錢(qián)臨照文集

前言

　　錢(qián)老離我們而去已經(jīng)有兩年多了，但他的音容笑貌、大師風(fēng)范已在科大人的心中留下了深深的烙印。每當(dāng)走過(guò)圖書(shū)館前那片郁郁蔥蔥的樹(shù)林，豎立其中的錢(qián)老銅像，總令人肅然起敬。他那炯炯有神的目光，仿佛在永久地注視著每一個(gè)科大人，催促科大人要不斷開(kāi)拓進(jìn)取?！　″X(qián)老1906年8月生于江蘇無(wú)錫，1929年畢業(yè)于上海大同大學(xué)，1931年任北平研究院物理所助理研究員，1934年經(jīng)考試取得庚子賠款第二屆公費(fèi)留學(xué)生資格，赴英國(guó)倫敦大學(xué)留學(xué)。1937年抗日戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)爆發(fā)后，錢(qián)先生當(dāng)即返回國(guó)內(nèi)，奉命設(shè)法將北平研究院物理所的儀器運(yùn)往昆明，并在遷至昆明的北平研究院物理所從事科研工作?？箲?zhàn)勝利后，隨物理所回遷北平，1947年赴紐約聯(lián)合國(guó)救濟(jì)總署工作，1948年兼任中央研究院代理總干事，1949年任中國(guó)科學(xué)院物理所研究員，1955年當(dāng)選為中國(guó)科學(xué)院數(shù)理化學(xué)部委員，1960年調(diào)入中國(guó)科學(xué)技術(shù)大學(xué)任教，1979年至1984年任中國(guó)科學(xué)技術(shù)大學(xué)副校長(zhǎng)。　　錢(qián)老畢生致力于物理學(xué)的發(fā)展。1939年在昆明的中國(guó)物理學(xué)會(huì)學(xué)術(shù)會(huì)議上將晶體位錯(cuò)理論在中國(guó)作首次公開(kāi)介紹，為日后在中國(guó)推廣該理論奠定了基礎(chǔ)。50年代，他設(shè)計(jì)的高靈敏度拉伸機(jī)成為研究金屬單晶范性的重要設(shè)備。他完成了錫單晶表面刻度所導(dǎo)致的滑移特征的研究，大大促進(jìn)了我國(guó)固體力學(xué)強(qiáng)度的研究?！　″X(qián)老數(shù)十年來(lái)與科大的事業(yè)休戚與共。1958年科大建校伊始，就親自給物理系的學(xué)生講授普通物理學(xué)。1970年，錢(qián)老與他摯愛(ài)的科大一起從北京遷至安徽，此后一直堅(jiān)持在校本部工作。在落戶合肥的最初幾年里，學(xué)校面臨著重重困難，錢(qián)老總以事在人為的堅(jiān)定態(tài)度勉勵(lì)廣大師生，并以自己的實(shí)際行動(dòng)激勵(lì)大家共同為辦好科大而努力奮斗。1978年錢(qián)老主持制訂了全校的物理教學(xué)計(jì)劃，精心挑選教學(xué)與科研水平高的教師主講基礎(chǔ)物理課。他負(fù)責(zé)重建物理教學(xué)研究室，全力支持籌建科大天體物理中心，積極創(chuàng)建結(jié)構(gòu)成分分析中心實(shí)驗(yàn)室。　　錢(qián)老生前一直關(guān)注少年班，與少年班結(jié)下了不解之緣，深受少年班師生的愛(ài)戴。1978年我校招收首屆少年大學(xué)生，錢(qián)老親自擔(dān)任少年班研究組組長(zhǎng)。每逢楊振寧、李政道、丁肇中、吳健雄、陳省身等著名科學(xué)家蒞臨少年班參觀，錢(qián)老都親自陪同，少年班成立不久，錢(qián)老陪同嚴(yán)濟(jì)慈校長(zhǎng)視察少年班時(shí)，曾經(jīng)語(yǔ)重心長(zhǎng)地說(shuō)：“你們要帶好少年班學(xué)生。他們今天是國(guó)家的財(cái)富，將來(lái)是國(guó)之棟梁！”錢(qián)老任副校長(zhǎng)之后，雖然公務(wù)繁忙，仍對(duì)少年班工作多有指導(dǎo)。錢(qián)老要求大家要關(guān)心和愛(ài)護(hù)少年班的學(xué)生，對(duì)外界的宣傳也要淡然處之，為這些青少年學(xué)生創(chuàng)造一個(gè)平靜而又寬松的成長(zhǎng)環(huán)境。少年班作為新型的辦學(xué)模式，在20多年的辦學(xué)實(shí)踐中取得了很大的成功。這無(wú)疑與錢(qián)老的關(guān)懷和支持是分不開(kāi)的?！　″X(qián)老少承家學(xué)，在文史方面打下了堅(jiān)實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)。他在《釋墨經(jīng)中之光學(xué)、力學(xué)諸條》一文中，站在現(xiàn)代物理學(xué)高度，深刻地揭示了這些條目的物理學(xué)意義，令英國(guó)著名科學(xué)史家李約瑟驚嘆不已。解放后，他在科學(xué)史研究方面投入了大量的精力。1980年中國(guó)科學(xué)史學(xué)會(huì)成立時(shí)，他因?yàn)楸娡鶜w被推舉為首屆理事長(zhǎng)，為科學(xué)史的發(fā)展做了大量的組織領(lǐng)導(dǎo)工作。不僅如此，他還富有遠(yuǎn)見(jiàn)地把目光投向科學(xué)史教育事業(yè)的發(fā)展。80年代初，他與王竹溪先生共同擔(dān)任國(guó)務(wù)院學(xué)位委員會(huì)第一屆學(xué)科評(píng)議組物理組組長(zhǎng)，率先爭(zhēng)取在“物理學(xué)”一級(jí)學(xué)科之下設(shè)立了物理學(xué)史博士點(diǎn)，開(kāi)創(chuàng)了我國(guó)自行培養(yǎng)科學(xué)史博士的歷史。在他的積極支持和直接參與下，科大很快成立了自然科學(xué)史研究室，開(kāi)始招收自然科學(xué)史的碩士和博士研究生。他親自擔(dān)任該室第一任主任和研究生導(dǎo)師，從事科學(xué)史研究以及研究生的指導(dǎo)工作，為國(guó)家培養(yǎng)了大批科學(xué)史人才，使科大成為國(guó)內(nèi)外著名的科學(xué)史人才培養(yǎng)基地和國(guó)際知名的科學(xué)史研究機(jī)構(gòu)。

