英美文化精粹

前言

　　眾所周知，語(yǔ)言與文化互相影響、互相作用。語(yǔ)言是文化的一部分，并對(duì)文化起著重要作用，但語(yǔ)言又受文化的影響，反映文化。這就要求我們，不但要學(xué)好作為交際工具使用的英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言，掌握語(yǔ)音、語(yǔ)法、詞匯，而且還要深入了解英美文化，知道使用英語(yǔ)的人如何看待事物，如何觀察世界；了解他們?nèi)绾斡谜Z(yǔ)言來(lái)反映社會(huì)思想、習(xí)慣和行為；要懂得他們的“心靈之語(yǔ)言”，即了解他們社會(huì)的文化。如果不懂一個(gè)民族的文化，就不可能真正學(xué)懂這個(gè)民族的語(yǔ)言，更不懂這個(gè)民族的人民。沒有對(duì)英美文化的深刻了解，就沒有真正意義上英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言和英美文學(xué)的掌握，更談不上對(duì)英美社會(huì)的真正認(rèn)識(shí)。這也是我們編寫《英美文化精粹》的初衷?！　　队⒚牢幕狻贩謩e介紹了英美兩國(guó)的民族特點(diǎn)、歷史發(fā)展、地理環(huán)境、政府制度、宗教信仰、文學(xué)概要、教育模式、風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣、節(jié)日活動(dòng)、種族關(guān)系及社會(huì)事件等。本書內(nèi)容豐富、涉及面廣，對(duì)英美文化進(jìn)行了較為系統(tǒng)的介紹。本書主要具有以下特點(diǎn)?！　?.結(jié)構(gòu)明晰：本書采用專題的形式，對(duì)英美文化進(jìn)行介紹。全書共分十二個(gè)專題，對(duì)英美文化的不同方面一一做了介紹，結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單，清晰明了，基本涵蓋了非英語(yǔ)人士對(duì)英美文化了解的基本需求?！　?.角度新穎：本書打破了以往英美文化書籍對(duì)文化的單純介紹，力圖從跨文化交際的角度，對(duì)英美文化進(jìn)行介紹。對(duì)某一文化現(xiàn)象不僅有一般的內(nèi)容介紹，還有其背后原因的簡(jiǎn)明理論闡述，力求使讀者在閱讀過(guò)程中不僅“知其然，還要知其所以然”。書中許多章節(jié)的編寫采用了中西文化對(duì)比的方法，以利于讀者更好的比較異同，體會(huì)文化間的差異，促使讀者有所思考，以加深對(duì)英美文化的理解。　　3.選材新穎：本書選材兼顧傳統(tǒng)英美文化介紹的同時(shí)，力求選取最新英美文化研究理論和成果，素材新穎?！　”緯粌H可以作為大學(xué)高年級(jí)學(xué)生、研究生的英美文化教材，還可以供企事業(yè)單位，特別是大型企業(yè)使用，用于培訓(xùn)員工，增強(qiáng)跨文化意識(shí)，提升跨文化交際能力。對(duì)于具有一定英語(yǔ)基礎(chǔ)的英語(yǔ)愛好者也是一本快速了解英美文化的好書。　　本書的編著主要由張亮平（Chapter3、5、6、7、8、12）、李鵬（Chapter1、2、4、9、10、11）完成，同時(shí)要感謝武漢工業(yè)學(xué)院外語(yǔ)系同仁的大力支持。　　由于時(shí)間倉(cāng)促，加之作者學(xué)術(shù)水平有限，書中難免有不足之處，還望讀者及同行不吝賜教。

內(nèi)容概要

本書吸收了國(guó)內(nèi)外英美文化研究的最新成果，廣泛而精煉地介紹了英美文化的方方面面，包括歷史、地理、政治、語(yǔ)言、節(jié)日、價(jià)值觀、重大事件、教育、文學(xué)、音樂、美術(shù)及《圣經(jīng)》等，并從跨文化交際的角度對(duì)一些現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行了理論闡述和解釋。本書既可以作為高校英語(yǔ)文化素質(zhì)培養(yǎng)的教材，也可以作為正在參與或?qū)⒁獏⑴c跨文化交際人士的知識(shí)性讀物。

