威尼斯商人

內(nèi)容概要

　　莎士比亞是中國(guó)讀者和觀眾都非常熟悉的一個(gè)名字。雖然這位世界著名的戲劇大師的名字已在19世紀(jì)中葉中國(guó)出版的書(shū)刊上出現(xiàn)，但是他的作品直到本世紀(jì)初才被介紹給中國(guó)的讀者。1903年，英國(guó)作家蘭姆兄妹的《莎士比亞戲劇故事集》第一次被譯成中文，某中十個(gè)故事的文言譯文被編成一個(gè)集子，題名為《解外奇談》；次年，商務(wù)印書(shū)館又出版了林紓翻譯的同一本故事集的全譯本，定名為《吟邊燕語(yǔ)》。而直到1921年，莎士比亞的第一個(gè)劇本（《哈姆雷特》）才被田漢完整地譯成中文。至今，他的全部劇作已為中國(guó)讀者的所熟悉，每一個(gè)劇目起碼有兩個(gè)以上的中譯本。 70年代末以來(lái)，中國(guó)的莎學(xué)發(fā)展很快。1984年12月，中國(guó)莎士比亞研究合正式宣告成立，并在北京和上海組織了1986年和1994年兩屆莎士比亞戲劇節(jié)。許多大學(xué)的英文系和中文系都把莎士比亞戲劇列為專(zhuān)業(yè)必修或?qū)I(yè)選修課。莎士比亞已成為深受中國(guó)廣大讀者喜愛(ài)的外國(guó)作家。曹禺先生在1984年為中國(guó)莎學(xué)會(huì)會(huì)刊《莎士比亞研究》所寫(xiě)的發(fā)刊詞中的一段話極好地描述了莎士比亞在中國(guó)讀者心目中的地位。

作者簡(jiǎn)介

　　莎士比亞，（William Shakes beare 1564～1616） 英國(guó)著名戲劇家和詩(shī)人。出生于沃里克郡斯特拉特福鎮(zhèn)的一個(gè)富裕市民家庭，曾在當(dāng)?shù)匚姆▽W(xué)校學(xué)習(xí)。13歲時(shí)家道中落輟學(xué)經(jīng)商，約1586年前往倫敦。先在劇院門(mén)前為貴族顧客看馬，后逐漸成為劇院的雜役、演員、劇作家和股東。1597年在家鄉(xiāng)購(gòu)置了房產(chǎn)，一生的最后幾年在家鄉(xiāng)度過(guò)。 莎士比亞是16世紀(jì)后半葉到17世紀(jì)初英國(guó)最著名的作家（本·瓊斯稱他為"時(shí)代的靈魂"），也是歐洲文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期人文主義文學(xué)的集大成者。他共寫(xiě)有37部戲劇，154首14行詩(shī)，兩首長(zhǎng)詩(shī)和其他詩(shī)歌。長(zhǎng)詩(shī)《維納斯與阿多尼斯》（1592～1593）和《魯克麗絲受辱記》莎士比亞為"人類(lèi)最偉大的天才之一"。恩格斯盛贊其作品的現(xiàn)實(shí)主義精神與情節(jié)的生動(dòng)性、豐富性。莎氏的作品幾乎被翻譯成世界各種文字。1919年后被介紹到中國(guó)，現(xiàn)已有中文的《莎士比亞全集》。

書(shū)籍目錄

Prejudice in The Merchant of VeniceLeading Characters in the PlayThe Merchant of Venice： commentaryShylockShakespeare’s VerseDate and TextCharacters in the PlayThe Merchant of VeniceSourcesClasswork and ExaminationsDiscussionCharacter StudyActivitiesContext QuestionsComprehension QuestionsEssaysProjectsBackgroundGovernmentReligionEducationLanguageDramaTheatreSelected Further ReadingWilliam Shakespeare 1564-1616List of Shakespeare’s Plays

