喪鐘為誰而鳴

出版時(shí)間:1997-12-1  出版社:上海譯文出版社  作者:海明威  譯者:程中瑞  
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內(nèi)容概要

美國青年羅伯特喬丹在大學(xué)里教授西班牙語,對(duì)西班牙有深切的感情。他志愿參加西班牙政 府軍,在敵后搞爆破活動(dòng)。為配合反攻,他奉命和地方游擊隊(duì)聯(lián)系,完成炸橋任務(wù)。
他爭取 到游擊隊(duì)隊(duì)長巴勃羅的妻子比拉爾和其他隊(duì)員的擁護(hù),孤立了已喪失斗志的巴勃羅,并按部 就班地布置好各人的具體任務(wù)。
在紛飛的戰(zhàn)火中,他和比拉爾收留的被敵人糟蹋過的小姑娘 琶麗亞墜入愛河,藉此抹平了瑪麗亞心靈的創(chuàng)傷。
在這三天中,羅伯特歷經(jīng)愛情與職責(zé)的沖 突和生與死的考驗(yàn),人性不斷升華。在炸橋的撒退途中,他把生的希望讓給別人,自己卻被 炮彈炸斷了大腿,獨(dú)自留下阻擊敵人,最終為西班牙人民獻(xiàn)出了年輕的生命。
《喪鐘為誰而 鳴》是海明威流傳最廣的長篇小說之一,憑借其深沉的人道主義力量感動(dòng)了一代又一代人。

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  •     after months' slimming, finally finish this book. what a relief! this process is kind of torture cause the text is full of discussion about humanity in the background of war, and for no reason I believe H shows enough sarcasm towards communism and republic dream. evil and absurdity also exist in the passionate rush of their comrades. they succeed by means of killing. and goodness, like love, forgiveness and generosity, seems so useless in fighting Fascism. the only thing I can see is the violence from both sides eliminating the kindness in people.
        
        Robert's love I don't understand. Maria, his little, innocent rabbit, is considered as a symbol of gentle love, which should be protected or won't survive the war. at the last scene, he persuaded her by telling her again and again: I am thee, I will go with thee. though it is hard for you, you should live you life on behalf of me.
        
        his lovely rabbit, the only thing around him relating to peace and hope, has gone with other comrades. she will go to madrid, take him away from the desperate war.
  •     誰都不是自成一體、與世隔絕的孤島,每個(gè)人都是廣袤大陸的一部分。如果一塊泥土被海水沖走,大陸就會(huì)減少一點(diǎn);如同一座海岬,也如同你的朋友和你自己。任何人的死亡都使我有所缺損,因?yàn)槲遗c人類難解難分。因此,千萬不要去打聽喪鐘為誰耳鳴,喪鐘為你而鳴。
      
       ——約翰?唐恩
      
      高中時(shí),因?yàn)樽x了海明威的《老人與海》知道了一個(gè)叫圣地亞哥的老頭兒,他以干枯的身軀于海浪之中和鯊魚展開搏斗,盡管最后剩余的只是一堆魚骨頭,但我們理應(yīng)向這個(gè)高貴的老人低下年輕的頭顱。每念及此,耳邊就會(huì)回蕩起那句鼓舞人心的話:人不是生來要給打敗的,你盡可以毀滅他,但就是無法打敗他。
      
      現(xiàn)在讀完《喪鐘為誰而鳴》一書,則又記住了羅伯特?喬丹這個(gè)形象,同樣是硬漢本色,頑強(qiáng)、果敢、沉著,渾身抖擻著戰(zhàn)斗精神。我嘆服于海明威竟然將故事演繹和時(shí)間跨越僅僅鋪就在四天之內(nèi),寫得相當(dāng)細(xì)致、緊湊,但又不顯啰嗦,而是渾厚飽滿,一氣呵成!全書充滿了大量精彩的對(duì)白和獨(dú)白,深入地刻畫出并反映了戰(zhàn)爭中的人物特征和情感世界。一路讀下去,就像是正在欣賞著一部二戰(zhàn)時(shí)期的黑白畫面的老戰(zhàn)爭片一樣,不愧是一部大作!
      
      它的背景是西班牙內(nèi)戰(zhàn),主要說的是政府軍為了突破叛軍在馬德里西北山區(qū)的防線,區(qū)司令戈?duì)柎膶④娞嘏芍驹副_伯特?喬丹前往該山區(qū)輔助前方游擊隊(duì)完成炸橋任務(wù),全書即繞此而展開。這不免使我想起了去年暑假看過的《橋》這部前南斯拉夫老電影,同樣是炸橋的故事,同樣是游擊戰(zhàn),同樣也是與法西斯作戰(zhàn),同樣也是平緩之中顯跌宕,同樣也是對(duì)勇氣與信仰的考驗(yàn),簡直就是《喪鐘為誰而鳴》的翻版!哈,真是巧了,這部電影中的主題曲游擊隊(duì)之歌《啊,朋友》也契合了本書的基調(diào):
      
      那一天早晨 從夢中醒來
      侵略者闖進(jìn)我家鄉(xiāng)
      啊游擊隊(duì)啊 快帶我走吧
      啊 朋友再見吧 再見吧再見吧
      游擊隊(duì)啊 快帶我走吧
      我實(shí)在不能再忍受
      如果我在戰(zhàn)斗中犧牲
      你一定把我來埋葬
      請(qǐng)把我埋在高高的山崗
      啊 朋友再見吧 再見吧再見吧
      把我埋在高高的山崗
      再插上一朵美麗的花
      啊 每當(dāng)人們從這里走過
      都說多么美麗的花
      每當(dāng)人們從這里走過
      都說多么美麗的花
      啊 朋友再見吧 再見吧再見吧
      
      毫無疑問,羅伯特和他的游擊隊(duì)?wèi)?zhàn)友們就是這美麗的花;同樣,那些為我們祖國在抗日戰(zhàn)爭和解放戰(zhàn)爭中做出了無私偉大犧牲的先驅(qū)們也是這美麗的花,一朵連著一朵,光彩鮮艷,開放在高高的山崗上,永不凋零,永被銘記!
      
      但這不僅僅是一部戰(zhàn)爭小說,它還注入了對(duì)人類社會(huì)宗教情懷般的思考。海明威就是想告訴我們,如果你認(rèn)同整個(gè)人類是一個(gè)命運(yùn)共同體的話,那么別人的不幸就是你自己的不幸,別人的痛苦就是你自己的痛苦,因?yàn)槊總€(gè)人都不是一座獨(dú)居海外的孤島,而是整個(gè)大陸的一塊。在戰(zhàn)爭面前,沒有勝利者。你身邊的每一個(gè)人都是你的手足同胞,每一個(gè)無辜生命的逝去,都意味著人類這一整體的小塊缺失,永遠(yuǎn)的缺失。生存?還是毀滅?這是個(gè)問題。
      
      這份悲憫之情,足以使我們?yōu)橹畡?dòng)懷。比如在第三章,羅伯特問老游擊隊(duì)員安塞莫爾道,“你殺過人嗎?”安塞莫爾說,“殺過,殺過好幾次。不過我并不樂意。在我看來,凡殺人者都有罪,哪怕是殺那些我們非殺不可的法西斯壞蛋?!薄翱墒悄銡⑦^人的?!薄笆茄?,還得繼續(xù)殺;不過,只要我能活下去,我就好好地過活,不傷害任何人,這樣才會(huì)被寬恕?!边@是在戰(zhàn)爭面前一種無奈的矛盾心理,但安塞莫爾的悲天憫人卻毫不虛假,任何讀過這本書的人都能感受得到這位老人的善良與仁慈,他甚至為敵人的死亡灑下熱淚;可惜,最后在炸橋時(shí)他還是死了,沒有遺言,沒有告別——可恨的戰(zhàn)爭,可憐的安塞莫爾……
      
