英語(yǔ)國(guó)家社會(huì)與文化

前言

　　學(xué)習(xí)語(yǔ)言必須與了解、學(xué)習(xí)文化相結(jié)合。母語(yǔ)的學(xué)習(xí)如此.外語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)更是如此。我們常說(shuō)要用對(duì)方（指母語(yǔ)國(guó)家人群）聽(tīng)得懂的方式進(jìn)行表達(dá)，也就是說(shuō)在進(jìn)行交流時(shí).要用符合對(duì)方文化習(xí)慣的方式進(jìn)行表達(dá)。這就要求外語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)者了解、學(xué)習(xí)對(duì)方的政治、歷史、社會(huì)和文化。給學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)的學(xué)生提供一些所學(xué)語(yǔ)言國(guó)家的基本材料與信息.使學(xué)生有一定的了解.這就是編寫此書(shū)的目的?！　〈藭?shū)編寫遵循以下原則：　　1.突出重點(diǎn)，不求面面俱到.但力求包含近期的變化與信息；　　2.歷史、政治、社會(huì)、文化是側(cè)重點(diǎn)。自然地貌、風(fēng)土人情.雖有觸及.但非重點(diǎn).也不需死記硬背；　　3.在練習(xí)題的編寫上.抓住重點(diǎn).把握概貌.不要求學(xué)生記住所有的人名、地名、日期等細(xì)節(jié)；　　4.幫助學(xué)生把內(nèi)容與語(yǔ)言結(jié)合起來(lái).通過(guò)語(yǔ)言掌握內(nèi)容.通過(guò)對(duì)內(nèi)容的分析、討論、表達(dá)提高語(yǔ)言的運(yùn)用能力。為此.在編寫時(shí)，我們力求語(yǔ)言簡(jiǎn)單易懂。我們希望通過(guò)這樣的寫法傳達(dá)一個(gè)信息：學(xué)生通過(guò)自己掌握的英語(yǔ)，足以表達(dá)很多內(nèi)容.從而增強(qiáng)學(xué)習(xí)的信心和運(yùn)用語(yǔ)言的主動(dòng)性。

內(nèi)容概要

本書(shū)介紹美國(guó)、英國(guó)、加拿大、澳大利亞、愛(ài)爾蘭、新西蘭等英語(yǔ)國(guó)家的社會(huì)文化背景知識(shí)。學(xué)生從通俗易懂、極富時(shí)代感的閱讀材料中?？梢粤私飧鲊?guó)的歷史發(fā)展、政治制度、社會(huì)文化、自然地貌、風(fēng)土人情，把語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)和文化學(xué)習(xí)相結(jié)合。提高跨文化交際能力。本書(shū)具有以下主要特點(diǎn)：    全書(shū)知識(shí)覆蓋面廣，反映時(shí)代最新發(fā)展動(dòng)態(tài)，脈絡(luò)清晰，重點(diǎn)突出。    中文導(dǎo)讀提綱挈領(lǐng)，腳注提供豐富的文化背景知識(shí)，有效降低學(xué)習(xí)難度。    精選大量生動(dòng)活潑的圖片，增強(qiáng)學(xué)生對(duì)異國(guó)文化和異域風(fēng)情的感性認(rèn)識(shí)。    形式多樣的練習(xí)和研究任務(wù)，培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的信息搜索能力、創(chuàng)新思維能力和研究能力。

書(shū)籍目錄

The United StatesChapter 1 Land and History  I. Geography  II. The Population and Immigration  III. HistoryChapter 2 Government and Politics  I. The Constitution and the Federal Government  II. History of Foreign RelationsChapter 3 National Economy  I. Brief History of American Economy  II. Government Involvement  III. The Agricultural, Manufacturing and Service Industries  IV. Wall Street and EntrepreneurshipChapter 4 Social Life and Culture  I. Religion  II. Festivals and Sports  IH. Media  IV. Popular Culture  V. LiteratureChapter 5 Education  I. An Overview  II. Developments and Problems  III. American Higher EducationThe United KingdomChapter 6 Land and History  I. Physical Features  II. HistoryChapter 7 Government and Politics  I. Political Institutions  II. Party Politics  III. Foreign PolicyChapter 8 National Economy  I. The First Industrial Nation of the World  II. Science and Modem Industries  III. Trade  IV. Financial ServicesChapter 9 Social Life  I. Everyday Life  II. Mobility  III. Pastimes  IV. Religion  V. Mass MediaChapter 10 Arts and Education  I. Arts  II. EducationCanadaChapter 11 A Nation from Sea to Sea  I. The Land  II. Brief HistoryChapter 12 Politics and National Economy  I. Politics  II. National EconomyChapter 13 Social Life and Culture  I. The Canadian Mosaic  II. Religious Life  III. Education  IV. Literature, Arts and Popular CultureAustraliaChapter 14 The Country Down Under  I. The Land Down Under  II. Geography  III. National Symbols of Australia  IV. Australian Political System  V. Australia and the WorldChapter 15 Nation-building from a Convict Settlement  I. Introduction  II. Events and People That Made a NationChapter 16 Celebrating a Multicultural Australia  I. Australian Multiculturalism  II. Indigenous Australians  III. Australian Culture  IV. Sports in Australia  V. Famous AustraliansIrelandChapter 17 Land, History and People  I. Key Questions  II. Prehistoric Ireland  III. The Celts (c. 600 BC)  IV. The Coming of Christianity (c. 432)  V. Invasions and Assimilations  VI. Revolt and Conquest (1536-1690)  VII. Protestant Ascendancy (1691-1801)Chapter 18 The Making of Modern Ireland  I. Revolt and Reform  II. The Great Hunger (1845-1849)  III. Seeking Independence  IV. Remaking Ireland  V. "A Nation Once Again"  VI. A Divided Island (1971-1998)  VII. The Emergence of Modern Ireland  VIII. Ireland Through Three Generations (1920 to today)  IX. Reinventing Ireland: Once Again  X. Ireland's New Role in the WorldNew ZealandChapter 19 Land and History  I. Natural Environment  II. History and PeopleChapter 20 The Government and the Nation  I. Becoming a Nation  II. System of Government  III. The Electoral System  IV. The State Sector and Crown Entities  V. The Legal System  VI. New Zealand in the WorldChapter 21 National Economy  I. The New Zealand Economy  II. Agriculture and Other Primary Production  III. Secondary Production  IV. Tertiary Production  V. External Trade and Trade Partners  VI. The Economy in the Early 21st CenturyChapter 22 New Zealand Society  I. Population  II. Families and Marriage  III. Sex and Gender  IV. Health Care  V. Education  VI. Religion  VII. Modem SocietyKey to ExercisesPhoto Credits

章節(jié)摘錄

　　The Confederate Army did well in the early part of the war， and some of its commanders，especially General Robert E. Lee， were brilliant tacticians. But the Union had superior manpower and resources to draw upon. In the summer of 1863 at Gettysburg2， the two armies fought the bloodiest battle on American soil. After three days of desperate fighting， the Confederates were defeated， and forced to retreat to Virginia. At the same time， on the Mississippi River，Union General Ulysses S. Grant3 took control of the entire Mississippi Valley， thus splitting the Confederacy into two. Two years later， after a long campaign known as the Wilderness Campaign， the Union forces crushed the Confederates.　 The Civil War was a most tragic episode in American history. But it resolved two matters that had troubled Americans since 1776. It put an end to slavery， and it decided that the country wasn ot a collection of semi-independent states but an indivisible whole. Moreover， the war paved the road for the development of American capitalism.

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