當(dāng)代西方翻譯理論選讀

前言

　　美籍荷蘭學(xué)者詹姆斯-霍姆斯（James Htolmes）在其1972年發(fā)表的論文《翻譯研究的名與實(shí)》（“The Narne and NatLIre of TrarlslatiorlStudies”）一文中詳盡地論述了翻譯研究作為一門學(xué)科應(yīng)具有的名稱、性質(zhì)、范圍等內(nèi)容，這篇論文被翻譯界普遍認(rèn)為是“翻譯學(xué)科的創(chuàng)建宣言”（Geritzler 1993：92）。在國(guó)內(nèi)外翻譯界同仁的共同努力下，近三十年來(lái)，翻譯研究無(wú)論是在西方還是在中國(guó)都逐漸發(fā)展成為一門獨(dú)立的學(xué)科。與時(shí)共進(jìn)，我國(guó)許多高等院校紛紛設(shè)立翻譯系或翻譯學(xué)院，以適應(yīng)社會(huì)對(duì)翻譯人才的需要。至2007年，我國(guó)設(shè)立翻譯系或翻譯學(xué)院的一類院校有十余所；目前更多的學(xué)校正在籌備建立翻譯系和翻譯本科專業(yè)。為進(jìn)一步推動(dòng)翻譯研究作為一門獨(dú)立學(xué)科的發(fā)展，我們的翻譯系或翻譯學(xué)院以培養(yǎng)社會(huì)發(fā)展所需要的職業(yè)譯員為基本目標(biāo)，力求提高學(xué)生的理論水平，為社會(huì)輸送具備一定理論基礎(chǔ)的翻譯人才。　　《當(dāng)代西方翻譯理論選讀》一書正是為了適應(yīng)目前高校翻譯理論教學(xué)的需要而撰寫的。作者根據(jù)對(duì)相關(guān)課題的調(diào)研發(fā)現(xiàn)，目前國(guó)內(nèi)外市場(chǎng)上適合我國(guó)學(xué)生的翻譯理論選讀教材并不多見(jiàn)。在我國(guó)市場(chǎng)上，介紹西方各家翻譯流派的理論入門書有的用中文撰寫，對(duì)于中國(guó)讀者來(lái)說(shuō)，雖然方便易讀，但缺點(diǎn)也顯而易見(jiàn)，因?yàn)樽x翻譯的內(nèi)容，總有“霧里看花”的感覺(jué)，正如意大利諺語(yǔ)所謂“翻譯者即叛逆者”也。　　對(duì)于翻譯系／翻譯學(xué)院的學(xué)生，最好是讀“原汁原味”的英文材料，從而準(zhǔn)確理解西方翻譯理論的概念、術(shù)語(yǔ)。有的教材雖用英文撰寫，但主要是對(duì)西方各家翻譯理論流派的評(píng)述，對(duì)于學(xué)生來(lái)說(shuō)，也是隔靴搔癢，難以窺見(jiàn)“廬山真面目”，不利于學(xué)生對(duì)西方翻譯理論的深刻了解。有的略顯陳舊，節(jié)選多為20世紀(jì)70年代以前的翻譯理論流派，對(duì)20世紀(jì)70年代以后興起的西方諸多流派，如目的論、描寫學(xué)派、后殖民主義、女權(quán)主義、翻譯實(shí)證研究等都很少涉及。盡管目前西方翻譯理論方面的書在國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)上可以說(shuō)是汗牛充棟，但缺乏一部集中介紹西方主要翻譯流派的代表性的論文選編?！　”緯饕x取自20世紀(jì)60年代以來(lái)有代表性、有影響的當(dāng)代西方翻譯理論流派的論文或理論著作，共計(jì)十六篇，分七個(gè)單元，依次是語(yǔ)言學(xué)派、功能學(xué)派、描寫學(xué)派、文化學(xué)派、翻譯的哲學(xué)取向派、認(rèn)知學(xué)派以及翻譯實(shí)證研究。語(yǔ)言學(xué)派包括奈達(dá)（Nida）的動(dòng)態(tài)對(duì)等翻譯理論，紐馬克（Newmark）的語(yǔ)義翻譯與交際翻譯，紐伯特（NetJbert）的語(yǔ)篇翻譯。