      這里,我們也無法忽略游擊隊(duì)的其他隊(duì)員:強(qiáng)干、直率的比拉爾夫人,很有權(quán)威和號(hào)召力,她一直支持著羅伯特的行動(dòng);瑪麗亞,這個(gè)善良堅(jiān)強(qiáng)的姑娘在戰(zhàn)爭中失去了家人,但她并沒有為此放棄生活,她和羅伯特演繹了一段綺麗浪漫的戰(zhàn)地情緣;巴勃羅是一個(gè)自私的、令人厭惡的家伙,他是那些在戰(zhàn)爭中茍且偷生、精神垮掉的代表,但他畢竟也為炸橋做出了一點(diǎn)兒貢獻(xiàn);還有那個(gè)臉色黝黑喜歡逮兔子的吉普賽人拉斐爾,有著一副急性子總愛罵罵咧咧的奧古斯都,沖破重重關(guān)卡傳遞情報(bào)的送信員安德烈斯以及堅(jiān)持到戰(zhàn)斗最后一刻的聾子等,他們雖然都是不起眼的小人物,但他們卻都堅(jiān)守留在前方和敵人斗智斗勇,為自由而戰(zhàn),為信仰而戰(zhàn),為共和國而戰(zhàn)。
      
      最后,當(dāng)大橋被炸掉的那一刻,沒有振臂歡呼,沒有可歌可泣,有的只是憤怒、空虛和疲倦,因?yàn)樗麄冎肋@不能算是勝利。其中,我最觸動(dòng)的是,在撤退遇伏時(shí),羅伯特不忍連累隊(duì)友而選擇獨(dú)自一人在山林里拖著一條斷腿等待著死亡的來臨,“他靜靜地躺著,竭力地堅(jiān)持著,因?yàn)樗X得生命在悄悄逝去,就像雪從山坡上開始悄悄融化一樣”,終于,屠殺并取走聾子首級(jí)的敵軍中尉貝侖多出現(xiàn)在了喬丹的視野中,“他感到自己的心臟抵在樹林里的松針地上怦怦直跳……”至此,全書完結(jié),那一刻,我的心臟也跟著跳了起來,我似乎聽到了叮叮響起的鐘聲……
      
  •     羅伯特在他最后的時(shí)光中反復(fù)告訴自己,他還想活下去,因?yàn)樗谶@三天的進(jìn)步太多了,他想做個(gè)老人,把自己學(xué)到的傳下去,告訴別人,影響別人。 這里面有生的渴望,有生的喜悅,也有生的意義。人皆傳聞海明威的一生中最著迷的是“死”這個(gè)詞,我看這不簡單。死和生就像陰和陽,只有真正的理解生,才能明白真正的死。反之亦然。這兩個(gè)究極而言是統(tǒng)一的。
      
      人動(dòng)物性的核心是怕死,人怕死就像斑馬、猩猩和鬣狗怕死一樣。所有宗教的核心都是這個(gè)東西,利用人的這個(gè)心理來做突破,從而把人作為自己的俘虜??墒侨艘灿辛硪粋€(gè)恐懼的東西,那就是生而不知為何而生。也許這么說有些怪異,但是我認(rèn)為這個(gè)恐懼并非人人都有,或許和智商有關(guān)。行尸走肉的生,被人操縱的生,很多笨人不以為意(甚至還會(huì)以為這就是人生),而聰明人或許就會(huì)覺得生不如死。
      
      這里就有意思了,如果事實(shí)真的只是這樣,那么或許就完結(jié)了。笨人胡混度日,聰明人痛苦捱生。大家清清爽爽,個(gè)不干擾。但是,我在這里被海明威震撼到,沒有人是一座孤島,喪鐘為你而鳴。魯迅的痛苦不僅僅是眾人皆睡我獨(dú)醒,還有的是為他人沉睡而不自知的折磨。在清醒的人眼里,每個(gè)人的生死都是相連的。我們有理由為安塞爾莫,奧古斯丁的死而難過,也應(yīng)該為瑪麗亞,比拉爾,巴勃羅的生而開懷。
      
      羅伯特的生命力量非常強(qiáng)大,他聰明好學(xué),勤于思考,努力把事情做對(duì)并且成功。他的力量強(qiáng)大還在于他對(duì)生命還非??释霂犀旣悂喨ヱR德里,想把自己學(xué)到的東西教給別人,但是,當(dāng)時(shí)機(jī)來臨,他需要做出犧牲時(shí),他完成了自己的使命。但是他從未停止過迷茫,他每時(shí)每刻的反思幾乎把我都?jí)嚎?。他救人也殺人,殺人也救人。他?duì)死亡的理解在生命的最后時(shí)刻統(tǒng)一了,就像他對(duì)瑪麗亞說的:只要我們倆有一個(gè)人活著,我們兩個(gè)就在一起。
      
      在寫這篇讀書筆記的時(shí)候我有些感覺無從下筆,太多復(fù)雜的情緒,但是我能感到一種很宏大的力量。作為一個(gè)個(gè)體我感到和整個(gè)人類的相通,在巨大的命運(yùn)面前我的生似乎微不足道。
      
      這不僅僅是一本戰(zhàn)爭書,也不僅僅是一本愛情書,這是一本關(guān)于人類的書。每個(gè)人都不是一個(gè)孤島,每個(gè)人都應(yīng)該努力不做孤島,人們應(yīng)該放慢腳步,聊聊天,想想接下來的路。
  •     CHAPTER 3
        THEY came down the last two hundred yards, moving carefully from tree to tree in the shadows and now, through the last pines of the steep lull side, the bridge was only fifty yards away. The late afternoon sun that still came over the brown shoulder of the mountain showed the bridge dark against the steep emptiness of the gorge. It was a steel bridge of a single span and there was a sentry box at each end. It was wide enough for two motor cars to pass and it spanned, in solid-flung metal grace, a deep gorge at the bottom of which, far below, a brook leaped in white water through rocks and boulders down to the main stream of the pass.
        The sun was in Robert Jordan's eyes and the bridge showed only in outline. Then the sun lessened and was gone and looking up through the trees at the brown, rounded height that it had gone behind, he saw, now, that he no longer looked into the glare, that the mountain slope was a delicate new green and that there were patches of old snow under the crest.
        Then he was watching the bridge again in the sudden short trueness of the little light that would be left, and studying its construction. The problem of its demolition was not difficult. As he watched he took out a notebook from his breast pocket and made several quick line sketches. Ashe made the drawings he did not figure the charges. He would do that later. Now he was noting the points where the explosive should be placed in order to cut the support of the span and drop a section of it into the gorge. It could be done unhurriedly, scientifically and correctly with a half dozen charges laid and braced to explode simultaneously; or it could be done roughly with two big ones. They would need to be very big ones, on opposite sides and should go at the same time. He sketched quickly and happily; glad at last to have the problem under his hand; glad at last actually to be engaged upon it. Then he shut his notebook, pushed the pencil into its leather holder in the edge of the flap, put the notebook in his pocket and buttoned the pocket.
        While he had sketched, Anselmo had been watching the road, the bridge and the sentry boxes. He thought they had come too close to the bridge for safety and when the sketching was finished, he was relieved.
        As Robert Jordan buttoned the flap of his pocket and then lay flat behind the pine trunk, looking out from behind it, Anselmo put his hand on his elbow and pointed with one finger.
        In the sentry box that faced toward them up the road, the sentry was sitting holding his rifle, the bayonet fixed, between his knees. He was smoking a cigarette and he wore a knitted cap and blanket style cape. At fifty yards, you could not see anything about his face. Robert Jordan put up his field glasses, shading the lenses carefully with his cupped hands even though there was now no sun to make a glint, and there was the rail of the bridge as clear as though you could reach out and touch it and there was the face of the senty so clear he could see the sunken cheeks, the ash on the cigarette and the greasy shine of the bayonet.
      
