語言與語言學百科全書

前言

放在讀者面前的這套《語言與語言學百科全書》(2006年第2版，共14卷)是由勵德愛思唯爾(ReedElsevier)集團出版，在阿姆斯特丹、波斯頓、海德堡、倫敦、紐約、牛津、巴黎、圣地亞哥、舊金山、新加坡、悉尼、東京等地同時發(fā)行的大型工具書。這部語言學知識詞典第l版于1993年出版，第2版增加了這十余年來語言學發(fā)展的新信息。為有效借鑒外國語言學研究成果，加強語言學國際交流，上海外語教育出版社引進了這部語言學百科全書，并囑我為引進版寫篇序言，遂先讀為快，瀏覽了全書?，F(xiàn)做簡序，以饗讀者。一、語言學知識詞典的巨制鴻篇現(xiàn)代詞典可分為知識詞典和語言詞典兩大類。知識詞典包括百科全書，解釋詞語所代表的科學知識；語言詞典解釋詞語本身的語言特征。當讀者不認識或不會使用一個詞時，可以查語言詞典；當讀者不理解詞所代表的知識時，就要查知識詞典。關(guān)于漢語或外語語言詞典，學習者幾乎人手一冊；而關(guān)于語言和語言學的知識詞典，學習者使用不多。但是，如果深入學習語言和從事語言研究，語言學知識詞典則是必備的案頭工具書。單卷本語言學詞典，中外都出版了一些，如中國的《中國大百科全書·語言學卷》、《大辭?！ふZ言學卷》、《辭?！ふZ言學卷》等，市場上都可以買到。外國的，如法國《語言科學百科詞典》分4單元，57項主題，解釋了800條語言學術(shù)語。這類詞典規(guī)模小，解釋簡單，只能滿足一般性的查找需要。語言學者在研究中常常需要查找生疏的語言學術(shù)語，特別是新的語言學知識，單卷本詞典遠遠不能滿足需要。于是，大型語言學百科全書應運而生。這部14卷的大型《語言與語言學百科全書》大詞目就有3000多條，每條都有豐富的內(nèi)容和詳盡的解釋。詞典除按字母順序編排外，還有主題分類、交叉檢索和主題索引。首頁的字母索引中，詞目下標明冊數(shù)和頁碼。主題分類中，把全書按主題分為36區(qū)，大部分區(qū)域還再分為小區(qū)。詞目可歸于一個或幾個區(qū)域。詞條末尾的交叉檢索提供三種信息：1．參見其他詞條中對該項目的解釋，2．該項目在其他詞條中的相似信息，3．指出擴展討論的材料。詞典中除正文詞條外，最后一卷還附有民族語言地圖、語言列表、術(shù)語表、縮略語表、邏輯符號用法表、標音法和國際音標等內(nèi)容。二、適應現(xiàn)代語言學發(fā)展趨勢現(xiàn)代語言學在不同的時期都有其一定的發(fā)展趨勢。在我的論著中每過一段時間就會概括出這種趨勢。例如，1983年我在《現(xiàn)代語言學研究》中說：“當代語言學發(fā)展說明：人們從語言體系、言語活動和言語機制三個方面越來越深入地認識語言的本質(zhì)?！?985年，我在《談點社會心理語言學》一文中說：“當代語言學又出現(xiàn)一個明顯趨勢，就是用社會心理語言學、社會信息語言學等第二代邊緣學科的理論和方法，研究作為交際單位的話語?！?987年，我在《語言學教程》“代前言”中提出8項教學內(nèi)容的更新：1．語言學的對象是語言體系、言語活動和言語機制。2．語義和語義學的地位越來越重要。3．理論語言學分科對語言體系研究有新的進展。4．當代語言學理論獲得廣泛應用，改變了語言學理論忽視應用的狀況。5．語言學邊緣學科涌現(xiàn)，改變了就語言研究語言的狀況。6．對傳統(tǒng)語言學問題有了新的探索。7．語言學研究的重點從結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)向建構(gòu)。8．語言學是現(xiàn)代科學體系中的關(guān)鍵學科。1997年，我在《語言學概論》中，又增寫了10項新內(nèi)容：1．語言的調(diào)節(jié)功能，2．多角度研究語言，3．建構(gòu)語言學，4．轉(zhuǎn)換生成語言學的發(fā)展，5．國俗語義學，6．社會心理修辭學，7．詞典的功能，8．建構(gòu)主義外語教學論，9．社會心理語言學，10．神經(jīng)語言學。最近幾年我又提出語言學建構(gòu)性循環(huán)網(wǎng)絡(luò)，論述語言學研究中，語言體系、言語活動、言語機制、話語、計算機語言處理和文字體系六大領(lǐng)域及其相互關(guān)系。

內(nèi)容概要

本書由外教社從Elsevier出版社引進出版，是迄今世界最大的一套語言學百科全書，堪稱語言學知識詞典的巨制鴻篇。與問世于1993年的《語言與語言學百科全書》（第1版）相比，第2版拓展了語用學、語義學、句法學、詞法學、語音學、音系學等范疇，使其內(nèi)容更豐富、題材更新穎、收錄更完備。全書共14卷，收錄大詞目3000多條，每條詞目均有豐富的內(nèi)容和詳盡的解釋，除按字母順序編排外，還有主題分類、交叉檢索和主題索引。英國愛丁堡大學馬克·斯迪蒙教授概括說：“該書的編輯和作者群英薈萃。項目范疇之廣、規(guī)模之大，可謂開創(chuàng)歷史之先河?！睂W術(shù)權(quán)威性最高、文章內(nèi)容最新、覆蓋面最廣；全新作者撰稿、全新編輯審校、探索全新題材、收錄全新文章；橫蓋六大領(lǐng)域：語言體系研究、言語活動研究、言語機制研究、話語研究、計算語言學研究、文字體系研究。

作者簡介

編者：(英國)布朗 (Brown.k.)