章節(jié)摘錄

　　125 are scarce cater-cousins.　　Launcelot　　To be brief, the very truth is that the Jew having　　done me wrong, doth cause me--as my father,　　being, I hope, an old man, shall frutify unto you--　　Gobbo　　I have here a dish of doves that I would bestow　　130 upon your worship, and my suit is--　　Launcelot　　In very brief, the suit is impertinent to myself, as　　your worship shall know by this honest old man;　　and, though I say it, though old man, yet (poor　　man) my father　　Bassanio　　135 One speak for both. What would you.?　　Launcelot　　Serve you, sir.　　Gobbo　　That is the very defect of the matter, sir.　　Bassanio　　I know thee well; thou hast obtaind thy suit:　　Shylock thy master spoke with me this day,　　140 And hath preferrd thee, if it be preferment　　To leave a rich Jews service, to become　　The follower of so poor a gentleman.　　Launcelot　　The old proverb is very well parted between my　　master Shylock and you, sir: you havwe the grace of　　145 God, sir, and he hath enough　　Bassanto　　Thou speakst it well. Go, father, with thy son.　　Take leave of thy old master, and inquire　　My lodging out. [ To his Servants] Give him a livery　　More guarded than his fellows: see it done.　　10 Stood Dido with a willow in her hand　　Upon the wild sea-banks, and waft her love　　To come again to Carthage.　　Jessica　　　　　　　　　　　In such a night　　Medea gatherd the enchanted herbs　　That did renew old ,AEson.　　Lorenzo　　　　　　　　　　　In such a night　　15 Did Jessica steal from the wealthy Jew,　　And with an unthrift love did run from Venice,　　As far as Belmont.　　Jessica　　　　　　　　　In such a night　　Did young Lorenzo swear he lovd her well,　　Stealing her soul with many vows of faith,　　20 And neer a true one.　　Lorenzo　　　　　　　　　In such a night　　Did pretty Jessica, like a little shrew,　　Slander her love, and he forgave it her.　　Jessica　　I would out-night you, did nobody come;　　But, hark! I hear the footing of a man.　　Enter Stephano　　Lorenzo　　25 Who comes so fast in silence of the night ?　　Stephano　　A friend.　　Lorenzo　　A friend! what friend? your name, I pray you,　　friend.　　Stephano　　Stephano is my name; and I bring word　　My mistress will before the break of day　　30 Be here at Belmont: she doth stray about　　By holy crosses, where she kneels and prays　　For happy wedlock hours.　　Lorenzo　　　　　Who comes with her ?　　Stephano　　None but a holy hermit and her maid.　　I pray you, is my master yet returnd ?　　　　Religion　　At this time, England was a Christian country. All children were baptized, soon after they were born, into the Church of England;they were taught the essentials of the Christian faith, and instructed in their duty to God and to humankind. Marriages were performed,and funerals conducted, only by the licensed clergy and in accordance with the Churchs rites and ceremonies. Attendance at　　divine service was compulsory; absences (without good—medical-- reason) could be punished by fines. By such means, the authorities were able to keep some check on the populace recording births, marriages, and deaths; being alert to any religious　　nonconformity, which could be politically dangerous; and ensuring a minimum of orthodox instruction through the official Homilieswhich were regularly preached from the pulpits of all parish churches throughout the realm. Following Henry VIIIs break away from the Church of Rome, all people in England were able to　　hear the church services in their own language. The Book of Common Prayer was used in every church, and an English translation of the Bible was read aloud in public. The Christian religion had never been so well taught before!　　Education School education reinforced the Churchs teaching. From the age of　　four, boys might attend the petty school (French petite ecole) to learn the rudiments of reading and writing along with a few prayers; some schools also included work with numbers. At the age of seven, the boy was ready for the grammar school (if his father was willing and able to pay the fees). A thorough grounding in Latin grammar was followed by translation work and the study of Roman authors, paying attention as much to style as to matter. The arts of fine writing were thus inculcated from early youth.　　A very few students proceeded to university; these were either clever scholarship boys, or else the sons of noblemen. Girls stayed at home, and acquired domestic and social skills — cooking, sewing, perhaps even music. The lucky ones might learn to read and write.　　Languag　　At the start of the sixteenth century the English had a very poor opinion of their own language: there was little serious writing in English, and hardly any literature. Latin was the language of international scholarship, and Englishmen admired the eloquence of the Romans. They made many translations, and in this way they extended the resources of their own language, increasing its vocabulary and stretching its grammatical structures. French,Italian, and Spanish works were also translated, and -- for the first time ——there were English versions of the Bible. By the end of the century, English was a language to be proud of: it was rich in synonyms, capable of infinite variety and subtlety, and ready for all　　kinds of word-play—especially the puns, for which Shakespeares English is renowned.　　……