  •      一直對(duì)寫下這篇文章沒有任何頭緒,因此任憑時(shí)間流逝,讓思緒漸漸平靜,也下不了手書寫。明天是2011年了,在這最后的一天里,只是單純地想給某些東西來個(gè)總結(jié)……
       ——題記
       任何人的死亡使我有所缺損,因?yàn)槲遗c人類難解難分。
       所以千萬不必去打聽喪鐘為誰而鳴,
       喪鐘為你而鳴
       ——約翰?堂恩
      關(guān)于死亡與信仰——Hay que tomer la muerte como si fuera aspirina.
       喜歡最后的那句話,殘酷而清醒,任何人在任何時(shí)間與地點(diǎn)都無法計(jì)算出自己生存的期限。所以喬丹拒絕著承認(rèn)吉普賽人的算命方式?!八械慕艹鋈宋?,你仔細(xì)想想就知道,都是快快活活??炜旎罨畹那榫w要好得多,而且這也是一種吉兆。仿佛你還活著的時(shí)候就得到了永生?!薄叭藨阎謶?,看到了不好的跡象就會(huì)想象自己的末日到了,就認(rèn)為這種想象是預(yù)感?!睂幵缚旎罨钪?,也不想去考慮明天之后生命是否存在,只是當(dāng)勞累與氣憤或者悲觀情緒在深夜蔓延時(shí)才會(huì)讓這種念頭陡然降臨。
       他沒有所謂信仰的存在,如果說有,只是抱著滿腔熱情對(duì)自由以及國家解放的一個(gè)爭取罷了。因此在執(zhí)行這所有的任務(wù)之時(shí),只能憑借自我心理安慰而來完成一個(gè)心靈的解放。他依舊善良,也依舊屠殺敵人,在進(jìn)行戰(zhàn)爭時(shí)需要不斷的心理掙扎,無法控制地自責(zé)時(shí)便會(huì)開始轉(zhuǎn)移對(duì)屠殺這一正義但殘忍行為的愧疚,懷念過去美好的時(shí)光以及思念最愛的人。他喜歡不斷地用英雄祖父以及懦弱父親的行為來做對(duì)比,生命里最重要的親人成為他戰(zhàn)斗不止的參照物。
       迷惘其實(shí)從開始就一直存在于過程中……
       “哪種人對(duì)于這處境會(huì)更覺得坦然?有宗教信仰的人呢,還是正視現(xiàn)實(shí)的人?宗教使人們得到很大的安慰,然而我們知道,實(shí)在也沒有什么可怕的。糟的只是缺乏信念罷了。只有當(dāng)死亡拖延很久才來臨,并且痛苦得使你丟人的時(shí)候,這才是最糟的?!碑?dāng)神經(jīng)被彈片弄斷時(shí),臥倒在草地上的喬丹只剩信念,鮮血橫流里伴隨著生命一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)被死神抽離……那時(shí)候能夠依靠的,唯有信念。
       當(dāng)死亡瞬間到來時(shí),你不會(huì)害怕,迅疾而暴烈的死亡只會(huì)有片刻的疼痛,之后一切消失殆盡,任時(shí)間空流,你與世無關(guān);當(dāng)死亡緩緩降臨,即使能多看世界一些時(shí)光,可是恐怖和疼痛的感覺會(huì)讓你沉淪于黑暗世界,你不會(huì)再擁有心境欣賞所有的美與丑……
       當(dāng)貝侖多中尉策馬而來,時(shí)間與空間在喬丹生命的剎那間,到此為止……
      關(guān)于戰(zhàn)爭——Qué cosa más mala es la guerra
       不知為何,看書時(shí),戰(zhàn)爭所帶來的殘酷感覺讓我不寒而栗。即使知道這只是小說,而并非赤裸裸的戰(zhàn)爭實(shí)錄。我想我不適合讀關(guān)于戰(zhàn)爭的有關(guān)真實(shí)記錄,害怕人性的真實(shí)殘酷會(huì)在文字里一點(diǎn)一點(diǎn)被剝落。戰(zhàn)爭是引發(fā)人性真實(shí)爆發(fā)的最好工具,想象不出當(dāng)用刀子砍下人顱時(shí)是一種什么樣的感覺,只覺得寒意陣陣。是否戰(zhàn)爭里一切都會(huì)顯得自然而無所謂呢?不知道……
       “他們駛近一輛裝載士兵的卡車時(shí),后面亮起了燈,他在這突然的閃光中看到了他們死板而悲傷的臉龐。他們頭戴鋼盔,坐在卡車?yán)?,在黑暗中駛向他們只知道要發(fā)動(dòng)一場進(jìn)攻的鬼地方,各自心事重重地在黑暗中繃緊著臉,燈光顯示了由于羞于給彼此看到而在白天不會(huì)流露的神情?!?br />    或許,他們也對(duì)這些人性屠殺的行為害怕而厭倦,只是不是他人亡,就是你死,這樣決絕的命令與命運(yùn)降臨時(shí),所有一切行動(dòng)只會(huì)指向自身。如果死亡的不是你或是你的親人,在生命威脅下,你會(huì)很容易選擇結(jié)果。只是自此之后,生命會(huì)永遠(yuǎn)遭受詛咒……
       “這一切都是犯罪,誰也沒權(quán)奪取別人的生命,除非為了防止其他人遭到更大的不幸。”
      關(guān)于愛情
       “這種感情你以前從來不理解而現(xiàn)在體會(huì)到了,你對(duì)他那么重視,認(rèn)為它是那么合理,以致你自己的死亡似乎完全無關(guān)緊要;只因?yàn)樗劳鰰?huì)妨礙你履行職責(zé),才要加以避免。但是最好的一點(diǎn)是你可以為了這種感情以及這種必要性而采取行動(dòng)。你可以戰(zhàn)斗。”
       即使這是用來述說喬丹的信仰的,但在最后,其實(shí)很多的行動(dòng)還有戰(zhàn)斗,都只是為了她。
       戰(zhàn)爭中的愛情從來就是不幸,只是在這短暫三天里,喬丹依舊可以慶幸自己的這段突然的甜蜜可以代替自己的一生。無論是馬德里的賓館,無論是蓋洛德飯店,無論是美國女人租賃的房子還是所有的一切一切,都隨著死亡戛然而止。突然之間想起了《Titanic》里的Rose,在Jack沉入大海的未來里,她依舊結(jié)婚、生兒育女,有平凡而幸福的家庭。而對(duì)于瑪利亞來說,這些是否會(huì)到來?或許在某一天,他會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)自己的身邊一直擁有著一個(gè)等待自己的奧古斯丁,但我的心里卻偏執(zhí)地認(rèn)為,她會(huì)孤身一人一輩子。她弱勢,她無依無靠,她不像Rose。瑪麗亞的身體以及心靈上都刻滿了傷痕。在未相遇之前,她的生命里隨著戰(zhàn)爭的到來充滿了陰霾和恐懼。喬丹用他的3天,為她撫平所有的一切,隨之又離開,留下新一番的傷疼。當(dāng)結(jié)痂的傷口再次被剝開,且一次比一次深刻,或許連疤痕也無法留下了,只有死亡。
       我亦偏執(zhí)認(rèn)為,瑪麗亞會(huì)選擇死亡。這樣一個(gè)女孩,或許能夠選擇的只有死亡。她的世界里,連愛也剩下不了,還有什么東西能值得眷戀?當(dāng)然,如果有人能抱著懷念過一輩子,那便也是另一個(gè)意外。
       不過也好,不知道海明威在吉普賽人的預(yù)測里是否給予的就是瑪麗亞未來的幸福和平靜,只是一切還是隱藏的好。沒有任何傷口是愈合不了的,即使是Rose在那么激烈的愛情里,依舊可以脫離,然后尋找另一份幸福。
       沒有點(diǎn)明的結(jié)局是一件明智的事情。就像如果Jack沒有死,Rose和他的私奔會(huì)變成一出令人失望的悲劇。就像如果喬丹沒有死,瑪麗亞和他過后的離開會(huì)變成一出無奈乏味的家庭劇。門當(dāng)戶對(duì)一直是人們心中沒有言明的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),一個(gè)沒有受過教育的女人,能做的似乎只有家務(wù),并且擔(dān)任生理需要的解決者。這未免過于悲劇,過于現(xiàn)實(shí)。因此,小說一直都只是虛構(gòu),里面有戛然而止的某些東西。
       Marriage need spirit.
      關(guān)于海明威
      安:你知道海明威是怎么死的嗎?
      他:不知道。
      安:他把獵槍塞進(jìn)自己的嘴巴,一扣扳機(jī)……
      他:嗯。
      安:然后他整個(gè)頭蓋骨都被掀飛。
      他:很慘烈。
      安:不是慘烈。
      安:僅僅是他喜歡的方式而已。
       ——《告別薇安》
       海明威,在閱讀《老人與?!窌r(shí),心里的幻想是慈祥的老人,像圣地亞哥般黝黑的膚色,笑起時(shí)露出潔白牙齒,感覺溫暖。在那篇不長的小說里,永遠(yuǎn)都記得的只是那句“人可以被毀滅,卻不可以被打敗”,這樣一句簡短的話陪伴了我漫長的高三。
       后來在黑夜里聆聽安妮寶貝的《告別薇安》,葉清的聲音顯得性感卻同時(shí)的寂寞。第一次開始知道海明威選擇結(jié)束自己生命的暴烈方式,瞬間愕然。
       他們說,《喪鐘》是海明威最擺脫孤獨(dú),和與世隔絕情緒的一部著作,可我依舊尋覓到了絕望的軌跡。婕在聽完我說的那句《老人與海》里的名言后,說:“他的自殺只是自我毀滅的方式?!?br />    恍然之間明白海明威為何選擇死亡,用迅疾的死亡告別自己無法超越的,任憑自己曾經(jīng)的榮耀在世間留存。
       “不必去打聽喪鐘為誰而鳴,喪鐘為你而鳴?!鄙顝膩砭蜎]有多大的意義,生命誕生后,一切只是悲哀泛濫,然后在瞬間,終會(huì)會(huì)看到死亡來臨。生命中唯一能讓你選擇的,只是將悲哀隱藏……
      
