英語(yǔ)史

前言

　　隨著我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)的飛速發(fā)展，社會(huì)對(duì)以研究生為主體的高層次人才的需求日益增長(zhǎng)，我國(guó)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言文學(xué)專業(yè)的研究生教育規(guī)模也在不斷擴(kuò)大。要使研究生教育持續(xù)健康地發(fā)展，培養(yǎng)學(xué)生創(chuàng)新思維能力和獨(dú)立研究與應(yīng)用能力，必須全面系統(tǒng)地加強(qiáng)基礎(chǔ)理論與基本方法的訓(xùn)練。而要實(shí)現(xiàn)這一目標(biāo)，就必須有一套符合我國(guó)國(guó)情的、系統(tǒng)正規(guī)的英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言文學(xué)專業(yè)研究生主干教材?！　』谶@一認(rèn)識(shí)，上海外語(yǔ)教育出版社于21世紀(jì)之初邀請(qǐng)全國(guó)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言文學(xué)專業(yè)各研究領(lǐng)域中的知名專家學(xué)者，編寫(xiě)了“高等院校英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言文學(xué)專業(yè)研究生系列教材”，迄今已陸續(xù)出版了二十余種。這套系列教材集各高校之所長(zhǎng)，優(yōu)勢(shì)互補(bǔ)，形成合力，在教材建設(shè)方面，把我國(guó)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言文學(xué)專業(yè)的研究生培養(yǎng)工作推上了一個(gè)新的臺(tái)階，規(guī)范了我國(guó)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言文學(xué)專業(yè)的研究生課程，為高校培養(yǎng)基礎(chǔ)扎實(shí)、知識(shí)面廣、富有開(kāi)拓精神、符合社會(huì)需要的高質(zhì)量研究生提供了條件。　　該系列教材的編寫(xiě)結(jié)合了我國(guó)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言文學(xué)專業(yè)研究生教學(xué)的實(shí)際情況與需要，強(qiáng)調(diào)科學(xué)性、系統(tǒng)性、先進(jìn)性和實(shí)用性，力求體現(xiàn)理論與應(yīng)用相結(jié)合，介紹與研究相結(jié)合，史與論相結(jié)合，原創(chuàng)與引進(jìn)相結(jié)合，全面融會(huì)貫通。每一種教材都能夠反映出該研究領(lǐng)域的新理論、新方法和新成果。系列教材推出后不僅被作為我國(guó)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言文學(xué)專業(yè)研究生的主干教材，也被作為中國(guó)語(yǔ)言文學(xué)專業(yè)的教師與學(xué)生的參考用書(shū)。

內(nèi)容概要

本書(shū)是一部以歷史文獻(xiàn)為核心的英語(yǔ)史教程。它通過(guò)大量原汁原昧的選文，從語(yǔ)音詞匯、語(yǔ)法、書(shū)寫(xiě)法和社會(huì)背景等方面全方位地展現(xiàn)了英語(yǔ)的演變過(guò)程。選文來(lái)自各時(shí)期的經(jīng)典文獻(xiàn)，大多附有原文掃描圉片、轉(zhuǎn)寫(xiě)文本（包括用古英語(yǔ)字體和當(dāng)代英語(yǔ)書(shū)寫(xiě)體轉(zhuǎn)寫(xiě)的文本）以及現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)譯文（包括逐詞翻譯及意譯）。本書(shū)還配有專門的網(wǎng)站，提供選文的詞匯表、文本詳解和文本朗讀，豐富了書(shū)本內(nèi)容，而且具有很高的資料價(jià)值。