內(nèi)容概要

《當(dāng)代西方翻譯理論選讀(高等學(xué)校英語(yǔ)專業(yè)系列教材)》(作者馬會(huì)娟、苗菊)精選了自20世紀(jì)60年代以來(lái)最具代表性和影響力的當(dāng)代西方翻譯理論著作，旨在幫助學(xué)習(xí)者了解并掌握當(dāng)代西方翻譯研究領(lǐng)域的代表性流派及其主要觀點(diǎn)，加深對(duì)翻譯實(shí)踐、翻譯現(xiàn)象的認(rèn)識(shí)，提高翻譯理論素養(yǎng)。《當(dāng)代西方翻譯理論選讀(高等學(xué)校英語(yǔ)專業(yè)系列教材)》具有以下特點(diǎn)：
按翻譯學(xué)發(fā)展的時(shí)間順序展開(kāi)，以當(dāng)代西方的主要翻譯理論流派為主線，詳細(xì)介紹了各流派代表人物以及理論觀點(diǎn)；
每單元各介紹一個(gè)翻譯流派．主要代表人物及其在翻譯研究中的地位和影響；
每章均節(jié)選一位代表人物的文章，并配有導(dǎo)讀來(lái)闡述其翻譯理論及選文的理論背景、價(jià)值和局限性，以幫助讀者更好地理解選文；
針對(duì)選文設(shè)計(jì)相應(yīng)的思考題，以引導(dǎo)學(xué)生進(jìn)行批判性閱讀，章后所附閱讀書目設(shè)計(jì)有注釋和點(diǎn)評(píng)，有助于學(xué)生開(kāi)闊學(xué)術(shù)視野。

書籍目錄

Unit One Linguistic Approaches to Translation
 Chapter 1 Eugene Nida
 Dynamic Equivalence and Formal Equivalence
 Chapter 2 Peter Newmark
 Semantic and Communicative Translation
 Chapter 3 Albrecht Neubert
 Translation as Text
Unit Two Functionalist Approaches to Translation
 Chapter 4 Hans J. Vermeer
 Skopos Theory
 Chapter 5 Christiane Nord
 Functionality Plus Loyalty
Unit Three Descriptive Approaches to Translation
 Chapter 6 Itamar Even-Zohar
 Polysystem Theory
 Chapter 7 Gideon Toury
 Descriptive Translation Studies
 Chapter 8 Andre Lefevere
 Translation as Rewriting
Unit Four Cultural Studies Approaches to Translation
 Chapter 9 Lawrence Venuti
 Foreignizing Translation Strategy
 Chapter 10 Luise von Flotow
 A Feminist Perspective
 Chapter 11 Douglas Robinson
 Postcolonial Approach to Translation
Unit Five Philosophical Approaches to Translation...
 Chapter 12 George Steiner
 Hermeneutic Approach to Translation
 Chapter 13 Jacques Derrida
 Deconstructionist Translation Theory
Unit Six Cognitive Approaches to Translation
 Chapter 14 Ernst-August Gutt
 Cognitive Approach to Translation
Unit Seven Empirical Research in Translation Studies
 Chapter 15 Wolfgang Lorscher
 Think-aloud as a Method
 Chapter 16 Mona Baker
 Corpus-based Translation Studies
Bibliography

章節(jié)摘錄

　　Identifying the research parameters which motivate the differentmodels of translation is a first step toward clarification. Two divergentviews of translation may not really be in opposition. They may simply focuson different aspects of a larger phenomenon. Still, the broader discipline oftranslation studies needs a conceptual baseline. We argue that the textualapproach to translation can serve as that baseline.　　Without an integrating concept we run the risk that translationwill be understood only in parts, and never as a whole. If there are nointegrating concepts, there can be no hope of an integrated or unifiedtheory of translation. An integrated theory would bring the various modelsof translation and the various kinds of translation together in a moreencompassing theoretical structure.　　Building models without a common set of concepts has led to thefracturing of translation studies noted recently by Newmark and earlierby Savory. In a recent paper, Newmark has maintained that "an integratedtheory of translation is not feasible" （Newmark 1990:711）. Newmarkcontinues to say that "all theories have their uses; when they are claimed tobe exclusive or monopolistic, they become pernicious dogma." Newmarkis fight about dogma. It has no place in translation studies and cannot existin any empirically based discipline. He goes too far when he claims that anintegrated theory of translation is not possible. Each approach to translationcan validate itself. It can achieve validity by carefully selecting its researchaims and using a rigorous method-critical system in the descriptionof the phenomenon within that selection. The scope, and therefore theexplanatory power, of the model of translation is restricted to the elementssubjected to analysis. It is not necessarily the case that an integratedtheory is impossible. Simply because some approaches to translation havedecided to focus on a restricted set of elements does not mean that a morecomprehensive and meaningful set of features cannot be constructed. Thiscould be done by merging the common conceptual elements of the variousmodels and accounting for the areas of difference.　　An integrated approach requires an integrating concept. We haveproposed the text as an integrating concept. In translation we are concernedwith three incarnations of the text. There is the source text and there is thetarget text. The third text is what we call the virtual translation.

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