      
      
      
      
      
  •     所以千萬不必去打聽喪鐘為誰而鳴?喪鐘為你而鳴。海明威在全書開篇已經(jīng)說明了這個(gè)問題。因?yàn)槲乙雅c人類難解難分。
      故事整體來說十分緊湊,作者關(guān)鍵抓住了人在面臨死亡的恐懼與抗?fàn)幍挠職庵g互相矛盾而又獨(dú)立的思想,那就是要抗?fàn)?,盡管潛意識(shí)還是希望不要發(fā)生。
      人性如此復(fù)雜,人性如此合理,人性如此高尚。
  •      讀完正本小說的時(shí)候,午后的陽光斜斜地透過窗戶照耀進(jìn)來,投射在屋內(nèi)簡潔的水泥地板上,空氣中隨處可見的微塵在陽光里飄揚(yáng)舞蹈。向著陽光照射來的方向,抬頭便看見了城市上空湛藍(lán)的天空和一絲清晰可見的白云,屹立的高樓層層疊疊延伸向遠(yuǎn)方。
       這就是我們活著的世界,美好而自由。即使你知道在這個(gè)世界的很多角落還有著貧窮與饑餓,有著戰(zhàn)爭與暴動(dòng),還有著不公與壓迫,即使你天天刷著微博上著人人看著一條條匪夷所思的圖片和報(bào)道,并且在信與不信之間徘徊,可是此時(shí)此刻,這個(gè)在你身上發(fā)生的美好的午后讓你覺得,活著真好,世界真好。
       我不禁再次回想起喬丹(主人公)在生命最后一天的黎明,與深愛的女人共享最 后的永恒時(shí)刻:
       “他們合二為一了,盡管表針在走動(dòng),但是沒人看了,他們知道,一個(gè)人有的感受另一個(gè)人也一定會(huì)有,只有這種感覺,這就是永恒,過去、現(xiàn)在、將來,都是這樣。他們現(xiàn)在正在享受的,他們將來不可能在享受了。他們現(xiàn)在所擁有的,過去有過,一直都有,但重要的是現(xiàn)在,現(xiàn)在,現(xiàn)在,啊,現(xiàn)在,現(xiàn)在,現(xiàn)在,唯有現(xiàn)在,首先是現(xiàn)在,除了你這個(gè)現(xiàn)在,沒有別的現(xiàn)在,而現(xiàn)在是你的先知?,F(xiàn)在,永遠(yuǎn)是現(xiàn)在。來吧,現(xiàn)在,因?yàn)槌爽F(xiàn)在只有現(xiàn)在,是啊,現(xiàn)在。就是現(xiàn)在,只有現(xiàn)在,除了現(xiàn)在什么都不存在,你在這,我在這,一個(gè)在這,另一個(gè)也在這,別問為什么,永遠(yuǎn)別問,只有現(xiàn)在;一直這樣,但愿永遠(yuǎn)是現(xiàn)在,永遠(yuǎn)實(shí)現(xiàn)在,因?yàn)橛肋h(yuǎn)只有一個(gè)現(xiàn)在。只有現(xiàn)在,只有一個(gè),出了一個(gè)現(xiàn)在沒有別的,一個(gè),正在進(jìn)行的現(xiàn)在,正在升騰,漂流,離去,盤旋,翱翔,小時(shí),一直在消失,不停地小時(shí);一個(gè)加一個(gè)等于一個(gè),一個(gè),一個(gè),一個(gè),還是一個(gè),還是一個(gè),下沉地在一起,溫柔地在一起,渴望地在一起,親切地在一起,幸福地在一起,美滿地在一起,寵愛地在一起,一起躺在地上,胳膊肘支在看下來當(dāng)床用的松枝上,散發(fā)著松枝和夜的氣息;現(xiàn)在終于回到大地上,清晨即將來臨?!?br />    不斷地排比、重復(fù),文字激蕩出主人公內(nèi)心強(qiáng)烈的情緒,直抵讀者內(nèi)心。傷感的、悲壯的、不舍的、感動(dòng)的、震撼的,種種感情在這一刻矯揉在一起,似乎升華了,似乎還是停留在那里,留著一分期許,等待著美好的結(jié)局發(fā)生,無論種種,這復(fù)雜的情緒作為這一份永恒的存在駐留在心中。是的,他就要度過人生最后的一天了,他就要去完成那項(xiàng)光榮的使命了。哦不,誰也不知道他是否能活過這一天,他自己也不知道,至少他還希望能回到馬德里,能帶著瑪利亞去會(huì)見他在蓋洛德飯店的朋友,回到蒙大拿繼續(xù)自己的工作。
       他就是一個(gè)教西班牙語的大學(xué)講師,也許他也曾經(jīng)欣賞過無數(shù)個(gè)如此美好的午后陽光,只是動(dòng)蕩的社會(huì)和崇高的使命感讓他投身到了革命中。這項(xiàng)任務(wù)發(fā)生的始末不過僅僅四天的時(shí)間,羅伯特.喬丹卻在四天的時(shí)光中度過了人生最美好而完整的時(shí)光。他遇到了自己的愛人,遭遇了叛變和回歸,思考了一生中最多的東西?;蛟S這是一種昭示,因?yàn)槠冉劳觯晕骞偻`,六神發(fā)達(dá),更能感知這個(gè)世界,在啟示中人生得到升華,思想得到歷練?
       我們的生活過于安逸,安逸到一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)挫折便足以讓自己稱苦到累。陶醉在這樣的午后,我們沒有辦法體會(huì)人間冷暖,更無法得知何為真正的痛和苦,我們所跨過去的那些所謂的小小苦難,在這些人間大是大非面前,在和平與正義的大命題里,實(shí)在是微不足道。而在那些戰(zhàn)士眼中,苦痛不過是人生的必經(jīng)路,那么死又是什么呢?或許他們已經(jīng)忘了死者一回事了,因?yàn)橛懈嘤幸饬x的事情在等待他們思考。
       海明威寫道“死沒有什么了不起的,他沒有想過死是怎么回事,也沒有對(duì)死的恐懼。但是山坡上田野里起伏的麥浪、天空中的蒼鷹、打谷篩秣時(shí)喝的一陶罐水、你胯下的馬兒、腿下夾著的卡賓槍、小山、河谷、樹林里的小溪、河谷另一邊的群山,一切都那么生意盎然?!?br />    在海明威筆下的村莊總是充滿生活的氣息,大自然的清香,是的,一切都那么生意盎然,我想作者想要告訴我們的,是那個(gè)時(shí)代的人們,那些維護(hù)和平的戰(zhàn)士對(duì)生命的渴望,渴望著“生命、自由和對(duì)幸福的追求”,這句被寫入美國憲法里的話,仿佛是人類追尋著的永恒的主題。我們所做的那么多的努力,追溯歷史,每一場戰(zhàn)爭,每一次革命,只是一群不甘于生活困苦潦倒、命運(yùn)曲折不公的人出于這樣一個(gè)美好的愿望,用這樣或者那樣的方式向社會(huì)抗?fàn)?,為命運(yùn)反抗。
       在如此厚重的主題面前,我寫不出更好的讀后感。只是想象著主人公,和瑪利亞,和比拉爾、巴勃羅,和所有同伴一起,轉(zhuǎn)移到安全的地方。在馬德里的午后,這對(duì)幸福的愛人,享受著陽光,自由如同他們正在呼吸的空氣,握住彼此手中的幸福。
       只是最后要記得,我們今天所有的美好,都是諸如羅伯特.喬丹一樣的戰(zhàn)士們賜予的。
      
