語(yǔ)言與語(yǔ)言學(xué)百科全書(shū)

前言

放在讀者面前的這套《語(yǔ)言與語(yǔ)言學(xué)百科全書(shū)》(2006年第2版，共14卷)是由勵(lì)德愛(ài)思唯爾(ReedElsevier)集團(tuán)出版，在阿姆斯特丹、波斯頓、海德堡、倫敦、紐約、牛津、巴黎、圣地亞哥、舊金山、新加坡、悉尼、東京等地同時(shí)發(fā)行的大型工具書(shū)。這部語(yǔ)言學(xué)知識(shí)詞典第l版于1993年出版，第2版增加了這十余年來(lái)語(yǔ)言學(xué)發(fā)展的新信息。為有效借鑒外國(guó)語(yǔ)言學(xué)研究成果，加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)言學(xué)國(guó)際交流，上海外語(yǔ)教育出版社引進(jìn)了這部語(yǔ)言學(xué)百科全書(shū)，并囑我為引進(jìn)版寫(xiě)篇序言，遂先讀為快，瀏覽了全書(shū)。現(xiàn)做簡(jiǎn)序，以饗讀者。一、語(yǔ)言學(xué)知識(shí)詞典的巨制鴻篇現(xiàn)代詞典可分為知識(shí)詞典和語(yǔ)言詞典兩大類(lèi)。知識(shí)詞典包括百科全書(shū)，解釋詞語(yǔ)所代表的科學(xué)知識(shí)；語(yǔ)言詞典解釋詞語(yǔ)本身的語(yǔ)言特征。當(dāng)讀者不認(rèn)識(shí)或不會(huì)使用一個(gè)詞時(shí)，可以查語(yǔ)言詞典；當(dāng)讀者不理解詞所代表的知識(shí)時(shí)，就要查知識(shí)詞典。關(guān)于漢語(yǔ)或外語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言詞典，學(xué)習(xí)者幾乎人手一冊(cè)；而關(guān)于語(yǔ)言和語(yǔ)言學(xué)的知識(shí)詞典，學(xué)習(xí)者使用不多。但是，如果深入學(xué)習(xí)語(yǔ)言和從事語(yǔ)言研究，語(yǔ)言學(xué)知識(shí)詞典則是必備的案頭工具書(shū)。單卷本語(yǔ)言學(xué)詞典，中外都出版了一些，如中國(guó)的《中國(guó)大百科全書(shū)·語(yǔ)言學(xué)卷》、《大辭?！ふZ(yǔ)言學(xué)卷》、《辭?！ふZ(yǔ)言學(xué)卷》等，市場(chǎng)上都可以買(mǎi)到。外國(guó)的，如法國(guó)《語(yǔ)言科學(xué)百科詞典》分4單元，57項(xiàng)主題，解釋了800條語(yǔ)言學(xué)術(shù)語(yǔ)。這類(lèi)詞典規(guī)模小，解釋簡(jiǎn)單，只能滿(mǎn)足一般性的查找需要。語(yǔ)言學(xué)者在研究中常常需要查找生疏的語(yǔ)言學(xué)術(shù)語(yǔ)，特別是新的語(yǔ)言學(xué)知識(shí)，單卷本詞典遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不能滿(mǎn)足需要。于是，大型語(yǔ)言學(xué)百科全書(shū)應(yīng)運(yùn)而生。這部14卷的大型《語(yǔ)言與語(yǔ)言學(xué)百科全書(shū)》大詞目就有3000多條，每條都有豐富的內(nèi)容和詳盡的解釋。詞典除按字母順序編排外，還有主題分類(lèi)、交叉檢索和主題索引。首頁(yè)的字母索引中，詞目下標(biāo)明冊(cè)數(shù)和頁(yè)碼。主題分類(lèi)中，把全書(shū)按主題分為36區(qū)，大部分區(qū)域還再分為小區(qū)。詞目可歸于一個(gè)或幾個(gè)區(qū)域。詞條末尾的交叉檢索提供三種信息：1．參見(jiàn)其他詞條中對(duì)該項(xiàng)目的解釋?zhuān)?．該項(xiàng)目在其他詞條中的相似信息，3．指出擴(kuò)展討論的材料。詞典中除正文詞條外，最后一卷還附有民族語(yǔ)言地圖、語(yǔ)言列表、術(shù)語(yǔ)表、縮略語(yǔ)表、邏輯符號(hào)用法表、標(biāo)音法和國(guó)際音標(biāo)等內(nèi)容。二、適應(yīng)現(xiàn)代語(yǔ)言學(xué)發(fā)展趨勢(shì)現(xiàn)代語(yǔ)言學(xué)在不同的時(shí)期都有其一定的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)。在我的論著中每過(guò)一段時(shí)間就會(huì)概括出這種趨勢(shì)。例如，1983年我在《現(xiàn)代語(yǔ)言學(xué)研究》中說(shuō)：“當(dāng)代語(yǔ)言學(xué)發(fā)展說(shuō)明：人們從語(yǔ)言體系、言語(yǔ)活動(dòng)和言語(yǔ)機(jī)制三個(gè)方面越來(lái)越深入地認(rèn)識(shí)語(yǔ)言的本質(zhì)?！?985年，我在《談點(diǎn)社會(huì)心理語(yǔ)言學(xué)》一文中說(shuō)：“當(dāng)代語(yǔ)言學(xué)又出現(xiàn)一個(gè)明顯趨勢(shì)，就是用社會(huì)心理語(yǔ)言學(xué)、社會(huì)信息語(yǔ)言學(xué)等第二代邊緣學(xué)科的理論和方法，研究作為交際單位的話(huà)語(yǔ)?！?987年，我在《語(yǔ)言學(xué)教程》“代前言”中提出8項(xiàng)教學(xué)內(nèi)容的更新：1．語(yǔ)言學(xué)的對(duì)象是語(yǔ)言體系、言語(yǔ)活動(dòng)和言語(yǔ)機(jī)制。2．語(yǔ)義和語(yǔ)義學(xué)的地位越來(lái)越重要。3．理論語(yǔ)言學(xué)分科對(duì)語(yǔ)言體系研究有新的進(jìn)展。4．當(dāng)代語(yǔ)言學(xué)理論獲得廣泛應(yīng)用，改變了語(yǔ)言學(xué)理論忽視應(yīng)用的狀況。5．語(yǔ)言學(xué)邊緣學(xué)科涌現(xiàn)，改變了就語(yǔ)言研究語(yǔ)言的狀況。6．對(duì)傳統(tǒng)語(yǔ)言學(xué)問(wèn)題有了新的探索。7．語(yǔ)言學(xué)研究的重點(diǎn)從結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)向建構(gòu)。8．語(yǔ)言學(xué)是現(xiàn)代科學(xué)體系中的關(guān)鍵學(xué)科。1997年，我在《語(yǔ)言學(xué)概論》中，又增寫(xiě)了10項(xiàng)新內(nèi)容：1．語(yǔ)言的調(diào)節(jié)功能，2．多角度研究語(yǔ)言，3．建構(gòu)語(yǔ)言學(xué)，4．轉(zhuǎn)換生成語(yǔ)言學(xué)的發(fā)展，5．國(guó)俗語(yǔ)義學(xué)，6．社會(huì)心理修辭學(xué)，7．詞典的功能，8．建構(gòu)主義外語(yǔ)教學(xué)論，9．社會(huì)心理語(yǔ)言學(xué)，10．神經(jīng)語(yǔ)言學(xué)。最近幾年我又提出語(yǔ)言學(xué)建構(gòu)性循環(huán)網(wǎng)絡(luò)，論述語(yǔ)言學(xué)研究中，語(yǔ)言體系、言語(yǔ)活動(dòng)、言語(yǔ)機(jī)制、話(huà)語(yǔ)、計(jì)算機(jī)語(yǔ)言處理和文字體系六大領(lǐng)域及其相互關(guān)系。

