社會語言學與英語學習

出版時間:2010-7  出版社:東南大學出版社  作者:謝徐萍  頁數:261  

前言

  社會語言學是語言學中的重要研究成果領域或分支之一,雖然確立至今只有不到40年的歷史,卻因其獨特的學科性質和極強的發(fā)展能力而備受關注。目前,社會語言學已經和句法學、音系學、語義學等一起,成為許多大學語言學專業(yè)的核心課程。國外學者編著出版的社會語言學教程雖各具特色,然與我國的英語教育教學關系不夠緊密;由國內學者編著出版的社會語言學教程/著作大都用中文編寫,并不十分適用于英語專業(yè)研究生課程教科書而只能作為課程參考書?! ∩鐣Z言學主要研究的是語言的變異、變體、語言使用習慣上的差異,以及造成這些變異、變體及差異的社會文化因素。因此我認為,開設社會語言學這門課程的目的是:(1)向學生介紹作為世界通用語在不同的社會交際中、在跨文化交際中頻繁使用的英語與社會、文化、交際、語境等方面的關系;(2)強調語言使用者必須掌握語言的社會功能、語言的變體、語言的變遷、語言的層次、語言的風格、語言使用的不同方式;(3)從社會語言學角度,觀察英語、強化英語實踐的能力,提高英語掌握的層次,指導英語實踐。這三點也構成我擬編本教材的主導思想。  本書的主要讀者是英語語言學專業(yè)的學生、語言研究者和語言教師,所以除了介紹一些社會語言學的基本概念以外,本書還運用社會語言學理論深入地討論英語學習中的實際問題。本書共分10個章節(jié)。第l章緒論:從社會語言學的興起與現(xiàn)狀,社會語言學的研究對象、研究范圍和目標,語言與社會的關系以及社會語言學與英語學習的關系等方面去概述什么是社會語言學,并對全書框架作簡要介紹。第2章語言的變化:介紹了社會語言學中的一些基本概念,如“語項”、“變異”、“變體”、“變項”、“變式”、“語言社團”、“語言網絡”。通過語音、詞匯、語法、語義上種種變異,分析了語言變化的實質與產生變化的原因。第3章語言變化空間與范圍:介紹了方言、土語、共通語、口音、同言線、方言連續(xù)統(tǒng)等概述,討論了語言與方言的區(qū)別與聯(lián)系以及標準語、洋涇浜語、克里奧語、語言的消失與復蘇等問題。第4章語言與性別:分析了語言中的性別語言、性別歧視現(xiàn)象與因素,并推而廣之指出英語中存在語言偏見現(xiàn)象。第5章英語世界里的英語變體:分析并討論了各種社會因素影響人們選擇和使用特定的語言形式以及黑人英語的形成與特點、形成好英語和壞英語的標準,譬如,不同的區(qū)域和社會階層方面的相關因素影響人們使用語言時的發(fā)音、句法和詞語特征,以及社會規(guī)范影響不同性別的話語模式和交際風格等等。

內容概要

語言是社會組合的工具。社會語言學對語言現(xiàn)象的一個基本認識是語言的變異性。本書著重研究語言與社會、語言與文化、語言與風格、語言與交際、語言與語境的關系;從社會語言學角度觀察英語特點;幫助英語學習者了解在跨文化交際方面的知識,掌握英語技能,指導英語實踐。    本書可作為英語專業(yè)本科生和研究生的教材,亦適用于英語學習者和英語愛好者,對英語教師和英語工作者也有較高的參考價值。

作者簡介

謝徐萍:教授,碩士生導師,1983年畢業(yè)于南京師范大學外國語學院?,F(xiàn)任南通大學外國語學院英語應用語言學研究所所長、研究生教研室主任:2003年赴澳大利亞昆士蘭大學教育研究生院做高級訪問學者。研究方向為語言學、教育心理學。主持江蘇省教育廳課題及其他項目10余項。出版專著《英語讀寫文化(Literacy)研究》,獲江蘇省第二屆教育科學優(yōu)秀成果三等獎,迄今在省級以上學術期刊發(fā)表學術論文50多篇,其中在國外MELTA、《外語界》、《學術論壇》等CSSCI核心期刊發(fā)表論文約20篇,論文多次被中國人民大學書報資料中心全文轉載,并獲得江蘇省各類優(yōu)秀教育教學論文和科學研究成果獎勵多項。