書籍目錄

Chapter 1 UK & USA  1.UK    2.USA  Chapter 2 The English Language    1.History of the English Language  2.Varieties of English  3.Differences Between British English and American English  4.Chinese and EnglishChapter 3 Politics  1.Great Britain  2.The United StatesChapter 4 World Views and Core Values  1.Dividedness Between Man and Nature  2.Individualism  3.Pursuit of Change  4.View of Time    5.Materialism  Chapter 5 Great Events    1.The lndustrial Revolution  2.Civil Rights Movement in the United States  Chapter 6 The Bible  1.A Brief Introduction tO the Bible    2.The Influence of the Bible on British Literature  3.Allusions——Adam and Eve  4.ChristianityChapter 7 Education  1.Education in the United Kingdom    2.Education in U.S.  3.TWO Famous UniversitiesChapter 8 Literature  1  British Literature    2.American Literature  3.TWO Famous Writers in U.K.and U.S.Chapter 9 Art-Music & Paintings  1.Musie    2.PaintingsChapter 10 Verbal Communication and English Culture    1.Word Meaning and Culture  2.Pragmatic Rules and Culture    3.Compliments and Responses to Compliments  4.Taboos and Euphemism  5.Communication Style and Culture  Chapter 11 Non—verbal Communication and English Culture  1.Body language  2.Paralanguages  3.0bject Language  4.Environmental LanguagesChapter 12 Western Festivals and Holidays  1.Christmas  2.Halloween    3.Thanksgiving Day  4.Valentin'S DayReferences

章節(jié)摘錄

　　1.1 The History of England　　The history of England did not begin until the arrival of the Anglo-Saxons，when the partition of Britain into several countries largely began.It was the history of Britain that began in the prehistoric during which time Stonehenge was erected.At the height of the Roman Empire，Britannia was under the rule of the Romans.Their rule lasted until about 410.at which time the Romano-British formed various independent kingdoms.The Anglo-Saxons gradually gained control of England and became the chief rulers of the land.Raids bv the Vikings were frequent after about AD 800.In 1066，the Normans invaded and conquered England.There were many civil wars and battles with other nations throughout the Middle Ages.During the Renaissance，　England was ruled by the Tudors.　England had conquered Wales in the 12th century and was then united with Scotland in the early 18th century to formthe Kingdom of Great Britain.　Following the Industrial Revolution，Great Britain ruled a worldwide empire,of which，physically，little remains.However，its cuItural imDact is widespread and deep in many countries of the present day.1.1.1 Prehistory and Roman Britain（Britannia）Archaeological evidence indicates that what was later southern Britannia was colonized bv humans long before the rest of the British Isles because of its more hospitable cliraate between and during the various ice ages of the distant past. Julius Caesar invaded southern Britain in 55 BC and 54 BC.Until the Roman Conquest of Britain，Britain’s British population was relatively stable，and by the time of Julius Caesar，sfirst invasionthe British population of what was old Britain was speaking a Celtic language generally thought to be the forerunner of the modern Brythonic languages.After Julius Caesar abandoned Britain，it fell back into the hands of the Britons.　　The Romans began their second conquest of Britain in 43 AD，during the reign of Claudius.They annexed the whole of modern England and Wales orer the next fortv vears and periodically extended their control over much of lowland Scotland.1.I.2　Anglo-Saxon Conquests and the Founding of England　　In approximately 495，at the Battle of Mount Badon，Britons inflicted a severe defeat on aninvading Anglo-Saxon army which halted the westward Anglo-Saxon advance for some decades.Anglo-Saxon expansion resumed in the sixth century，although the chronology of its progressis unclear.One of the few individual events which emerged with any clarity before the seventhcentury is the Battle of Deorham，in 577，a West Saxon victory which led to the caDture ofCirencester，Gloucester and Bath，bringing the Anglo-Saxon advance to the Bristol Channeland dividing the Britons in the West Country from those in Wales.

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