書籍目錄

Executive Editorial Board/Honorary Editorial Advisory BoardExecutive Editorial Board BiographiesPublishing HistoryForewordIntroductionGuide to UseAlphabetical List of ArticlesErratumAlphabetical EntriesGlossaryList of LanguagesEthnologue MapsList of AbbreviationsList of Logical Symbols UsedTranscriptional Conventions and the IPA AlphabetSubject ClassificationList of ContributorsSubject Index

章節(jié)摘錄

one of the central problems of structuralism, perhapseven its most central one.  Greimas then had to postulate the existence of asemantic universe that was defined as the set ofthe systems of values that can be apprehended asmeaningful only if it is articulated or narrativized.Thus, any discourse was said to presuppose a seman-tic universe hypothetically made up of the totality ofsignifications, postulated as such prior to its articula-tion, and which it actualizes in part. This he called amicrosemantic universe that at the fundamental levelarticulates elementary axiological structures, such aslife/death (individual universe) and nature/culture(collective universe). Situated at the deep semanticlevel, these basic structures were considered to be adhoc universals that serve as starting points for theanalysis of semantic universes, be they individual orcollective. Their meaning is never apprehensible assuch but, rather, only when they are manifested inthe form of an articulated signification or, in otherwords, when they are converted into actantial struc-tures. Petitot-Cocorda (1985: 50-51) clearly per-ceived the theoretical import of Greimas's semioticswhen he situated the actantial and semionarrativestructures within an anthropological framework. Forhim, the deep semantic categories were considered tobe universals of the imaginary even though indivi-duals were thought not to be conscious of them, asthey exist only because they are both invested withvalues and ideologically invested in objects of value,whose quest governs the actions (actantial and narra-tive programs) of the subject actants. The deep se-mantic categories can be apprehended only throughthe circulation of object-values governed by actantialsyntax. They cannot be subjectivized in themselvesbut only by means of a logic of actions. He notedthat the role of actantial syntax is to convert thefundamental semantics that constitute the messageinto narrative and to determine its anthropologi-cal function. Finally, it is through this actantial andsemionarrative syntax that one can grasp, through thesimulacrum of the 'scene' that dramatizes them, theunconscious processes leading to subjectivity.   In  'The  interaction  of  semiotic  onstraints'(Greimas and Rastier, 1987), Greimas suggested thepossibility of a generative trajectory, beginning with afundamental semiotic level that was then convertedinto an actantial syntax before ultimately being mani-fested through discourse, but focused especially onthe first domain of the global trajectory. The mainobject of the theory of the semiotic square at thefundamental semiotic level was to articulate the sub-stance of the content and thereby constitute theform of content. This elementary structure shouldbe considered both as a concept uniting the minimalconditions for the apprehension and/or the produc-tion of signification and as a model containing theminimal definition of any language (or, more general-ly, of any semiotic system or process) and of anysemiotic unit. The elementary structure appeared asa complex binary semic category that correlates twocontrary semes by means of a relation of junction(conjunction/disjunction) and by a relation of recip-rocal presupposition, prior to any semantic invest-ment whatsoever. Petitot-Cocordat (1985: 51-52)argued that the constituent relations of contrarietyand contradiction of the semiotic square   are not logical in nature, but in the Jakobsonian sense   are qualitative oppositions and privative oppositions   and must be treated as such. The formal characteristics   of the semiotic square are founded on a dynamic topol-   ogy of places and connections and not upon a static logic   of terms and connections.   Represented graphically in their entirety, the vari-ous components and the interrelationships of the firsttwo levels of the theory of narrativity were workedout in Greimas (1987: 63-83). The semionarrativestructures, constituting the most abstract level orstarting point of the generative trajectory, are presentin the form of a semiotic and narrative grammar.These grammars contain two components (syntacticand semantic) and two levels of depth - a fundamen-tal semantics and a fundamental syntax on the deeplevel, and a narrative semantics and a narrative syn-tax on the surface level. Finally, less deep than theother two, the discursive structures take up the sur-face semiotic structures and set them into discourse.A discursive syntax was identified at this level com-posed of the subcomponents of actorialization,temporalization, and spatialization. The semanticcomponent, or discursive semantics, was said to bemade up of the subcomponents of themantization andfigurativization.   The main theoretical problem that arose from thisactantial and semionarrative model is related to thepassage (conversion), on the one hand, from a para-digmatic relation, or a taxonomic morphology, toan operative syntax or syntagmatic relation and, onthe other hand, the passage (conversion) from afundamental abstract syntax to a narrative anthropo-morphic surface syntax and ultimately to a discur-sive-figurative syntax. It can be said that two typesof conversions exist in the theory: 'horizontal' con-versions (dealing with the relations between the syn-tactic and semantic components of each level) and 'vertical' conversions (having to do with the relationsbetween levels).

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