  •     二戰(zhàn),似是一個(gè)永不褪色的命題。自一九四五年夏歐洲戰(zhàn)火熄滅,日軍代表于同年九月二日在美國列艦“密蘇里”號(hào)上簽字投降,這段深烙人心的崢嶸歲月終告一畢,距今算起業(yè)已六十余載。半個(gè)世紀(jì)以降,后人紀(jì)念二戰(zhàn)的方式各色不一。有人說,那是一段永無忘懷可能,卻難以輕啟、娓娓道來的特殊記憶;也有人說,那是一卷滿載光榮與夢想、鑲著金邊的巨篇史詩。
      時(shí)光流轉(zhuǎn),往事漂淡。當(dāng)揮斥方遒的肆意、卸甲凱旋的浪漫復(fù)歸于平靜的現(xiàn)實(shí),時(shí)代的強(qiáng)音亦消弭于無形。那些被戰(zhàn)爭鐵騎碾碎的夢,被遏制了綻放、連根拔起的生命,以及被強(qiáng)行改變了軌道的命途,一代人的傷痕記憶這才漸漸浮于水面,連同陌路同行相依取暖的點(diǎn)滴溫情,就這樣在歷史細(xì)致入微的長鏡頭下,緩緩地鋪展開來。
      只是現(xiàn)實(shí)的鐵欄,從來都不曾稍歇。那些曾經(jīng)與青春相伴、支撐著困境中人前行的信念,那些被留在暗處獨(dú)自品味、無從訴說的堅(jiān)持與孤獨(dú),在這個(gè)喧囂浮躁、譏笑理想的和平年代,也忽然有了更多被提及的價(jià)值。
      
      人之戰(zhàn)役,戰(zhàn)役中人。
      
      一九三一年初秋至一九三九年春的西班牙內(nèi)戰(zhàn),于今已成為歷史陳跡,在二戰(zhàn)浩如云煙的篇章中,這一頁的影響力也遠(yuǎn)不如珊瑚海戰(zhàn)役、諾曼底登陸等名役那樣的重。雖然西班牙戰(zhàn)場曾擔(dān)負(fù)了歐洲戰(zhàn)線序幕的角色,可意義雖重,沒有二戰(zhàn)樣板戲那般具備摧枯拉朽、驚心動(dòng)魄、可供再加工的戲劇化元素,作為以戰(zhàn)爭為主要旋律的文學(xué)作品,它無疑不是最佳的選擇。戰(zhàn)術(shù)的精妙絕倫,局勢的百轉(zhuǎn)千回,在這冊(cè)《喪鐘為誰而鳴》里,并無更多著墨,海明威之所以顛覆了傳統(tǒng)史書自上而下的“俯視”敘事觀,輕“戰(zhàn)事”而重“人情”,一是以戰(zhàn)爭本身為主角的作品已然俯拾皆是,二是戰(zhàn)場之上,千帆并進(jìn)、萬炮齊鳴的畫外之音,他已然洞悉:戰(zhàn)爭,是人的戰(zhàn)爭。
      作為軍事戰(zhàn)略中最小的計(jì)量單位,“人”被抽象為沒有位格意味的戰(zhàn)力代號(hào),戰(zhàn)地記者口中毫無感情色彩的死傷數(shù)量。隨著戰(zhàn)火的不斷蔓延,“人”的社會(huì)屬性,一并它的生物屬性,都正被有意無意地淡化。海明威敏銳地察覺到了這一點(diǎn),對(duì)于在一戰(zhàn)中曾投身意大利戰(zhàn)場、親歷戰(zhàn)火洗禮的他而言,他清楚地知道,沉溺麻痹來驅(qū)散縈繞心頭的陰霾,不過是變相的飲鴆止渴。唯有去窺察被集體主義歷史觀所湮滅的人性幽微,重新去解讀戰(zhàn)局中人隨戰(zhàn)勢起伏而跌宕不安的心境,在紛亂戰(zhàn)火之中梳理出他們荒誕不經(jīng)的行為邏輯,自下而上地解構(gòu)龐大的戰(zhàn)爭機(jī)器,才能讓反戰(zhàn)文學(xué)更具反戰(zhàn)的說服力。
      《喪鐘為誰而鳴》是海明威寫作生涯之中篇幅最大的一部小說,但全書從頭至尾橫跨的時(shí)間維度卻只有三天(一九三七年五月底一個(gè)星期六的下午到星期二上午),時(shí)間局促,并不影響海明威在節(jié)奏的控制上張弛有度,行文從容流暢,毫無倉促之感。故事講述發(fā)生在馬德里西北部——瓜達(dá)拉馬山脈的敵后武裝區(qū)中,義軍歷盡千辛、成功執(zhí)行的一次爆破任務(wù)。時(shí)值政府軍擊潰意大利侵略軍,挽回頹勢,首度馬德里稍獲喘息,共和政府將領(lǐng)戈?duì)柶澱麑?duì)占領(lǐng)瓜達(dá)拉馬山頭的叛軍反動(dòng)進(jìn)攻,以此截?cái)鄶橙说脑鲈肪€。美國志愿軍羅伯特?喬丹被戈?duì)柶潓④娢芍翑澈笊钌?,與游擊隊(duì)接頭,待正式進(jìn)攻打響,炸毀一座負(fù)責(zé)敵軍物資運(yùn)輸?shù)蔫F橋。在遭遇了奉行犬儒主義、“狐貍原則”的游擊隊(duì)首領(lǐng)巴勃羅的干擾,以及隊(duì)中其余隊(duì)員的竭力協(xié)助(包括老向?qū)О踩麪柲?、巴勃羅的老婆比拉爾、聾子圣地亞哥等人)之后,炸橋任務(wù)終于在劍拔弩張的緊要關(guān)頭坎坷完成,羅伯特也在敵機(jī)敵騎兵的炮火之下因公殉職。
      