媒體關(guān)注與評(píng)論

　　70年代末以來(lái)，中國(guó)的莎學(xué)發(fā)展很快。1984年12月，中國(guó)莎士比亞研究會(huì)正式宣告成立，并在北京和上海組織了1986年和1994年兩屆莎士比亞戲劇節(jié)。許多大學(xué)的英文系和中文系都把莎士比亞戲劇列為專(zhuān)業(yè)必修或?qū)I(yè)選修課。莎士比亞已成為深受中國(guó)廣大讀者喜愛(ài)的外國(guó)作家。曹禺先生在1984年為中國(guó)莎學(xué)會(huì)會(huì)刊(莎士比亞研究》所寫(xiě)的發(fā)刊詞中的一段話極好地描述了莎士比亞在中國(guó)讀者心目中的地位：　　　　“有史以來(lái)，屹立在高峰之上，多少文學(xué)巨人們教給人認(rèn)識(shí)自己，開(kāi)闊人的眼界，豐富人的貧乏生活，使人得到智慧、得到幸福、得到享受，引導(dǎo)人懂得‘人’的價(jià)值尊嚴(yán)和力量。莎士比亞就是這樣一位使人類(lèi)永久又驚又喜的巨人?！薄　　　∩勘葋喩钤?6世紀(jì)下半葉和17世紀(jì)初的英國(guó)，即英國(guó)文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期的鼎盛階段，前后經(jīng)歷了工英國(guó)的兩代君主：伊麗莎白女王和詹姆士一世。對(duì)于劇作家生平的史料我們掌握得很少，這是因?yàn)樵谒畹哪莻€(gè)年代人們并不注重保存有關(guān)個(gè)人的資料，特別是像莎士比亞這樣一個(gè)并不屬于王室、宮廷和教會(huì)的戲劇界人士，更得不到當(dāng)代人的關(guān)注。因此，我們至今仍沒(méi)有一部可靠的莎士比亞傳記，對(duì)于他生平和創(chuàng)作生涯的許多細(xì)節(jié)都只有通過(guò)他的作品和我們對(duì)那個(gè)時(shí)代的了解去推測(cè)。　　莎士比亞出生在英國(guó)沃里克郡埃文河上的斯特拉特福鎮(zhèn)。關(guān)于他早年的生活僅有兩條記錄，那就是保存在斯特圣三一教堂有關(guān)他洗禮和婚約的記載。根據(jù)記載，威廉·莎士比麗1564年4月26日接受洗禮。按當(dāng)時(shí)的習(xí)俗，嬰兒出生后應(yīng)盡早受洗，由此英國(guó)學(xué)者推斷他的出生日期為4月23日。而這種推論的原因之一是五十二年后(1616年)他的忌辰恰恰是4月23日?！　∩勘葋喌母赣H是當(dāng)?shù)氐钠な痔坠そ常€兼營(yíng)谷物、羊毛和皮革的買(mǎi)賣(mài)，先后擔(dān)任過(guò)鎮(zhèn)上的多項(xiàng)公職。莎士比亞四歲那一年，他當(dāng)選為市政委員會(huì)執(zhí)行官，即鎮(zhèn)長(zhǎng)。作為長(zhǎng)子．莎士比亞可能就讀于當(dāng)?shù)氐奈姆▽W(xué)校。十三歲時(shí)家道中落，年輕的莎士比亞可能不得不放棄學(xué)業(yè)，跟著父親學(xué)手藝，以彌補(bǔ)家用。1582年，年僅十八歲的莎士比亞與鄰村農(nóng)戶的女兒安·哈瑟維結(jié)婚，安比威廉大八歲。次年，他們的長(zhǎng)女蘇姍娜出生；1585年，一對(duì)雙胞胎又降臨人間。在此后的七年間，我們沒(méi)有任何有關(guān)莎士比亞的記載。但有一點(diǎn)是可以肯定的，那就是在此期間他離開(kāi)了家鄉(xiāng)，到倫敦去謀生，并加入了劇團(tuán)。開(kāi)始了他的戲劇生涯。

圖書(shū)封面

圖書(shū)標(biāo)簽Tags

無(wú)

評(píng)論、評(píng)分、閱讀與下載

---

    威尼斯商人 PDF格式下載

---