而，富蘭克林作為政治家的聲譽(yù)主要在于他建立的北美殖民地與英國(guó)的關(guān)系上，后來(lái)是殖民地與法國(guó)的關(guān)系。1757年，富蘭克林被派往英國(guó)，對(duì)殖民地政府中佩恩派的影響發(fā)出抗議。他那里呆了五年，竭力讓英國(guó)人民和英國(guó)政府了解殖民地的狀況。返回北美之后，他在帕克斯頓事件中起到了令人尊敬的作用，但也使得他失去了議會(huì)中的議席。然而，在1764年富蘭克林作為殖民地的代表又被派往英國(guó)，這次是請(qǐng)求英國(guó)國(guó)王從當(dāng)時(shí)殖民地掌權(quán)者手中收回權(quán)力。在倫敦，他積極反對(duì)郵政法案的提案，但是人們失去了對(duì)他的信任，原因是他為一個(gè)朋友謀取北美郵政局長(zhǎng)的職位，他的名聲也因此受損。盡管由于他的有效工作最終導(dǎo)致這個(gè)郵政法案提案的流產(chǎn)，人們對(duì)他還是持懷疑的態(tài)度。但是富蘭克林依舊努力工作，為殖民地的利益大聲疾呼，此時(shí)殖民地的麻煩層出不窮，正在釀成觸發(fā)革命的危機(jī)。1767年，富蘭克林渡海來(lái)到法國(guó)，受到極大的禮遇。然而，富蘭克林1775年返回北美殖民地之前失去了他在郵政局的職位，因?yàn)樗麉⑴c了向馬薩諸塞著名的泄漏哈金森與奧利弗信件的事件。他返回費(fèi)城以后，被選為北美大陸會(huì)議的成員。1777年，富蘭克林作為美利堅(jiān)合眾國(guó)的代表被派往法國(guó)。他在法國(guó)一直逗留到1785年。成為了法國(guó)最受歡迎的人物。富蘭克林回國(guó)后，由于他為圜效力成就卓著，人們公認(rèn)他是美國(guó)獨(dú)立運(yùn)動(dòng)中僅次于華盛頓的頂尖人物。1790年4月17日，本杰明·富蘭克林與世長(zhǎng)辭?！　「惶m克林1771年在英國(guó)開(kāi)始撰寫(xiě)這部自傳的第一部分，1784年、1785年和1787年他又時(shí)斷時(shí)續(xù)地撰寫(xiě)這一部分，一直寫(xiě)到發(fā)生在1757年的事情。經(jīng)歷了一系列非同尋常的波折之后，自傳的原始手稿由約翰比格婁先生印刷出版。此次再版更加確認(rèn)了這本自傳在刻畫(huà)殖民地時(shí)期最著名人物方面的價(jià)值，以及其被公認(rèn)為最偉大的自傳之一的地位。

書(shū)籍目錄

INTRODUCTION NOTE簡(jiǎn)介Part 1　第一部分Part 2　第二部分Part 3　第三部分Part 4　第四部分Part 5　第五部分Part 6　第六部分Part 7　第七部分Part 8　第八部分CHIEF EVENTS IN FRANKLIN'S LIFE富蘭克林一生重大事件

章節(jié)摘錄

　　The account we received of his life and character from some old people at Ecton, I remember, struck you as something extraordinary, from its similarity to what you knew of mine.　　"Had he died on the same day, " you said, "one might have supposed a reincarnation."　　John was bred a dyer, I believe of woolens. Benjamin was bred a silk dyer, serving as assistant at London. He was an ingenious man. I remember him well, for when I was a boy he came over to my father in Boston, and lived in the house with us some years. He lived to a great age. His grandson, Samuel Franklin, now lives in Boston. He left behind him two volumes of his own poetry, consisting of little occa- sional pieces addressed to his friends and relations, of which the fol- lowing, sent to me, is a specimen. He had formed a shorthand of his own, which he taught me, but, never practicing it, I have now forgot it.　I was named after this uncle, there being a particular affection between him and my father. He was very religious, a great attender of priests" speeches, which he took down in his shorthand, and had with him many volumes of them. He was also much of a politician; too much, perhaps, for his station. There fell lately into my hands, in London, a collection he had made of all the principal pamphlets, re- lating to public affairs, from 1641 to 1717. A dealer in old books met with them, and knowing me by my sometimes buying of him, he brought them to me. It seems my uncle must have left them here, when he went to America, which was about fifty years since.　　This obscure family of ours was early in the Reformation, and continued Protestants through the reign of Queen Mary, when they were sometimes in danger of trouble on account of their zeal against the pope. They had got an English Bible, and to conceal and secure it, it was fastened open with tapes under and within the cover of a joint-stool. When my great-great-grandfather read it to his family, he turned up the joint-stool upon his knees, turning over the leaves then under the tapes. One of the children stood at the door to give notice if he saw the officer of the spiritual court coming. In that case the stool was turned down again upon its feet, when the Bible remained con- cealed under it as before. This story I heard from my uncle Benjamin.　　The family continued with the Church of England till about the end of Charles the Seconds reign, when some of the ministers that had been removed for holding religious gatherings in Northamptonshire. Benjamin and Josiah adhered to them, and so continued all their lives: the rest of the family remained with the Episcopal Church.　　Josiah, my father, married young, and carried his wife with three children into New England, about 1682. The religious gatherings hav- ing been forbidden by law, and frequently disturbed, moved some considerable men of his acquaintance to remove to that country, and he was prevailed with to accompany them there, where they expected to enjoy their mode of religion with freedom. By the same wife he had four children more born there, and by a second wife ten more, in all seventeen; of which I remember thirteen sitting at one time at his table, who all grew up to be men and women, and married; I was the youngest son, and the youngest child but two, and was born in Boston, New England. My mother, the second wife, was Abiah Folger, daugh- ter of Peter Folger, one of the first settlers of New England, of whom honorable mention is made by Cotton Mather in his church history of that country, entitled Magnalia Christi Americana, as "a religious, learned Englishman," if I remember the words correctly. I have heard that he wrote many small occasional pieces, but only one of them was printed, which I saw now many years since. It was written in 1675, in the verse of that time and people, and addressed to those then con- cerned in the government there. It was in favor of liberty of con- science, and in behalf of the Baptists, Quakers, and other groups that had been under persecution, ascribing the Indian wars, and other dis- tresses that had fallen upon the country, to that persecution, as so many judgments of God to punish so evil an offense, and calling for the removal of those laws. The whole appeared to me as written with a good deal of decent simplicity and manly freedom. The last few lines, I remember, explained that his criticism proceeded from goodwill, and, therefore, he would be known to be the author.　　My elder brothers were all made assistants to different trades. I was put in grammar-school at eight years of age, my father intending to devote me, as the tithe of his sons, to the service of the Church. My early eagerness to learn to read?。╳hich must have been very ear- ly, as I do not remember when I could not read） , and the opinion of all his friends, that I should certainly make a good scholar, encour- aged him in this purpose of his. My uncle Benjamin, too, approved of it, and proposed to give me all his shorthand volumes of religious lec- tures, I suppose as a stock to set up with, if I would learn his charac- ter. I continued, however, at the grammar-school not quite one year, though in that time I had risen gradually from the middle of the class of that year to be the head of it, and farther was removed into the next class above it, in order to go with that into the third at the end of the year. But my father, in the meantime, from a view of the expense of a college education, which having so large a family he could not well afford.

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