北京歷史與文化

前言

Beijing is a national capital with a thousand years of history. It enjoys being a much visited world-renowned tourist center. If you are exploring the famous palace, strolling through the imperial garden, being mesmerized by the awe inspiring temples or even wandering around the hundreds of Hutong (alleys), you cannot help but feel amazed and astonished as well as drawn in by the millennia old mystique. Your curiosity can't stop being piqued at the immensity of the history, the depth and breadth of stories and you naturally, almost unknowingly, develop a thirst to know the meaning behind the ancient relics that form the backbone of this metropolis. This book will lead back through the history of Beijing, a long and abundant gallery, along which we can walk back several thousands of years or even in some cases hundreds of thousands of years.During the Paleolithic Age, about five hundred thousand years ago, the first representative Beijingers presented themselves in the mountain forest, and declared their existence to the celestial bodies. These were the Sinanthropus better known as "Peking Man" (北人). As they evolved they developed the ability to manufacture various kinds of tools and mastered some production technologies, and finally developed into the Paleoanthropic whose intelligence level is considered similar to that of modern human beings. They have, through skulls and fossils, seashells, stone implements and pottery, left a trail for us to follow and discover the evolutionary processes of their life. In the 21st Century BCE, China entered the age of recorded history, at that time two small countries formed in the regions around Beijing - Ji (薊) and Yah (燕). In the 1 l th Century BCE, the Zhou Dynasty (周朝, or Chou Dynasty) was founded, thus establishing the Kingdom ofYan (燕, also Yen) unifying the two small countries. As Yan became more and more powerful, it became one of the eponymous  seven powerful states of the Warring States Period (戰(zhàn) In 221 BCE, the Qin Dynasty (秦朝, or Chin Dynasty) unified the whole country, and the region of Beijing became a province (county). From then on, over a thousand years, Beijing was always a capital for territorial states, and a town of military importance. This was because of its location: to the north and west of Beijing are Yanshan and Taihang mountains; to the east of city is Liaodong (遼東). These made the city the frontline of defence during the frequent invasions from the northern nomads. At the same time, the North China Plain to the south and Bohai Bay to the southeast provided convenient routes for traffic and material supply.  The cradle for the development of China was mainly along the Yellow River valley; therefore, the first national  capitals were Chang'an (長(zhǎng)安) (now known as Xi'an) , Luoyang (洛陽(yáng)) and Kaifeng (開(kāi)封). However, with  economic development, and with growing social contact and harmony between different nationalities, the influence  and border of China began to widen. During the Yuan Dynasty (元朝), which was established by Mongolians, in  order to control the whole country, the emperor moved the capital from Mongolia to Beijing, making it the national  capital for the first of many times. In the Ming Dynasty (明朝), for the purpose of resisting the northern minorities  (remnants of the Yuan Dynasty) and strengthening control of the Liaodong Area, the emperor moved the capital  from Nanjing (南, or Nanking) to Beijing. For the same reason, this tradition was also adopted by Qing Dynasty  emperors. So we can draw the conclusion that Beijing's selection as a capital, as far back as the Middle Ages, was  not accidental but rather virtually historic inevitability. After such a long history, there are so many cultural relics and places of interest that are preserved in the city that they clearly and authentically record the historical development of Beijing; shouting out the changes of the times, and demonstrating the traditional Chinese culture. For instance, why ramparts are square; why the principal room  in a courtyard must face south; why the imperial palace was called the Forbidden City; what kind of world view it  reflects of ancient China; and what kind of national feeling leads to the wide dissemination of Buddhism. All the  answers can be found in this book.  "To understand the world today, one must understand China, and to understand China, one must understand its  past."

內(nèi)容概要

Beijing is a national capital with a thousand years of history. It enjoys being a much visited world-renowned tourist center. If you are exploring the famous palace, strolling through the imperial garden, being mesmerized by the aweinspiring temples or even wandering around the hundreds of Hutong (alleys), you cannot help but feel amazed and astonished as well as drawn in by the millennia old mystique.

