劍橋雅思詞匯

前言

　　本書參考自劍橋國(guó)際語(yǔ)料庫(kù)和劍橋?qū)W習(xí)者語(yǔ)料庫(kù)中的權(quán)威資料，以結(jié)合雅思備考、語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)為原則精心編纂而成。全書分為25個(gè)單元：第1單元到第20單元以雅思學(xué)術(shù)類和培訓(xùn)類考試所涉及的話題為依據(jù)，將每個(gè)話題細(xì)分為更具體的情節(jié)，將單詞體現(xiàn)在情境中，考生可以根據(jù)興趣或需要按任意順序?qū)W習(xí)或選擇想要學(xué)習(xí)的內(nèi)容：第21單元到第25單元指導(dǎo)考生學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)單詞的技巧以及如何使用生詞。其中第21單元和第22單元給出學(xué)習(xí)單詞以及使用詞典的技巧，第23單元到第25單元?jiǎng)t將重點(diǎn)放在教會(huì)考生在參加學(xué)術(shù)類和培訓(xùn)類寫作考試時(shí)正確使用單詞。

內(nèi)容概要

劍橋雅思詞匯》參考自劍橋國(guó)際語(yǔ)料庫(kù)和劍橋?qū)W習(xí)者語(yǔ)料庫(kù)中的權(quán)威資料，以結(jié)合雅思備考、學(xué)習(xí)語(yǔ)言為原則精心編纂而成。同時(shí)，本書還涵蓋了考生所犯的真實(shí)錯(cuò)誤，以便借鑒。語(yǔ)言通俗易懂，講解單詞深入淺出，旨在拓展和提高雅思考生掌握詞匯的準(zhǔn)確度，是為全球雅思考生量身定做的必備用書。 　　本書適合學(xué)術(shù)類和培訓(xùn)類雅思考生，可供課堂教學(xué)或自學(xué)備考。主要有以下特色：　　錯(cuò)誤警示：幫助考生避免常見錯(cuò)誤　　單元測(cè)試：協(xié)助考生檢驗(yàn)自己的進(jìn)步　　試題練習(xí)：涵蓋學(xué)術(shù)類、培訓(xùn)類閱讀以及寫作、聽力測(cè)試內(nèi)容　　有用提示：指導(dǎo)考生如何應(yīng)對(duì)雅思考試　　學(xué)習(xí)技巧：介紹學(xué)習(xí)和記憶單詞的技巧　　完備的單詞表：方便考生隨時(shí)參閱單詞記憶配合聽力練習(xí)，學(xué)習(xí)效果更佳

書籍目錄

Map of the book Introduction IELTS Test summary  Unit 1 Growing up   Unit 2 Mental and physical development   Unit 3 Keeping fit   Unit 4 Life styles   Unit 5 Student life Test One   Unit 6 Effective communication   Unit 7 On the move   Unit 8 Through the ages   Unit 9 The natural world   Unit 10 Reaching for the skies Test Two　  Unit 11 Design and innovation   Unit 12 Information technology   Unit 13 The modern world   Unit 14 Urbanisation   Unit 15 The green revolution Test Three   Unit 16 The energy crisis   Unit 17 Talking business   Unit 18 The law   Unit 19 The media  Unit 20 The arts Test Four    Unit 21 Language building 1   Unit 22 Language building 2   Unit 23 Academic Writing Task 1   Unit 24 Academic Writing Task 2   Unit 25 General Training Writing Tasks 1 and 2 Test Five  Answer key Recording scripts Wordlist  Acknowledgements Tracklist

章節(jié)摘錄

　　There are over 6, 000 different languages today, but how did language evolve in the first place？Pinpointing the origin of language might seem like idle speculation, because sound does not fossilise. However,music, chit-chat and even humour may have been driving forces in the evolution of language, and gossip possiblyfreed our ancestors from sitting around wondering what to say next.There are over 6,000 different languages today, and the main language families are thought to have arisen asmodern humans wandered about the globe in four great migrations beginning 100,000 years ago. But how didlanguage evolve in the first place？ Potential indicators of early language are written in our genetic code, behaviourand culture. The genetic evidence is a gene called FOXP2, in which mutations appear to be responsible for speechdefects. FOXP2 in humans differs only slightly from the gene in chimpanzees, and may be about 200,000 yearsold, slightly older than the earliest modern humans. Such a recent origin for language seems at first rather silly.How could our speechless Homo sapiens ancestors colonise the ancient world, spreading from Africa to Asia, andperhaps making a short sea-crossing to Indonesia, without language？ Well, language can have two meanings: theinfinite variety of sentences that we string together, and the pointing and grunting communication that we sharewith other animals.Marc Hauser （Harvard University） and colleagues argue that the study of animal behaviour and communicationcan teach us how the faculty of language in the narrow human sense evolved. Other animals dont come close tounderstanding our sophisticated thought processes. Nevertheless, the complexity of human expression may havestarted off as simple stages in animal thinking or problem-solving. For example, number processing （how manylions are we up against？）, navigation （time to fly south for the winter）, or social relations （we need teamwork to buildthis shelter）. In other words, we can potentially track language by looking at the behaviour of other animals.William Noble and lain Davidson （University of New England） look for the origin of language in early symbolicbehaviour and the evolutionary selection in fine motor control. For example, throwing and making stone toolscould have developed into simple gestures like pointing that eventually entailed a sense of self-awareness. Theyargue that language is a form of symbolic communication that has its roots in behavioural evolution. Even if archaichumans were physically capable of speech （a hyoid bone for supporting the larynx and tongue has been found ina Neanderthal skeleton）, we cannot assume symbolic communication. They conclude that language is a feature ofanatomically modern humans, and an essential precursor of the earliest symbolic pictures in rock art, ritual burial,major sea-crossings, structured shelters and hearths - all dating, they argue, to the last 100,000 years.But the archaeological debate of when does not really help us with what was occurring in those first chats. RobinDunbar （University of Liverpool） believes they were probably talking about each other - in other words, gossiping.He discovered a relationship between an animals group size and its neocortex （the thinking part of the brain）, andtried to reconstruct grooming times and group sizes for early humans based on overall size of fossil skulls. Dunbarargues that gossip provides the social glue permitting humans to live in cohesive groups up to the size of about150, found in population studies among hunter-gatherers, personal networks and corporate organisations. Apes arereliant on grooming to stick together, and that basically constrains their social complexity to groups of 50. Geladababoons stroke and groom each other for several hours per day. Dunbar thus concludes that, if humans had nospeech faculty, we would need to devote 40 per cent of the day to physical grooming, just to meet our socialneeds.

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