      正義、果敢、冷靜,羅伯特?喬丹這個(gè)人物匯集了海明威反戰(zhàn)系列作品中所有能夠彰顯男子漢氣概的要素。最終舍生取義的歸宿設(shè)定,也滿足了大多數(shù)人對(duì)于英雄光輝形象的預(yù)設(shè)心理。但仔細(xì)端詳之后,可以辨別得出,和《老人與海》里他所塑造的硬漢漁夫圣地亞哥不同,羅伯特的硬氣和粗獷,并沒有那種與生俱來的意味。在戰(zhàn)前曾是美國蒙大拿大學(xué)西班牙語系一名青年講師的羅伯特,他的身世與經(jīng)歷更讓人想起《拯救大兵瑞恩》中的米勒上尉,溫文爾雅的教職工作者,陰差陽錯(cuò)因戰(zhàn)火折磨被改造為一尊戰(zhàn)爭機(jī)器,壓抑私念,聽令服從。執(zhí)行決策的果決,處驚不亂的冷靜,即使再嚴(yán)不漏風(fēng),都會(huì)有倏忽閃過的一絲猶疑,哪怕至短至?xí)?,皆讓人泛淚唏噓,英雄也有“演”累的時(shí)候。
      羅伯特慣于在閑暇之余飲酒自酌,躲避清醒時(shí)刻的孤獨(dú),在酒酣耳熱的幻境之中體驗(yàn)片刻的寧歇;他自稱毫不迷信,卻在任務(wù)成功前避談不吉利的字眼,對(duì)比拉爾隨性拈來的占卜也是耿耿于懷,靜若止水的外表下蘊(yùn)藏著被心理暗示所壓抑的不安與躁動(dòng)。和瑪利亞速成的愛情也是這般,這位曾遭強(qiáng)暴蹂躪、后被游擊隊(duì)救起的戰(zhàn)爭遺孤,喚起了羅伯特憐惜和愛慕界限難定的情愫。冷徹入骨的寒夜,相依相偎的情人互訴衷腸,無聲的默契讓兩人不愿開口戳破,言之鑿鑿的承諾將因流變莫測的時(shí)局虛妄如影,乃是因?yàn)楫?dāng)下的赤誠已是無限的快慰。時(shí)光在月明星稀的夜晚靜靜流淌,疲乏中悠悠地沁透著紓緩的快意,空氣中仿若響起了加泰羅尼亞的歌謠,輕奏的和弦,重音的彈撥,悠揚(yáng)靈動(dòng)。如約而至的夢境終于姍姍降臨,一切詩意的憧憬化為云煙。
      明凈、空曠、蔚藍(lán)的天空在書中出現(xiàn)過不下數(shù)次,這位無聲的配角俯瞰而下,見證了每位主角向往美好的紛呈心緒。比拉爾追憶起戰(zhàn)前在巴倫西亞生活的過往,如數(shù)家珍??嚧喽嘀奶鸸?、盆子里成堆的鰻魚、冰涼的大罐啤酒,在陽臺(tái)上掛著細(xì)木條簾子的屋里做愛。與亡故前夫菲尼托共同締造的甜美回憶,悉數(shù)泛上心頭,不禁淚盈于睫。即使風(fēng)雨飄搖,依然嘴角泛笑,比拉爾轉(zhuǎn)過身去,不再年輕的碩大背影再度消失在操持軍務(wù)的忙碌之中。
      以反派形象示人的巴勃羅,其實(shí)也有其頑冥固執(zhí)的另外一面。在鋪展松針的樹林里與心愛的馬兒交心深談,他苦惱憤懣,僅對(duì)自己和自己人負(fù)責(zé),錯(cuò)在哪里。他在羅伯特面前流淚傾訴,昔日被封為“比瘟疫還會(huì)殺人”的硬漢,嘆息如今的軟弱無能。“喪鐘為誰而鳴,喪鐘為你而鳴”,如果真要將罪歸于一人,那么錯(cuò)在時(shí)代,錯(cuò)在宿命,錯(cuò)在“危巢之下,安有完卵”。想起在故鄉(xiāng)阿維爾鎮(zhèn)親手策劃、私刑處決法西斯勢力的那一幕幕,又或許使他重新審視了正義以外的暴力與嗜血?殺戮合法性的崩塌是否加劇了他的怯弱,都已不得而知了。
      可以說,《喪鐘為誰而鳴》里的每一個(gè)角色都在執(zhí)著地追尋屬于自己的烏托邦世界,有人迷醉于絢麗多姿的過往,有人茍安于風(fēng)雨飄搖的當(dāng)下,亦有人憧憬于遠(yuǎn)不可及的未來,而能否將三者順利地轉(zhuǎn)化切換,一般是后人奉為褒貶前人功過的圭臬。而我卻以為,比起歧見紛呈的品格議論,以書中人的糾結(jié)無奈為鏡,管窺出那個(gè)時(shí)代選擇艱難的一個(gè)縮影,方才是海明威的本意。
      二戰(zhàn)結(jié)束之后,美利堅(jiān)朝野遂將海明威奉為了美國精神的代言人,加上之后的諾獎(jiǎng)加冕,的確都有一定應(yīng)運(yùn)而生的成分所在。在那個(gè)傳統(tǒng)價(jià)值認(rèn)知體系被炮火重創(chuàng)粉碎為瓦礫的年代,海明威用尖利的筆鋒劃開了集體記憶不忍揭起的瘡口,使當(dāng)時(shí)的讀者原本浸淫于安寧之中麻木許久的神經(jīng),恢復(fù)了本有的律動(dòng)?!懊糟囊淮币惨蚨厥捌鹆艘欢荣|(zhì)疑的信念與理想,哪怕時(shí)隔半個(gè)多世紀(jì),那份幽藏于靈魂深處的共鳴與悸動(dòng),依然熾熱滾燙。
      
  •     This book was shared in the book crossing activity in Shanghai Hongqiao International Library. To know more, visit http://www.douban.com/people/50946105/
      
      It tells the story of Robert Jordan, a young American in the International Brigades attached to a republican guerrilla unit during the Spanish Civil War. As an expert in the use of explosives, he is assigned to blow up a bridge during an attack on the city of Segovia. We discussed what message Hemingway wanted to convey to the readers. The title apparently explains a lot. When a person die, the local church bell will tolls; then the villagers might wonder who is dead. Jim commented that Hemingway believed that when a person dies, a part of us dies with him/her because we are all part of the human race. If you are not familiar with the Spanish Civil War, it's when Spain's dictator Francisco Franco came to power and the USA was in the mood of isolation and neutrality. Hemingway might be sending the message that the USA should fight against fascist and dictators and end the bloodshed in Spain. If not, it will bring repercussions upon the USA herself. And as we now know from history, the repercussions were indeed very severe.
      I was not very impressed by Hemingway before, but now realising his far-sight, I will definitely include his books in my reading list.
      