內(nèi)容概要

　　《錢(qián)臨照文集》一共分為五個(gè)大的篇章，第一編主要列舉了錢(qián)臨照先生重要的物理學(xué)論文，有的采用英文紀(jì)錄形式，有的則是運(yùn)用中文進(jìn)行解釋，站在現(xiàn)代物理學(xué)的高度，深刻的揭示了這些條目的物理學(xué)意義。第二編包括專著和科學(xué)專論，闡述了晶體中位錯(cuò)理論的基礎(chǔ)，固體的性質(zhì)和它的微觀結(jié)構(gòu)以及大學(xué)物理實(shí)驗(yàn)雜談等極具科學(xué)價(jià)值的文章。第三編是科學(xué)史論的著作，涵蓋了從古到今世界物理學(xué)的發(fā)展，例如中國(guó)古代光學(xué)和力學(xué)的知識(shí)，中國(guó)古代磁學(xué)的知識(shí)等等。作者還涉及到了外國(guó)的科學(xué)技術(shù)史，對(duì)西方歷史上的宇宙理論作出了評(píng)述。第四編屬于回憶性文章，對(duì)中國(guó)的物理學(xué)進(jìn)行了具體的回顧，并對(duì)物理學(xué)界的老前輩們進(jìn)行了高度的贊揚(yáng)。第五編主要收集了錢(qián)老先生的雜文、書(shū)評(píng)以及序，充分反映了錢(qián)老先生的傲然風(fēng)骨。本書(shū)還特別刊登了錢(qián)臨照先生的自傳，幫助讀者們更好的了解這位潛心向?qū)W，以良知和良心屹立于世人面前的中國(guó)學(xué)者。