內(nèi)容概要

本書(shū)由外教社從Elsevier出版社引進(jìn)出版，是迄今世界最大的一套語(yǔ)言學(xué)百科全書(shū)，堪稱(chēng)語(yǔ)言學(xué)知識(shí)詞典的巨制鴻篇。與問(wèn)世于1993年的《語(yǔ)言與語(yǔ)言學(xué)百科全書(shū)》（第1版）相比，第2版拓展了語(yǔ)用學(xué)、語(yǔ)義學(xué)、句法學(xué)、詞法學(xué)、語(yǔ)音學(xué)、音系學(xué)等范疇，使其內(nèi)容更豐富、題材更新穎、收錄更完備。全書(shū)共14卷，收錄大詞目3000多條，每條詞目均有豐富的內(nèi)容和詳盡的解釋?zhuān)醋帜疙樞蚓幣磐?，還有主題分類(lèi)、交叉檢索和主題索引。英國(guó)愛(ài)丁堡大學(xué)馬克·斯迪蒙教授概括說(shuō)：“該書(shū)的編輯和作者群英薈萃。項(xiàng)目范疇之廣、規(guī)模之大，可謂開(kāi)創(chuàng)歷史之先河。”學(xué)術(shù)權(quán)威性最高、文章內(nèi)容最新、覆蓋面最廣；全新作者撰稿、全新編輯審校、探索全新題材、收錄全新文章；橫蓋六大領(lǐng)域：語(yǔ)言體系研究、言語(yǔ)活動(dòng)研究、言語(yǔ)機(jī)制研究、話(huà)語(yǔ)研究、計(jì)算語(yǔ)言學(xué)研究、文字體系研究。

作者簡(jiǎn)介

編者：(英國(guó))布朗 (Brown.k.)