  •     Hemingway's narrative style in For whom the bell tolls
      
       Ernest Hemingway was born on July 21, 1899, in suburban Oak Park, IL, to Dr. Clarence and Grace Hemingway. Ernest was the second of six children to be raised in the quiet suburban town. His father was a physician, and both parents were devout Christian.
      Hemingway's own life and character are as fascinating as in any of his stories. On one level, Papa was a legendary adventurer who enjoyed his flamboyant lifestyle and celebrity status. However, deep inside lived a disciplined author who worked tirelessly in pursuit of literary perfection. His success in both living and writing is reflected in the fact that Hemingway is a hero to intellectuals and rebels alike; the passions of the man are equaled only by those in his writing.
       For Whom the Bell Tolls is a novel by Ernest Hemingway published in 1940. It tells the story of Robert Jordan, a young American in the International Brigades attached to a republican guerrilla unit during the Spanish Civil War. As an expert in the use of explosives, he is assigned to blow up a bridge during an attack on the city of Segovia. Hemingway biographer Jeffrey Meyers writes the novel is regarded as one of Hemingway's best works, along with The Sun Also Rises, The Old Man and the Sea, and A Farewell to Arms.
       As the equal criticism was becoming more and more popular in the 1990s, the "ecofemininism" was rise followed in response to the proper time and conditions, which based on the principle of zoology. It judge the articles again to see whether it is helpful to the stable and consistent exist of the nature principle and zoology.
     ?、?Hemingway's Unique Writing Style.
      A.the consistency of material selection.
       War is the main material in 's art work.Hemingway has took part in the world war Ⅰ,being a War correspondent in the Spanish Civil War,Chinas War of Resistance against Japan,and the World War Ⅱ.For whom the bell tolls and A farewell to Arms depict the wars become the world-known works.
       Boxing is another main theme in his novel.Hemingway himself likes to show his male power in the prizing ring.He even sees the boxing as the epitome of his entire life.
       Hemingway hides her special understanding about human society under the content of hunting as well as his attempt to generalize the conflicts between human and nature.His respectable works about fishing are The Old Man and the Sea,which helps him won the Pulitzer Prize and the The Nobel Prize in Literature.
       In many Hemingway stories, the ability to conquer nature by hunting and killing animals is the test of masculinity. For example, in “The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber,” the title character comes into his own by shooting buffalo. In “Up in Michigan,” Jim Gilmore is marked as masculine and therefore desirable to Liz Coates because he goes on a deer hunt. In “A Day’s Wait,” Nick Adams goes hunting in order to teach his sick son self-reliance. Lastly, in “Fathers and Sons,” Nick describes with admiration his father’s ability to see and shoot game and describes with gratitude his father’s transfer of hunting and fishing knowledge to him.
      B.uniqueness of the theme.
       Love is a perpetual theme in literary works.Owing to different experience and World view,love that they respectively depict is not same in their works.
       Also a near-constant presence in Hemingway’s stories is the theme of death, either in the form of death itself, the knowledge of the inevitability of death, or the futility of fleeing death. Clearly evocative of death are the stories in which Hemingway describes actual deaths: the war experiences of “The Snows of Kilimanjaro” and “In Another Country;” the suicides of “A Clean, Well-Lighted Place” and “Fathers and Sons;” and the accidents of “The Capital of the World” and “The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber.”
       Hand-in-glove with the theme of death is another Hemingway favorite: fatalistic heroism or heroic fatalism. This attitude entails facing one’s certain death with dignity. In addition, Hemingway can be seen to embrace nihilism, the belief that life is meaningless and that resistance to death is futile, in some of his stories. In short, Hemingway, critics have speculated, feared death but was fascinated by it; it crops up in one form or another in nearly every one of his stories.
       Animals in the Hemingway canon, whether they are game, pets, or wild, sometimes serve as symbols for their human hunters, caretakers or observers. In “The Snows of Kilimanjaro,” the frozen leopard on the top of the mountain represents immortality, which is the quality Harry strives for even as he is dying. The hyena in that story, conversely, represents Harry’s impending death. In “Old Man at the Bridge,” Hemingway switches the word “pigeons,” a reference to the old man’s eight pet birds, for the word “doves,” a symbol of peace in the midst of the Spanish Civil War. In “Hills Like White Elephants,” the “white elephant” of the title is Jig’s unborn baby, a cumbersome, largely useless thing that is on the brink of driving the relationship apart. In “The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber,” the wounded lion that Francis shoots and then runs away from represents the obstacle to his proving his masculinity; though not cowardly itself, it represents Macomber’s cowardice.
      Ⅱ. Narrative Style
      A. Hemingway's Style of Writing.
      1. Telegraphic dialogue.
       The style of this passage is classic Hemingway. The phrase structures are the simplest possible—there are no commas. The telegraphic dialogue gives the sentences a concrete, explicit and physical shape, just like a flowing river. The simplicity of the grammar hides the depth of feeling just below the surface: Robert Jordan touches the elements of his physical world, He knows he is about to die. Hemingway’s language, with its deep feeling simmering below unadorned stoicism, is an echo of his hero.
      2.Brief and Sentient Depiction of Scenery.
       "He was completely integrated now and he took a good long look at everything. Then he looked up at the sky. There were big white clouds in it. He touched the palm of his hand against the pine needles where he lay and he touched the bark of the pine trunk that he lay behind"--This passage from the last chapter of the novel describes Robert Jordan's continual struggle with himself to figure out his motives and his purpose. For the first time, he feels“completely integrated” with his world.
       Nature, in the form of beautiful landscapes and wholesome surroundings, is a constant presence in Hemingway’s short fiction. It is often the only thing in the text, animate or inanimate, that is described in a positive or laudatory fashion. Hemingway was a great believer in the power of nature, both in terms of its beauty and its challenges, to improve one’s quality of life. He was a lifelong outdoorsman, an avid hunter, fisherman, camper and boater, and he believed that overcoming natural obstacles using only one’s intelligence and skills made one a better person. In addition, Hemingway’s characters look to majestic landscapes and other manifestations of natural beauty for hope, inspiration, and even guidance during difficult or challenging times.
       In For whom the bell tolls, the development of Jordan's characteristic is carried out by his relationship between the nature and him. At the beginning of the it, he observe the world behind the telescope. "He lay flat on the brown, pine-needled floor of the forest, his chin on his folded arms, and high overhead the wind blew in the tops of the pine trees.--"The mountainside sloped gently where he lay; but below it was steep and he could see the dark of the oiled road winding through the pass", obviously because his attention must pay on the military, he sees the surrounding scene as a challenge toward his work. This military consciousness makes him alienate not only the earth and environment, but also the people around him. However, with the development of the story, he began to have a strong feeling about it especially the pine tree, so as to the nature and comprehension of the world.
      3. Indirect Psychological Depiction.
       Hemingway never analysis the motivation in his novel while he was writing articles.we only see the characters' facial expression,such as the hero's words, doing things,but not his or her inside feelings.when Robert Jordan lay with the girl,"His throat swelled when his cheek moved against Maria's hair and there was a hollow aching from his throat all through him as he held his arms around her; his head dropped, his eyes close to the watch where the lance-pointed, luminous splinter moved slowly up the left face of the dial",which is a perfect expression because from this we can not only see Jorden's deep love to Maria,but also feel the complex and paradox in his language.
      B. Rhetorical Devices.
      Sarcasm
       E.M.Hardy has said that sarcasm made his novel becoming the best novel silently...between the expectation and the reality, the disguise and truth, the intention and behaviour, the information you send and receive., Things people imagine or supposed to be in the world and the real situation is a sarcasm distance. He is really good at strengthen the theme and discover the paradox by using sarcasm.
      Parallelism
       Hemingway also use a lot of parallelism to enrich his novel. he always set the background in a tragic world because only by this can he prove the spirit's permanent and the loneliness of heart.
      Symbolism
       Because there are lots of simple and direct dialogue in For whom the bell tolls, at first i thought it's easy to read, but if you reread it carefully, you will find there are full of obscurities which indicate a more profounding meaning. At the end of this novels,
      When the dying Jordan looking down the hill slop again " He could feel his heart beating against the pine needle floor of the forest" , obviously he acquired the ultimate cognition. It's something that he can't speak out but can be perceived and understood.Although his career and life are tragic, but the earth is going to moving around and the career he has been struggling for will last long and perspective.
     ?、?Literary Significance and Critical Reaction.
       Since its publication, the prose style and dialogue in Hemingway's novel has been the source of controversy and some negative critical reaction.
      The book is written in the third person limited omniscient narrative mode. The action and dialogue are punctuated by extensive thought sequences told from theviewpoint of Robert Jordan. The novel also contains thought sequences of other characters, including Pilar and Anselmo. The thought sequences are an important narrative device to explore the principal themes of the novel.
       In 1941 the Pulitzer Prize committee for letters unanimously recommended For Whom the Bell Tolls be awarded the prize for that year.
       However, Hemingay's artistic depict also has limitation. He is not good at expanding to a more wide society and living things. His heroes is lack of multiple, plenty feature.
     ?、?conclusion.
       Hemingway skillfully portrays the ignorance and lack of seriousness of the soldiers and the general lack of interest in the war. Hemingway makes the danger of such a situation clear when Andres says: "He did not like these people who were like dangerous children; dirty, foul, undisciplined, kind, loving, silly and ignorant but always dangerous because they were armed." Again, we see a stereotypical characterization of the Spaniards.
       At last, I would like to quote the poem at the beginning of the For whom the bell tolls--
       No man is an Iland, intire of it selfe; every man is a peece of the Continent, a part of the maine; if a Clod bee washed away by the Sea, Europe is the lesse, as well as if a Promontorie were, as well as if a Mannor of thy friends or of thine owne were; any mans death diminishes me, because I am involved in Mankinde; And therefore never send to know for whom the bell tolls; It tolls for thee.
       --JOHN DONNE
  •     這本書的評(píng)論是不是很難寫?那么多條評(píng)論里沒看到幾篇是跟內(nèi)容有沾邊的。對(duì)西班牙內(nèi)戰(zhàn)我了解并不多。短短三天里的故事,中譯本洋洋灑灑四十萬字。也可以說是主人公羅伯特·喬丹——一個(gè)思想復(fù)雜的青年知識(shí)分子在三天里的心靈軌跡。生與死的問題,愛情與戰(zhàn)斗職責(zé)的矛盾,道德倫理與嚴(yán)酷現(xiàn)實(shí)的矛盾交織在一起。
      