書(shū)籍目錄

CHAPTER ONE  Primitive Society(500,000 years ago-10,000 years ago)    Part  One  An Archaeological Discovery in Beijing - The Paleolithic Age(500,000 years ago-10,000 years ago)  Part Two  An Archaeological Discovery in Beijing - The Neolithic Age(10,000 years ago-4,000 or 5,000 years ago)CHAPTER TWO  Xia & Shang Dynasties(21st Century BCE-Mid-1lth Century BCE)  Part  One  Beijing in the Xia Dynasty (21st Century BCE-16th Century BCE)  Part  Two  Ji &Yan in the Shang Dynasty (16th Century BCE - Mid-1lth Century BCE)CHAPTER THREE  Beijing in the Peridos of the Westerm Zhou Dynasty,Spring & Autumn and Warring States(Mid-11th-221 BCE)  Part  One  The  Development of the Yan State and Ji City in the Western Zhou Dynasty(Mid-1lth Century BCE-770 BCE)  Part  Two  The Yan State in the Spring and Autumn Period (770 BCE-476 BCE)  Part  Three  The Yan State During the Warring States Period ( I ) (475 BCE-221 BCE)  Part  Four  The Yan State During the Warring States Period ( II ) (475 BCE-221 BCE)CHAPTER FOUR Beijing in the Periods of the Qin and Han Dynasties(221BCE-220CE)  Part  One  Guangyang Shire and Ji City in the Qin Dynasty (221 BCE-202 BCE)  Part  Two  The State of Yan and Ji City in the Western Hart Dynasty (202 BCE-25 CE)  Part  Three  Beijing in the Period of the Eastern Han Dynasty (25-220)CHAPTER FIVE  Beijing in a Period of Altemating Political Power(220-581)  Part  One  Beijing in the Period of the Three Kingdoms (220-265)  Part  Two  Beijing in the Periods of the Western and Eastern Jin Dynasties and the Northern and Southern(265-581)CHAPTER SIX  Beijing in the Periods of the Sui,Tang,and the Five Dynasties(581-960)  Part  One  The Zhuo Shire of the Sui Dynasty (581-618)  Part  Two  Youzhou Prefecture in the Period of the Tang Dynasty (618-907)  Part  Three  The Buddhist Temples and Taoist Temples  Part  Four  Youzhou in the Periods of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms (907-960)CHAPTER  SEVEN  Beijing in the Periods of the Liao and Song Dynasties(960-1127)   Part  One  The Khitan Renamed Youzhou to Nanjing  Part  Two  The Establishment of the Northern Song Dynasty  Part  Three  The War Against Liao at the Beginning of the Northern Song Dynasty  Part  Four  The Southern Capital in the Liao and Song Dynasties  Part  Five  Beijing in the Northern Song Dynasty  Part  Six  The Jin Dynasty Destroyed the Northern Song DynastyCHAPTER  EIGHT  Beijing in the Jin Dynasty(1127-1234)  Pare  One  The Jin Dynasty Capital - Zhongdu (Beijing)  Part  Two  The Economic and Cultural Development of Zhongdu  Part  Three  Scenic Spots and Historical Sites in ZhongduCHAPTER  NINE  Beijing in the Periods of the Yuan Dynasty(1271-1368)  Part  One  The Establishment and Unification of the Yuan Dynasty  Part  Two  The Yuan Dynasty Made Dadu the Capital  Part  Three  The Political Situation in the Dadu Area in the Yuan Dynasty  Part  Eight  Beijing's Cultural Features in the Ming Dynasty  Part  Nine  The Peasant Uprisings in the Late Period of the Ming Dynasty and Li Zicheng Entered BeijingCHAPTER  ELEVEN  Beijing in the Periods of the Qing Dynasty(1644-1911)  Part  One  The Founding of the Qing Dynasty and Manchu Armies Marched Through the Shanhai Pass  Part  Two  The Political Situations under the Rule of the Qing Dynasty in Beijing  Part  Three  The Economic Situation in Beijing under the Rule of the Qing Dynasty  Part  Four  The Cultural Survey of Beijing in the Qing Dynasty  Part  Five  Gardens and Temples in Beijing During the Qing DynastyCHAPTER  TWELVE  Beijing in the Periods of the Republic of China(1912-1949)   Part  One  Beijing in the Period ofthe Northern Warlords’Rule(1912-1927)  Part  Two  The May Fourth Movement and the Beginning of the New—Democratic Revolution in China  Part  Three  The Incident in North China and the December Ninth Movement  Part  Four  Peiping in the Period of the Anti—Japanese War  Part  Five  The End of the Third Civil War and the Peaceful Liberation of Peiping  Part  Six  The Municipal Reconstruction and Civilian Houses in Peiping During the Period of the Republic of China  Part  Seven  Education in Beijing

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