清廷十三年

前言

　　北京是偉大祖國(guó)的首都，是名震中外的歷史文化名城。她有著三千多年的建城史和八百多年的定都史，自元朝迄今，北京作為全國(guó)的政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化中心，積淀了豐厚的歷史文化遺存，承載著中華文明的精華，是我國(guó)燦爛輝煌的歷史文化的偉大象征。在這里，優(yōu)美秀麗的風(fēng)景名勝、巍峨厚重的宮殿城闕、布局齊整的街巷胡同、京腔京調(diào)的語(yǔ)言文化、五方雜厝的社會(huì)習(xí)俗，以及源遠(yuǎn)流長(zhǎng)的神話(huà)傳說(shuō)，使這座千年古都顯得神秘而博大。北京宛若一座盛藏著豐富古董的歷史博物館，堪稱(chēng)東方歷史、文化、藝術(shù)的璀璨寶庫(kù)，令人目不暇接、回味無(wú)窮?！　∽栽詠?lái)，世界各地的人們從四方八面來(lái)到北京，或旅行游覽，或講經(jīng)傳教，或從事經(jīng)貿(mào)，或供職朝廷，北京開(kāi)始成為世界人民向往的名都。元代的“汗八里”城即是一座享譽(yù)世界的國(guó)際性大都市，是中西文化交流的樞紐。元朝時(shí)有馬可·波羅、孟特·科維諾、熱拉德、安德魯、帕烈格利諾、托馬斯、彼得、馬黎諾里等西方人士先后來(lái)到北京，他們大多將自己的經(jīng)歷寫(xiě)成游記，增進(jìn)了歐洲人民對(duì)遙遠(yuǎn)的中國(guó)的了解。其中意大利人馬可·波羅在元大都游歷并被任命官職，回國(guó)后留下的《馬可·波羅游記》詳述了大都城的壯麗景象，令西方讀者驚羨不已，成為近代西方對(duì)外殖民拓展的一大動(dòng)力。

內(nèi)容概要

1710年意大利人馬國(guó)賢來(lái)到中國(guó)，從此他以天主教虜勞會(huì)傳教士、康熙皇帝宮廷畫(huà)師的雙重身份，在京師度過(guò)了十三年。本書(shū)即是馬國(guó)賢神父對(duì)其在清廷供職期間以及往返途中所見(jiàn)所聞的回憶錄，具有特殊的文獻(xiàn)價(jià)值，一直被西方大學(xué)里中國(guó)課程列為重要參考書(shū)。 　　作者的描寫(xiě)為我們提供了“中國(guó)禮儀之爭(zhēng)”的第一手資料；同時(shí)又以西方人的眼光，展示了清初的地貌、民俗、皇帝的宮廷生活等一般史書(shū)所沒(méi)有的細(xì)節(jié)。全書(shū)行文語(yǔ)氣淡然，通俗易懂，既是西方漢學(xué)奠基之作，也是普通讀者了解清初北京風(fēng)貌、窺探九重宮禁的獨(dú)特窗口。 圖書(shū)的適用對(duì)象： 　　國(guó)際北京學(xué)研究者、北京歷史愛(ài)好者、大學(xué)生、英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)者

作者簡(jiǎn)介

馬國(guó)賢(1682―1745)，原名Matteo Ripa，意大利那不勒斯人，天主教傳教士，于1710（康熙四十九年）抵達(dá)澳門(mén)，隨后北上京師在宮中供職，成為康熙皇帝的宮廷畫(huà)師，經(jīng)常跟隨皇帝出行。期間，馬國(guó)賢受康熙之令將《熱河三十六景圖》制成銅版畫(huà)，這也是中國(guó)第一套銅版畫(huà)作品。1723年 (雍正元年)，馬國(guó)賢離開(kāi)中國(guó)，回到那不勒斯，創(chuàng)立中國(guó)學(xué)院，是為西方第一個(gè)專(zhuān)門(mén)培養(yǎng)中國(guó)學(xué)生的教學(xué)機(jī)構(gòu)。此外他還撰寫(xiě)《中國(guó)圣會(huì)和中國(guó)學(xué)院創(chuàng)辦記事》，此書(shū)被節(jié)譯為英文之后，在西方流傳甚廣，150年來(lái)對(duì)西方人看中國(guó)有重大且深刻的影響。因此，可以說(shuō)馬國(guó)賢在中意乃至中歐文化交流史上起了重要的作用。

書(shū)籍目錄

CHAPTER ICHAPTER II CHAPTER IIICHAPTER IVCHAPTER VCHAPTER VICHAPTER VIICHAPTER VIII CHAPTER IXCHAPTER X　　CHAPTER XICHAPTER XIICHAPTER XIIICHAPTER XIVCHAPTER XVCHAPTER XVICHAPTER XVII CHAPTER XVIIICHAPTER XIX CHAPTER XXCHAPTER XXICHAPTER XXIICHAPTER XXIII CHAPTER XXIVCHAPTER XXVCHAPTER XXVICHAPTER XXVIICHAPTER XXVIII CONCLUSIONAPPENDIX

章節(jié)摘錄

　　Peking is composed of two distinct cities，one being called the Tartar city．the other the Chinese．The Tartar city is so named because it is inhabited bv Tartars，and by those who，though not Tartars，are enrolled in the Ki-hiu-ti．or eight bands which constitute the Tartar troops．The Chinese city is inhabited by Chinese alone．It may be proper to observe that the district now called the Tartar city was in former times inhabited by the eunuchs in waiting，who amounted to ten thousand；but under the present dynasty it is inhabited，as I have said，by Tartars and Chinese of the Kihiu-ti．The eunuchs．now about six thousand in number，live entirely wiminthe walls of the palace．The Tartar city is square，and encircled by a yellow wall．It is within this yellow wall that the imperial palace is situated，but it is surrounded again by another wall，more loftly than that of the city， and of vast extent．The inhabitants within amount to a great multitude；for besides the six thousand eunuchs．there is in the seraglio a vast assembly　of women．of whom the Emperor alone knows the number．There is also　within the imperial residence a great number of Tartars who are in the　service of the Emperor’s sons，each of whom has his separate court；so that this palace may be very well considered as a third division，and Peking　described as containing three distinct cities．　　The Tartar city has nine gates．a(chǎn)nd each side of it is three miles in length．The Chinese city。which is also walled，joins the northern wall， which separates it from the Tartars．It is of the same size，but of a diffe：rent form．being 10nger from east to west than from north to south；and it is　more densely peopled with the middling and 10wer classes than the other　city．In its fcIur sides there are seven gates；and thus Peking has in all　sixteen gates，and outside every gate there is a large suburb．The two cities together are twenty-one miles in circuit，according to a measurement made　by the command of the Emperor．If to the circumference of twenty-one　miles be added the suburbs and environs，which are also very populous， particularly those towards the west，through which nearly the whole　commercial traffic of the Chinese capital passes，some idea may be formed　of the vast size of this city．

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