      你反對(duì)一切殺人的行為,可你既殺過人,而且還要繼續(xù)殺人。因?yàn)橐騽僬叹捅仨毝鄽橙恕?br />   
      雙方都在屠殺,游擊隊(duì)員絞死長槍黨,法西斯分子血洗擁護(hù)社會(huì)黨的村莊。為了自由,尊嚴(yán)和所有人都有工作而不致挨餓的權(quán)利,我們對(duì)他們也干下了令人發(fā)指的暴行,“但那是因?yàn)槲覀內(nèi)狈甜B(yǎng),不知道該怎么辦,而他們是蓄意地、深思熟慮地干著?!庇螕絷?duì)員們射擊,投擲手榴彈,炸火車??墒菤⒌舻娜擞袔讉€(gè)是真正的法西斯分子?那些鐵桿兒長槍黨們都躲在后方屠殺平民。而在戰(zhàn)壕里向我們瞄準(zhǔn)的是和我們一樣的窮人。聯(lián)合政府內(nèi)部也是成分復(fù)雜,斗爭重重,軍隊(duì)缺少武器裝備,指揮不暢。有著種種官僚主義,工作無能。黨內(nèi)的清洗斗爭連在國際縱隊(duì)里也難逃一劫。內(nèi)部還有第五縱隊(duì)活動(dòng)。奧威爾當(dāng)年志愿參加西班牙內(nèi)戰(zhàn),身負(fù)重傷后回國,還有他的同志因?yàn)檎姴煌窔⑺?br />   
      盡管這樣,為了所擁護(hù)的一切,為了這種感情以及這種必要性,你還是參加戰(zhàn)斗,為你接受的教育中所提到的新世界而戰(zhàn)斗。然而,有誰能像青年牧師和軍人始終保持著忠誠?是我們蛻變了,還是世界并不是我們?cè)认胂蟮哪菢??根本沒有完美的事業(yè),以前沒有,今后也不會(huì)有。
      
      我們意識(shí)到這一點(diǎn),但我們并不能心灰意冷,就此投降,還是要接著進(jìn)攻,繼續(xù)殺人。因?yàn)椴贿@樣干戰(zhàn)爭就要失敗。那些行不通的混蛋命令明明會(huì)奪去你的命,你也只能去豁出命來堅(jiān)決執(zhí)行。是啊,誰也沒權(quán)奪取別人的生命,可不這樣我們自己就要遭到更大的不幸。誰也不想和愛人分別,白白送死,可不這樣最終的危險(xiǎn)就不會(huì)過去。這確實(shí)是陳詞濫調(diào),但這也是真話。世界上還有什么事情是比戰(zhàn)爭更壞的呢?
  •     不知道是不是我的閱讀能力不足,看這本書時(shí)總是昏昏欲睡,雖說該書情節(jié)緊湊,但是我總是找不到閱讀的興奮點(diǎn)。。??赡苓€是不太習(xí)慣海明威的語言風(fēng)格吧,而且對(duì)于那段歷史也不太了解,看時(shí)總是缺少共鳴。。。畢竟文化差異太大,而這本書有與以前看過的戰(zhàn)爭小說有很大差距,各個(gè)人物的特征很鮮明,但是很難讓我理解他們的想法,太多的自言自語和心理活動(dòng),讓我匪夷所思,戰(zhàn)爭時(shí)居然會(huì)想這些。。。
  •     已經(jīng)看了很久了,一直盤旋的是男主角幽怨的表情,女主角悲慘的命運(yùn)!不知道為什那時(shí)候的愛情逃脫了戰(zhàn)爭卻逃不掉命運(yùn)!當(dāng)時(shí)讀完之后只有一種沉重感!
  •     一直很喜歡海明威,但對(duì)于這本書,我僅僅給了三顆星,雖然開篇時(shí)的《無人為島》讓人會(huì)擁有讀下去的欲望,但我僅僅給了三顆星。
      說實(shí)話,并不是很喜歡這本書,情節(jié)不如《永別了武器》,信念感不如《老人與?!?,總體上感覺這部作品太過廣闊,有人說這部書是海明威投身于人類前途大搏斗的見證,但,我并不是很認(rèn)同,這種過于耀眼的榮耀與使命感,實(shí)在是讓人覺得過于虛假,我不是共和主義者……我只是反法西斯主義者……
      整部作品……真的沒有給我留下多么深刻的印象……我只是記得,羅伯特說“我跟姑娘說會(huì)兒話,我說把她帶走時(shí),就把她帶走……”
      僅此而已……
  •   被作者的文筆和背后深沉的感情打動(dòng)。
  •   是評(píng)論。原著小說還沒看。
  •   No man is an island,
    Entire of itself.
    Each is a piece of the continent,
    A part of the main.
    If a clod be washed away by the sea,
    Europe is the less.
    As well as if a promontory were.
    As well as if a manor of thine own
    Or of thine friend's were.
    Each man's death diminishes me,
    For I am involved in mankind.
    Therefore, send not to know
    For whom the bell tolls,
    It tolls for thee.
  •   “戰(zhàn)爭實(shí)在是個(gè)臭婊子”
  •   是啊 世界上還有什么事情比戰(zhàn)爭更壞呢
  •   傳播文明有兩種方式,一種是和平,另一種是戰(zhàn)爭,可是戰(zhàn)爭還會(huì)給生靈帶來災(zāi)難,這個(gè)世界上沒有任何人可以決定他人的生死。
  •   是啊,世界上還有什么比戰(zhàn)爭更壞的呢……
    同樣的還有饑餓和仇恨……
  •   三天的心靈史我仿佛讀著有三年一樣久?,F(xiàn)在轉(zhuǎn)向我要來這邊寫關(guān)于海明威所塑造的人物形象中提取出自己的論文觀點(diǎn)是一件不容易的事情。
  •   @Troy。我到寫讀后感的時(shí)候才發(fā)現(xiàn)原來只有短短三天……
 

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