書(shū)籍目錄

Executive Editorial Board/Honorary Editorial Advisory BoardExecutive Editorial Board BiographiesPublishing HistoryForewordIntroductionGuide to UseAlphabetical List of ArticlesErratumAlphabetical EntriesGlossaryList of LanguagesEthnologue MapsList of AbbreviationsList of Logical Symbols UsedTranscriptional Conventions and the IPA AlphabetSubject ClassificationList of ContributorsSubject Index

章節(jié)摘錄

one of the central problems of structuralism, perhapseven its most central one.  Greimas then had to postulate the existence of asemantic universe that was defined as the set ofthe systems of values that can be apprehended asmeaningful only if it is articulated or narrativized.Thus, any discourse was said to presuppose a seman-tic universe hypothetically made up of the totality ofsignifications, postulated as such prior to its articula-tion, and which it actualizes in part. This he called amicrosemantic universe that at the fundamental levelarticulates elementary axiological structures, such aslife/death (individual universe) and nature/culture(collective universe). Situated at the deep semanticlevel, these basic structures were considered to be adhoc universals that serve as starting points for theanalysis of semantic universes, be they individual orcollective. Their meaning is never apprehensible assuch but, rather, only when they are manifested inthe form of an articulated signification or, in otherwords, when they are converted into actantial struc-tures. Petitot-Cocorda (1985: 50-51) clearly per-ceived the theoretical import of Greimas's semioticswhen he situated the actantial and semionarrativestructures within an anthropological framework. Forhim, the deep semantic categories were considered tobe universals of the imaginary even though indivi-duals were thought not to be conscious of them, asthey exist only because they are both invested withvalues and ideologically invested in objects of value,whose quest governs the actions (actantial and narra-tive programs) of the subject actants. The deep se-mantic categories can be apprehended only throughthe circulation of object-values governed by actantialsyntax. They cannot be subjectivized in themselvesbut only by means of a logic of actions. He notedthat the role of actantial syntax is to convert thefundamental semantics that constitute the messageinto narrative and to determine its anthropologi-cal function. Finally, it is through this actantial andsemionarrative syntax that one can grasp, through thesimulacrum of the 'scene' that dramatizes them, theunconscious processes leading to subjectivity.   In  'The  interaction  of  semiotic  onstraints'(Greimas and Rastier, 1987), Greimas suggested thepossibility of a generative trajectory, beginning with afundamental semiotic level that was then convertedinto an actantial syntax before ultimately being mani-fested through discourse, but focused especially onthe first domain of the global trajectory. The mainobject of the theory of the semiotic square at thefundamental semiotic level was to articulate the sub-stance of the content and thereby constitute theform of content. This elementary structure shouldbe considered both as a concept uniting the minimalconditions for the apprehension and/or the produc-tion of signification and as a model containing theminimal definition of any language (or, more general-ly, of any semiotic system or process) and of anysemiotic unit. The elementary structure appeared asa complex binary semic category that correlates twocontrary semes by means of a relation of junction(conjunction/disjunction) and by a relation of recip-rocal presupposition, prior to any semantic invest-ment whatsoever. Petitot-Cocordat (1985: 51-52)argued that the constituent relations of contrarietyand contradiction of the semiotic square   are not logical in nature, but in the Jakobsonian sense   are qualitative oppositions and privative oppositions   and must be treated as such. The formal characteristics   of the semiotic square are founded on a dynamic topol-   ogy of places and connections and not upon a static logic   of terms and connections.   Represented graphically in their entirety, the vari-ous components and the interrelationships of the firsttwo levels of the theory of narrativity were workedout in Greimas (1987: 63-83). The semionarrativestructures, constituting the most abstract level orstarting point of the generative trajectory, are presentin the form of a semiotic and narrative grammar.These grammars contain two components (syntacticand semantic) and two levels of depth - a fundamen-tal semantics and a fundamental syntax on the deeplevel, and a narrative semantics and a narrative syn-tax on the surface level. Finally, less deep than theother two, the discursive structures take up the sur-face semiotic structures and set them into discourse.A discursive syntax was identified at this level com-posed of the subcomponents of actorialization,temporalization, and spatialization. The semanticcomponent, or discursive semantics, was said to bemade up of the subcomponents of themantization andfigurativization.   The main theoretical problem that arose from thisactantial and semionarrative model is related to thepassage (conversion), on the one hand, from a para-digmatic relation, or a taxonomic morphology, toan operative syntax or syntagmatic relation and, onthe other hand, the passage (conversion) from afundamental abstract syntax to a narrative anthropo-morphic surface syntax and ultimately to a discur-sive-figurative syntax. It can be said that two typesof conversions exist in the theory: 'horizontal' con-versions (dealing with the relations between the syn-tactic and semantic components of each level) and 'vertical' conversions (having to do with the relationsbetween levels).

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《語(yǔ)言與語(yǔ)言學(xué)百科全書(shū)(第2版)(套裝全14冊(cè))》由上海外語(yǔ)教育出版社出版。

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