書(shū)籍目錄

Preface to the third editionPreface to the second editionSymbolsTexts and facsimilesAcknowledgements1  INTRODUCTION  1.1  English today  1.2  Studying variety across time in language  1.3  How has the English language changed?  1.4  How can we learn about Old English and later changes in the language?  1.5  Changes of meaning - the semantic level2  THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE IS BROUGHT TO BRITAIN  2.1  Roman Britain  2.2  Tbe Anglo-Saxon Chronicle  2.3  How the English language came to Britain3  OLD ENGLISH （I）  3.1  Written Old English  3.2  The development of writing hands （i）  3.3  Dialects and political boundaries  3.4  Danish and Norwegian Vikings  3.5  Effects of Viking settlement on the English language  3.6  The Norman Conquest4  OLD ENGLISH （11）  4.1  The language of Old English poetry  4.2  OE prose  4.3  OE grammar  4.4  Latin loan-words in OE  4.5  ON loan-words in OE  4.6  Early French loan-words5  FROM OLD ENGLISH TO MIDDLE ENGLISH  5.1  The evidence for linguistic change  5.2  The Norman Conquest and the English language  5.3  The earliest 12th-century Middle English text  5.4  The book called Ormulum  5.5  12th-century loan-words6  EARLY MIDDLE ENGLISH - 12TH CENTURY  6.1  Evidence of language change from late OE to early ME in La3amons Brut  6.2  The Owl & the Nightingale7  EARLY MIDDLE ENGLISH - 13TH CENTURY  7.1  The Fox and the Wolf  7.2  The South English Legendary  7.3  A guide for anchoresses  7.4  The development of writing hands （ii） - from the llth to the 13th centuries  7.5  Three medieval lyrics  7.6  The Bestiary  7.7  The Lay of Havelok tbe Dane  7.8  Early 13th-century loan-words, 1200--498  NORTHERN AND SOUTHERN TEXTS COMPARED  8.1  Cursor Mundi - a history of the world  8.2  Later 13th-century loan-words, 1250-99 （see the Word Book）9  THE 14TH CENTURY- SOUTHERN AND KENTISH DIALECTS  9.1  The dialect areas of Middle English  9.2  How to describe dialect differences  9.3  A South-Eastern, or Kentish dialect  9.4  An early South-West dialect  9.5 A later 14th-century South-West dialect  9.6  14th-century loan-words （see the Word Book）10  THE 14TH CENTURY- NORTHERN DIALECTS  10.1  A 14th-century Scots dialect  10.2  Another Northern dialect - York  10.3  The York Plays  10.4  Northern and Midlands dialects compared  10.5  Chaucer and the Northern dialect  10.6  Loan-words, 1320-39 （see the Word Book）11  THE 14TH CENTURY- WEST MIDLANDS DIALECTS  11.1  A North-West Midlands dialect- Sir Gawayn and ]~e Grene Kny3t  11.2  A South-West Midlands dialect - Piers Plowman  11.3  Loan-words, 1340-59 （see the Word Book）12  THE 14TH CENTURY - EAST MIDLANDS AND LONDON  DIALECTS  12.1  The origins of present-day Standard English  12.2  The development of writing hands （iii） - the 14th century  12.3  A South-East Midlands dialect - Mandevilles Travels  12.4  The London dialect - Thomas Usk  12.5  Loan-words, 1360-79 （see the Word Book）13  THE LONDON DIALECT - CHAUCER, LATE 14TH CENTURY  13.1  Chaucers prose writing  13.2  Chaucers verse  13.3  Editing a text  13.4  Loan-words, 1380-99 （see the Word Book）14  EARLY MODERN ENGLISH I - THE 15TH CENTURY  14.1  The beginnings of a standard language  14.2  The development of writing hands （iv） - the 15th century  14.3  Chancery English  14.4  Early 15th-century East Midland dialect - The Boke of Margery Kempe  14.5  Later 15th-century East Midland dialect - the Paston letters  14.6  Late 15th-century London English - William Caxton  14.7  The medieval tales of King Arthur  14.8  Late 15th-century London dialect - the Cely letters  14.9  15tb-century loan-words （see the Word Book）15  EARLY MODERN ENGLISH II - THE 16TH CENTURY （I）  15.1  The development of writing hands （v） - the 16th century  15.2  The Lisle Letters  15.3  Formal prose in the 1530s  15.4  A different view on new words  15.5  John Harts An Ortbographie  15.6  The Great Vowel Shift  15.7  Punctuation in 16th-century texts  15.7  Loan-words, 1500-49 （see the Word Book）16  EARLY MODERN ENGLISH Ill - THE 16TH CENTURY （11）  16.1  The development of the standard language  16.2  Evidence for some 16th-century varieties of English  16.3  English at the end of the 16th century  16.4  Loan-words, 1550-99 （see the Word Book）17  EARLY MODERN ENGLISH IV - THE 17TH CENTURY （I）  17.1  Evidence for changes in pronunciation  17.2  Sir Thomas Browne  17.3  The development of writing hands （vi） - the 17th century  17.4  George Foxs Journal  17.5  John Milton  17.6  John Evelyns Diary  17.7  The Royal Society and prose style  17.8  Loan-words, 1600--49 （see the Word Book）18 EARLY MODERN ENGLISH V- THE 17TH CENTURY （11）  18.1  John Bunyan  18.2  Spelling and pronunciation at the end of the 17th century  18.3  John Dryden  18.4  North Riding Yorkshire dialect in the 1680s  18.5  Loan-words, 1650--99 （see the Word Book）19  MODERN ENGLISH - THE 18TH CENTURY  19.1  Correcting, improving and ascertaining the language  19.2  Dr Johnsons Dictionary of the English Language  19.3  The perfection of the language  19.4  The Genius of the Language  19.5  Bishop Lowths Grammar  19.6  The depraved language of the common people  19.7  Propriety & perspicuity of language  19.8  Language and social class  19.9  William Cobbett and the politics of language  19.10  18th-century loan-words （see the Word Book）20  FROM OLD ENGLISH TO MODERN ENGLISH - COMPARING  HISTORICAL TEXTS  20.1  Commentary on Text 173  20.2 Your accent gives you away!21  POSTSCRIPT - TO THE PRESENT DAY  21.1  Some developments in the standard language since the 18th century  21.2  The continuity of prescriptive judgements on language use  21.3  The grammar of spoken English today  21.4  19th-&20th-century loan-words （see the Word Book）BibliographyIndex

章節(jié)摘錄

　　1.1 English today　　Four hundred years ago, at the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, English was　　spoken almost exclusively by the English in England, and by some speakers in Wales,　　Ireland and Scotland, and this had been so for hundreds of years since the language　　was first brought to Britain in the 5th century.　English today is a worldwide international language. It is spoken as a mother tongue by about 400 million people in the British Isles, Canada, the United States of America, Australia and New Zealand. It is a second language for many others in, for example, India and Pakistan and in some African states, where it is used as an official language in government and education. New Englishes　　Many different national and regional varieties of English have therefore developed, and will continue to do so. They have been called new Englishes, with their own characteristics of vocabulary, grammar and pronunciation, in the different states of Africa, India and Pakistan, Singapore and the Philippines for example. Standard English　　In Britain there are many regional and social dialects, but there is one variety which is not confined to any geographical region. It originally developed as a common system of writing, but it is also the dialect of what is called educated speech:　　Educated English naturally tends to be given the additional prestige of government agencies, the professions, the political parties, the press, the law court and the pulpit - any institution which must attempt to address itself to a public beyond the smallest dialectal community. It is codified in dictionaries, grammars, and guides to usage, and it is taught in the school system at all levels. It is almost exclusively the language of printed matter. Because educated English is thus accorded implicit social and political sanction, it comes to be referred to as STANDARD ENGLISH ... （Quirk et al., Longman 1985 A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language, p 18）

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