書籍目錄

1  An Introduction to Sociolinguistics  1.1  What is Sociolinguistics?  1.2  History of Sociolinguistics in the West  1.3  Language and Society    1.3.1  Language as Social Behavior    1.3.2  Language as a Communicative Means    1.3.3  Language as an Information System  1.4  Sociolinguistics and English Learning  1.5  Summary2  Language Change  2.1  Introduction    2.1.1  Linguistic Item    2.1.2  Variety    2.1.3  Linguistic Variable    2.1.4  Speech Community    2.1.5  Networks and Repertoires  2.2  Forms of Language Change    2.2.1  Phonological Change    2.2.2  Morphological Changes    2.2.3  Lexical Semantic Change    2.2.4  Grammatical Change  2.3  Nature of Change    2.3.1  Internal and External Change    2.3.2  Family Tree    2.3.3  Wave Diffusion2.4  Factors of Change    2.4.1  Imitation of the Prestigious    2.4.2  Slang and Dialects    2.4.3  Simplification    2.4.4  Politeness    2.4.5  Stratum Terms  2.5  General Conclusions3  Language Variety Space  3.1  Language and Dialect    3.1.1  Dialecte and Patois    3.1.2  Size and Prestige    3.1.3  Social and Political Factors    3.1.4  Dialect and Intelligibility  3.2  Standard Languages    3.2.1  Standardization    3.2.2  Historicity and Vitality    3.2.3  Autonomy and Acceptance    3.2.4  Reduction and Mixture  3.3  Pidgin and Creole    3.3.1  Lingua Francas    3.3.2  Pidgins    3.3.3  Creoles    3.3.4  Theories of Origin  3.4  Language Loss and Revival  3.5  General Conclusions4  Language and Gender  4.1  Male/Female Language    4.1.1  Male/Female Lexical Forms    4.1.2  Male/Female Language Differences  4.2  Sexism in Languages    4.2.1  Marked and Unmarked Terms    4.2.2  Female Vocabulary    4.2.3  Sexist Language  4.3  Sex Differences and Possible Reasons    4.3.1  Social Division of Labour    4.3.2  Social Prejudice    4.3.3  Power and Control    4.3.4  Role Relations  4.4  Language Bias in English  4.5  General Conclusion5  Varieties in the English World  5.1  English and Social Class    5.1.1  Class and Status    5.1.2  Social Class and Language Variation    5.1.3  Social Status and ' Prestige' Norms  5.2  Black English in America    5.2.1  Characteristics of Black English    5.2.2  Three Views on Black English  5.3  American English    5.3.1  History of American English    5.3.2  Characteristics of American English    5.3.3  American English and British English  5.4  Good English and Bad English  5.5  Summary6  Language and Context  6.1  Context Views  6.2  Linguistic Context    6.2.1  Conceptual Meaning    6.2.2  Grammatical Meaning    6.2.3  Topic Meaning    6.2.4  Collocative Meaning6.3  Non-linguistic Context    6.3.1  Cultural Meaning    6.3.2  Stylistic Meaning    6.3.3  Status Meaning    6.3.4  Temporal and Spatial Meaning6.4  Style of English in Application    6.4.1  Style    6.4.2  English in Advertisements    6.4.3  Features in Political English  6.5  Register    6.5.1  Context and Register    6.5.2  Features of Register  6.6  Summary7  Cultural Variety of Language  7.1  Language and Culture  7.2  Linguistic and Cultural Relativity    7.2.1  The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis    7.2.2  Reaction to Linguistic and Cultural Relativity  7.3  Address Forms and Culture    7.3.1  Kinship Term and Kinship System    7.3.2  Social Address  7.4  Jargon, Taboo & Euphemism    7.4.1  Jargon    7.4.2  Taboo    7.4.3  Euphemism8  Language Contact  8.1  Diglossia    8.1.1  Definitions of Diglossia    8.1.2  Features of Diglossia    8.1.3  Extended Meanings of Diglossia  8.2  Bilinguals & Bilingualism    8.2.1  Descriptive Analysis of Bilingualism    8.2.2  Bilingual Competence  8.3  Code Choosing and Code Switching    8.3.1  Code Switching    8.3.2  Code-Mixing    8.3.3  Attitudes to Code Switching and Code Mixing  8.4  Concluding Remarks9  Configurations of Language  9.1  Spoken and Written Language  9.2  Differences and Similarities Between the Two Modalities  9.3  Continua from Written to Spoken  9.4  Variation Across Speech and Writing  9.5  Literacy and Literacies  9.6  General Conclusions10  Communicative Use of Language  10.1  Ethnography of Speaking    10.1.1  Descriptive Analysis of Speaking    10.1.2  The Norms Governing Speech  10.2  Speech Acts and the Cooperative Principle    10.2.1  Properties of Speech Acts    10.2.2  Indirect Speech Acts    10.2.3  Conversational Maxims  10.3  Conversational Structure and Strategies    10.3.1  Adjacency Pairs    10.3.2  Turn-taking    10.3.3  Openings, Topics and Closings  10.4  Face and Politeness    10.4.1  The Face Theory    10.4.2  Politeness Principle  10.5  Concluding RemarksBibliography

章節(jié)摘錄

  On most occasions, people imitate the speech of those who are in higher social positions. At the same time, many upper classes also borrow slang vocabulary from lower classes, especially the youth from the higher social groups who often imitate the pronunciation or informal discourse of the lower strata. For example, in Australia the lower class people are fond of using high-rise terminal in declarative sentences as they treat a question, which is thought as vulgar and full of vernacular features by the older generation. However, many youth from the higher strata would strive to be the first in imitating it.  Different discourse styles of male and female form another important factor generating language variation. We will discuss the relationship between language and gender in chapter 4. Holmes ( 1998 ) points out that in general, women tend to introduce the prestige forms, whereas men tend to lead changes in the opposite direction, introducing new vernacular forms. Women use more standard but less vernacular forms than men. Holmes once made an investigation in a Spanish countryside and found that many women there tired of farming, went to city and began imitating standard language after they found jobs in the city ( even as baby-sitters, they could contact middle class employers). In contrast, many city upper-working class men often adopted informal forms of middle or lower-working class men, including vulgar of swear words or taboo words.

編輯推薦

  《社會語言學與英語學習》的主要讀者是英語語言學專業(yè)的學生、語言研究者和語言教師,所以除了介紹一些社會語言學的基本概念以外,《社會語言學與英語學習》還運用社會語言學理論深入地討論英語學習中的實際問題。全書共分10個章節(jié),主要包括:語言的變化;語言變化空間與范圍;語言與性別;英語世界里的英語變體;語言與語境;語言的文化變異;語言接觸;語言的多重構型;語言與交際等。

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