朗文英語口語和筆語語法

內(nèi)容概要

　　The Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English is an entirely new grammar of American and British English-from the language of conversation to the language of academic textbooks. There are no made-up examples in this groundbreaking new-gramar. The authors began. Not with preconceived notions of the grmmar of English. But with a huge bank of language data， the Longman Corpus Network.　　A six-year research project brought together the linguistic expertise of an intenational author team-all acknowledged experts in the field of corpus linguistics and grammar.　　The result of this research is the present volume. Many points of traditional grammar are confirmed. But now on the basis of much larger amounts of statistical data than ever before. Some aspects of traditional grammar are challenged by this book， and some new findings. Not even suspected before now， will surprise and interest the reader.　　What makes this book so special is that it turns English inside out. Professor Douglas Bibers research team tagged and parsed the structures in the Corpus. This analysis revealed the degree to which different grammatical features of language vary according to the type of language. The way language is used in conversation is quite different from the waylanguage is used in fiction， which in turn isoften very different from the grammatical characteristics of newspapers or academic books.　　Entirely corpus-based grammar of English　　Over 350 tables and graphs showing the frequency of constructions across different registers， from conversation to fiction to academic prose　　6，000 authentic examples from the Longman Corpus Network　　British English and American English grammar compared　　New and challenging findings　　Reveals the differences between spoden and written English .

書籍目錄

PrefacebyHaliday王宗炎序?qū)ёxForewordAbbreviationsandsymbolsPrefaceContents5ndatailSymbolsandnofationalconventionsSEchIONAIntrnductory1 Imbmductkm：acorpru-basedBpproachtoEngllshgrammar1.1 introduction1.2 StructureanduseinEnglishgrammar1.3 VarietinsofEnglid，1.4 RepresentationofvadetiesIntheLSWECorpus1.5 DescriptionoftheregistercategoriesintheLSWECorpus1.6 GrammaticalanalysisoftheLSWECorpus1.7 0uantitativefindings5nthegrammar1.8 Eunctiona0interetationofquantitativefindings1.9 Overviewofthegrammar1.1 0PorentialusersandusesoftheLGSWESECTIONBtasLEgrammar：Descriptionanddistribution2 Wordandphrasegrammar2.1 Thenatureofgrammaticalunits2.2 Wordsandtheircharacteristics2.3 Surveyof0exicalwords2.4 Surveyoffunctionwords2.5 Surveyofinserts2.6 Phrasesandtheircharacteristics2.7 Typesofphrase2.8 Embeddingofphrases2.9 Coordinationofphrades2.1 0Simpilecomplexphrases3 Clausegrammar3.1 Clausev.non-clausaLmatedal3.2 Majotclauseelements3.3 ClauseLinKS3.4 PedpheraLelements3.5 Majorclausepatterns3.6 Variationsondausepa~ems3.7 Ellipsis3.8 Negation3.9 subiect-verbconcord3.10 Typesofdependentclauses3.11 Finitedependentclauses3.12 Non-finiteclauses3.13 Majortypesofindependentclauses3.14 Unembeddeddependentclauses3.15 Non-clausalmaterialSECTIONCKeywordclassesandtheirphrases4 Noum，pronouns，andthesimplenounphrase4.1 Overviewofnominalsindiscourse4.2 Thebasicstructureofnoun.headedphrases4.3 Tvpesofnouns4.4 Daterminers4.5 Number4.6 Case4.7 Gender4.8 Nounfobmation4.9 ThOroleofpronounsindiscourse4.1 0Persona0pronouns4.1 1Possessivepronouns4.1 2Reflexivepronouns4.1 3Reciprocalpronouns4.1 4Demonstrativepronouns4.1 5indefinitepronouns4.1 6Otherpronouns5 Verbs5.1 Majorverbfunctionsandclasses5.2 Single-wordiexica0verbs5.3 Multi-wordiexica0verbs5.4 Mainandauxiliaryfunctionsofprimaryverbs5.5 Copularverbs6 VariationIntheverbphrase：tense，aspect.voice，andmodality6.1 Structureandmeaningdistinctionsintheverbphrase6.2 Tonse6.3 Aspect6.4 Activeendpassivevoice6.5 Complexcombinationsofaspectandvoice6.6 Modalsandsemi，modals6.7 Combinationsofmode0verbswithmarkedaspectorvoice6.8 Sequencesofmodalsandsemi.modals7 Adjectivesandadveri7.1 Overview7.2 Definingcharacteristicsofadjectives7.3 Semanticgroupingofadjectives7.4 Attributiveadjectives7.5 Predicativeadjectives7.6 Adjectivesinothersyntacticroles7.7 Comparativeandsuperlativedecjr~7.8 Comparativeclausesandotherdegreecomplements7.9 Formationofadjectives7.1 0Adjectivesincombination7.1 1Overviewofadverbs7.1 2Theformofadverbs7.1 3Syntacticrolesofadverbs7.1 4Semanticcategoriesofadverbs7.1 5DiscoursechoicesfordegreeadverbsasmodifiersSECTIONDMorecomplexstructures8 Conplexnounphrses8.1 Overview8.2 Structuraltypasofpremodification8.3 Meaningrelationsexpressedbynoun十nounsequences8.4 NounphraseswithmultiplepremodItiers8.5 Restrictivevnon.restrictivepostmodifiers8.6 Majorstructuraltypesofpostmodification8.7 Postmodificationbyfiniterelativeclause8.8 Postmodificationbynon-finiteclause8.9 Postmodificationbyprepositionalphrase8.1 0POstmodificationbyappositivenounphrase8.1 1Nounphraseswithmultiplepostmodifiers8.1 2Nouncomplementclausesv.nomina0postmodifiers8.1 3Structuraltypesofnouncomplementclause8.1 4Headnounstakingnouncomplementdauses9 Theformandfunctionofcomplementclauses9.1 Overview9.2 That-clauses9.3 Wh-clauses9.4 infinitireclauses9.5 Ing-clauses9.6 Ellipsisandpro-formsubstitutioninpost.predicatecomplementclauses9.7 Choiceofcomplementclausetype10 Adverbials10.1 Overview10.2 Circumstanceadverbials10.3 Stanceadverbials10.4 LinkingadverbialsSECTIONGrammarin0widerperspectiv11 Wordorderandrelatedsyntacticchoices11.1 overview11.2 WOrdorder11.3 Thepassive11.4 Existentialthere11.5 Dislocation11.6 Clefting11.7 Syntacticchoicesinconversationv.academicprose12 Thegrammatic00markingofstance12.1 Overview12.2 Majorgrammaticaldevicesusedtoexpressstance13.3 Majorsemanticdistindionsconveyedbystancemarkers12.4 Attributionofstantetothespeakerorwdter12.5 Registerdifferencesinthemarkingofstance13 Lexlcalexpressionsinspeechandwriting13.1 Overview13.2 Lexicalbundles13.3 idiomaticphrases13.4 Freecombinationsofverb十particle13.5 Coordinatedbinomia0phrases14 Thegrammarofconversation14.1 introduction14.2 Performancephenomena：dysfluencyanderror14.3 Theconstructionalprinciplesofspokengrammar14.4 Selectedtopicsinconve~tiona0grammarAppendixEndnotesBibliographyLexicalindexConceptualindex文庫索引