章節(jié)摘錄

　　Discussion　　The reasons which lead us to consider the surface lines developed by hot sodium vapour as developments of Griffith cracks in the surface may be summarized as follows：　　The lines are particularly well developed in situations where systematic　　scratching is extremely improbable, e.g. inside blown glassware and inside drawn tube. In the latter case they run in a direction at right angles to the axis, a direction which is difficult to ascribe to scratches or other marks made during manufacture or cleansing. The lines develop with age, being almost completely absent on glass fresh from drawing at a high tempera-ture, and frequent on the same glass some hours after drawing. They are well developed in hard glasses such as Griffith used in his experiments, and hardly found at all in soft soda glass.　　In the case of the annealed optical glass the lines form an orthogonal　　system. In an isotropic material the lines of principal stress form such a system, and it is suggested that the cracks appear in directions normal to the principal stresses （tensions）. The effect of annealing the optical glass should be to release the local stresses, which will be expected to have dif-ferent directions at different points, and in the process of release the cracks appear. It should be mentioned that identical glass bars, which had not been annealed, showed no surface cracks.　　In this connexion the effect of a scratch is of interest. A piece of plate　　glass exposed to sodium vapour showed no typical Griffith cracks. A fine diamond scratch was then made on another specimen from the same piece. Etching revealed typical cracks running out on both sides from the scratch, in directions approximately normal to its length （Fig. 18）. At a free edge the principal stresses at any point must be parallel to the edge, so that we should expect this behaviour if the cracks are caused by a principal stress, and arise in a direction normal to it. It does not, of course, follow that in this case the principal stress is everywhere a tension parallel to the edge： there may well be some kind of periodic alternation of tension and com-pression, the cracks appearing in the localities of tension. The function of the crack is to liberate the local stresses. The circumferential direction of the cracks in glass tubing is a further confirmation of the hypothesis that they are normal to the predominant principal tension, which, from the process of manufacture of the tube, must be axial.　　The nature of the attack by the sodium vapour has not been studied. With pyrex glass there is always a slight brownish discoloration of the sur-face after etching; with soft soda glass the brown discoloration is much more marked. The quartz glass surface has a milky appearance. The pref-erential attack along the cracks, which are probably only a few molecules wide in the original state, can be attributed to the increased free local field at a sharp rectangular edge, as considered by Kossel in his work on crystal-lization. It is easier to remove an atom or molecule from an edge than from a surface. The whole question of etching by chemical attack is a complicat-ed one on which little has been done. Hausser （1927, 1928）, for instance, has pointed out that with metals different crystallographic faces of the same crystal can be developed by different etching agents （Hausser and Scholz 1927）.　　It is hoped to investigate whether the lines of principal stress associat-ed with arbitrary externally applied stresses can be developed on optical glass by the method here described.　　Other frequencies besides fl and f2 have also been excited in circuitswhich were somewhat regenerative, such as （b） and （c） in Fig. 2. In cir-cuit （b） the quartz cylinder in series with a high-frequency milliammeter isconnected between the grid and the plate and a sensitizing coil~8~ L is add-ed between the grid and the filament. When the frequency of the circuit istuned to that of the quartz cylinder, the latter will be set into vigorous os-cillation, as shown by a sudden rise in the indication of the milliammeter.In circuit （c）, a single coil is used and the grid excitation is obtained by atap on this coil; this is, in principle, analogous to the ordinary self-con-trolled Hartley circuit. The quartz cylinder in this circuit is inserted in se-ries with the grid. As the capacitance is increased from a small value, apoint is reached at which the system starts oscillating. The oscillations areweak at first, but they become stronger and stronger as the capacitance isincreased, and reach a maximum amplitude at a value of C just below thatwhich makes the natural frequency of the LC circuit equal to the naturalfrequency of the quartz. Past this point the amplitude of the scillations　　decreases, and a further increase of C will cause the oscillations to topsuddenly. The frequency in both arrangements （b） and （c） is nearly equalto the natural frequency of vibration of the quartz and varies very littlewith the condenser setting.　　We obtained two additional fundamental frequencies of a hollowquartz cylinder with the arrangement（c）, designated by f3 and f5 in Table t and three additional fundamental frequencies with the arrangement（b）,designated by f3, f4 and fs, besides the frequencies f~ and f2 obtained withthe Pierce circuit. Two of these frequencies f3 and f4 depend only upon thelength of the cylinder, and are independent of its cross section. They willbe shown to correspond respectively to torsional and longitudinal vibra-tions. The other frequency fs is probably of transverse vibration.

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