航海氣象學(xué)與海洋學(xué)

內(nèi)容概要

　　This book is applicable to the deck mates aiming at observing and recording weather conditions andin interpreting prevailing conditions to predict future weather patterns and also to professionally studyweather forecasts. This book is organized into five sections. Starting with the basic knowledge of the mete- orological dements， temperature， pressure， humidity， wind， cloud， visibility and weather phenomena arebriefed. An emphasis on Buys - Ballot Law explains the formation of the wind and the relationship be-tween the wind and air pressure field. Then weather systems often encountered at sea， such as fronts， cy-clones and anticyclones， are covered. Tropical cyclones produce the most severe weather so we have muchdiscussion on the topic. The following section is the summary of the ocean climatology. The fourth sectionis the introduction of ocean current， waves， and sea ice. The last section of the book recites the weatherinformation and services available at sea. Fax charts are by far the most valuable forecasting tool at ourdisposal. We cannot emphasize too strongly the importance of understanding these charts， and having areliable means to receive them. This book is to be used as a textbook for the course of Meteorology and Oceanography for Mariners inDalian Maritime University. This book may also be used by mariners as general reference.

書籍目錄

CHAPTER 1 BASIC KNOWLEDGE OF THE ATMOSPHERE AND METEOROLOGICAL ELEMENTS1.1 The Atmosphere1.1.1 Introduction1.1.2 Vertical Structure of the Atmosphere1.1.3 Composition of the Atmosphere1.2 Solar Radiation and Air Temperature1.2.1 Solar Radiation1.2.2 Air Temperature and Temperature Scales1.2.3 Diurnal and Annual Variations of Air Temperature1.3 Atmospheric Pressure1.3.1 Air Pressure and Its Units1.3.2 Variation of Pressure with Height1.3.3 Diurnal and Annual Variations of Air Pressure1.3.4 Isobars1.3.5 Pressure Gradient1.3.6 Common Types of Pressure Fields1.4 Stability of the Atmosphere1.4.1 Concept of Stability1.4.2 Adiabatic Lapse Rate1.4.3 Equilibrium of Stability1.4.4 Stability and Weather1.5 Air Humidity1. 5.1 Characteristics of Vapor in the Atmosphere1.5.2 Description of Air Humidity1.5.3 Variations of Absolute Humidity1.5.4 Variations of Relative Humidity1.6 Wind1.6.1 Definition and Description of Wind1.6.2 The Beaufort Scale of Wind Force1.6.3 Geostrophic Wind and Gradient Wind1.6.4 Buys Ballot' s Law1.6.5 The Effect of Friction1.7 Clouds and Precipitation1.7.1 The Formation of Clouds1.7.2 The International Classification of Clouds1.7.3 Cloud Cover1.7.4 Types of Precipitation1.7.5 Intensity of Precipitation1.8 Visibility and Fog1.8.1 Definition and Classification of Visibility1.8.2 Definition and Classification of Fog1.8.3 Main Types of Fog1.9 Shipborne Observation and Shipborne Meteorological Instruments1.9.1 Shipborne Observations1.9.2 Code Used for the Transmission of Ships Weather Messages1.9.3 Non-Routine Reports1.9.4 Visibility Measurement1.9.5 Wind Measurement1.9.6 Temperature Measurement1.9.7 Air Pressure Measurement1.9.8 Weather Phenomena1.9.9 Cloud Types and Amounts1.9.10 Observing Ocean WavesCHAPTER 2 WEATHER SYSTEMS2.1 Weather Charts2.1.1 Outline of Weather Charts2.1.2 Weather Chart Projections2.1.3 Surface Charts2.2 Air Masses and Fronts2.2.1 Air Mass2.2.2 Front Classification2.2.3 Frontal Elements2.2.4 Weather and Fronts2.3 Extra-tropical Anticyclone2.3.1 Outline of Anticyclone2.3.2 Siberian High2.3.3 Weather Associated with the Extra-tropical Anticyclone2.3.4 Movement of Extra-tropical Anticyclone2.3.5 Cold Air Grades2.4 Subtropical High2.4.1 Formation and Distribution2.4.2 Monitoring of the Northwest Pacific Subtropical High2.4.3 Migration of Subtropical High2.4.4 Subtropical High Weather2.5 Extratropical Cyclone2.5.1 Outline Extratropical Cyclone2.5.2 Cyclogenesis2.5.3 Weather Associated with Extratropical Cyclones2.5.4 Cyclone Tracking2.6 Tropical Cyclones2.6.1 Outline of Tropical Cyclone2.6.2 Locations and Seasons2.6.3 Classifications， Terminology and Naming2.6.4 Chinese Warning System2.6.5 Conditions Necessary for the Formation of TCs2.6.6 Structure and Size2.6.7 Dissipation of Tropical Cyclones2.6.8 Movement and Track2.6.9 Observation and Forecasting2.6.10 Avoiding Tropical CyclonesCHAPTER 3 BASIC KNOWLEDGE OF CLIMATOLOGY3.1 Wind and Pressure Systems3.1.1 Three-cell Circulation Model3.1.2 Major Wind Patterns3.1.3 Observed Wind and Pressure Fields3.1.4 Monsoon3.1.5 Sea and Land Breezes3.2 Areas and Seasons of Strong Winds at Sea3.3 Distribution of Sea Fog3.3.1 General Distribution of Sea Fog3.3.2 Foggy Locations in the OceanCHAPTER 4 BASIC KNOWLEDGE OF OCEANOGRAPHY4.1 Ocean Currents4.1.1 Outline of Ocean Currents4.1.2 The Formation of Currents4.1.3 Main Ocean Currents4.1.4 E1 Ni no-Southern Oscillation （ENSO）4.2 Sea Waves4.2.1 Description of Sea Waves4.2.2 Formation of Waves4.2.3 Types of Wind Waves4.2.4 Effects of Currents on Waves4.2.5 Effects of Ice on Waves4.2.6 Tsunamis4.2.7 Storm Tides4.3 Sea Ice4.3.1 Types of Sea Ice4.3.2 Iceberg Drift4.3.3 Extent of Ice in the SeaCHAPTER 5 WEATHER INFORMATION AND SERVICES5.1 Weather Information for Shipping5.1.1 Introduction of WMO5.1.2 Receiving Marine Weather Forecast Products Onboard5.1.3 Radiofax Weather Charts5.2 Interpretation and Application of Weather Charts5.2.1 Interpretation and Application of Surface Charts5.2.2 Interpretation and Application of Wave Charts5.2.3 TC Warning Reports and TC Forecast Charts5.2.4 Interpretation and Application of Satellite Imagery5.2.5 Interpretation and Application of Other Charts5.3 Introduction to Weather Routing5.3.1 Outline of Weather Routing5.3.2 Ship and Cargo Considerations5.3.3 Environmental Factors5.3.4 Synoptic Weather Considerations5.3.5 Types of Recommendations and Advisories5.3.6 CommunicationsBibliography

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