章節(jié)摘錄

　　1.4.2　Dialect distinctions in the LSWE CorpusThe subcorpom for AmE conversation and news are used for AmEvBrE dialeetcomparisons.Since，for most grammatical features，diffreellog$across registers aremore iraportant than those across dialects（1.3.4），we focos primarily on registerpatterns ofuse based oo analysis ofthe fonr core registers.HoweveT~where出erewas evidence that a given feature is used quite differently across the dialects，weinvestigated and compared the patterns for AmE and BrE.For most of these dialect comparisons，we concentrated on the registers ofconversation and news，since these are the‘local／regional’registers most likely toreflect AmE v.BrE differences（1.3）.In contrast，fiction and academic prose canbe considered largdy‘global’registers,the hnguage being influenced by authors，editors.and publishing houses often located on diccrent continents，with an eyeto an international readership.For this reason,AmE v BrE differences havemostlybeenlevdleflinfietionandacademicprose,whiletheyaremoreapparentin conversation and news.wc should emphasize that the present glanllnar does not attempt anoverall treatment of dialeet difICrances in English.A comprehensive survey ofdialect differences would be extremely rewarding，and similar corpus-basedtechniques could bc profitably used to investigate dialect features.However，such an investigation is beyond the scope of the present grammar.1.4.3　Size of the LSWE CorpusAs Table1.2 shows，the complete LSWE Corpus contains 37，244 texts and about40.026.000 words.Texts in the Corpus vary considerably in thek length，depending on the register.At ore extreme，newspaper texts tend to be quite short,only about 250 words in all average text in the BrE subcorpus and about 450words per artide in the AmE subCOrpUS.At tbe other exttelne.fiction andacademic prose texts tend to be very long,with an average ofabout 35，000 wordsper text in fiction and 13，000 words per text in academic prose.In faet，thesesubcorpora indude n number of complete books，plus other texts that representmultiple chapters from a book The specific composition of each registersubcorpus is discussed 6lnhcr in 1.5 bdow,For a better understanding of the amount of text represented in the LSWECorpus，it is useful to have some concrete benchmarks for comparison.Forexample，in both academic books and fiction novels，an average page containsbetween 300 and 400 words，depending on the size of the page and the print.Thus，most complete books contain between 30，000 and 200，000 words.Based on a typical 300.page book that contains around 100，000 words,ifineor tan complete books would constitute a one-million word sample（albeit ooewith little diversity across authors）.

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