實(shí)業(yè)計(jì)劃

前言

自序歐戰(zhàn)甫完之夕，作者始從事于研究國際共同發(fā)展中國實(shí)業(yè)，而成此六種計(jì)劃。蓋欲利用戰(zhàn)時(shí)宏大規(guī)模之機(jī)器，及完全組織之人工，以助長中國實(shí)業(yè)之發(fā)達(dá)，而成我國民一突飛之進(jìn)步；且以助各國戰(zhàn)后工人問題之解決。無如各國人民久苦戰(zhàn)爭，朝聞和議，夕則懈志，立欲復(fù)戰(zhàn)前原狀，不獨(dú)戰(zhàn)地兵員陸續(xù)解散，而后路工廠亦同時(shí)休息。大勢所趨，無可如何。故雖有三數(shù)之明達(dá)政治家，欲贊成吾之計(jì)劃，亦無從保留其戰(zhàn)時(shí)之工業(yè)，以為中國效勞也。我固失一速進(jìn)之良機(jī)，而彼則竟陷于經(jīng)濟(jì)之恐慌，至今未已。其所受痛苦，較之戰(zhàn)時(shí)尤甚。將來各國欲恢復(fù)其戰(zhàn)前經(jīng)濟(jì)之原狀，尤非發(fā)展中國之富源，以補(bǔ)救各國之窮困不可也。然則中國富源之發(fā)展，已成為今日世界人類之至大問題，不獨(dú)為中國之利害而已也。惟發(fā)展之權(quán)，操之在我則存，操之在人則亡，此后中國存亡之關(guān)鍵，則在此實(shí)業(yè)發(fā)展之一事也。吾欲操此發(fā)展之權(quán)，則非有此知識(shí)不可。吾國人欲有此知識(shí)，則當(dāng)讀此書，尤當(dāng)熟讀此書。從此觸類旁通，舉一反三，以推求眾理。庶幾操縱在我，不致因噎廢食，方能泛應(yīng)曲當(dāng)2，馳驟于今日世界經(jīng)濟(jì)之場，以化彼族競爭之性，而達(dá)我大同之治也。此書為實(shí)業(yè)計(jì)劃之大方針，為國家經(jīng)濟(jì)之大政策而已。至其實(shí)施之細(xì)密計(jì)劃，必當(dāng)再經(jīng)一度專門名家之調(diào)查，科學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)之審定，乃可從事。故所舉之計(jì)劃，當(dāng)有種種之變更改良，讀者幸毋以此書為一成不易之論，庶乎可。此書原稿為英文，其篇首及第二、第三計(jì)劃及第四之大部分為朱執(zhí)信所譯，其第一計(jì)劃為廖仲愷所譯，其第四之一部分及第六計(jì)劃及結(jié)論為林云陔所譯，其第五計(jì)劃為馬君武所譯。特此志之。民國十年十月十日 孫文序于粵京

內(nèi)容概要

《實(shí)業(yè)計(jì)劃》（The International Development of
China）是1919年孫中山用英文寫成，集中體現(xiàn)了孫中山先生對中國發(fā)展交通、工業(yè)、礦業(yè)等實(shí)現(xiàn)現(xiàn)代化的宏大設(shè)想。這是一部談實(shí)業(yè)建設(shè)問題的專注，共包括六大計(jì)劃，集中呈現(xiàn)孫中山經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展和經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)的思想，是孫中山為建設(shè)一個(gè)完整的資產(chǎn)階級(jí)共和國而勾畫的藍(lán)圖，也是中國近代振興實(shí)業(yè)思想的代表作。
《孫文學(xué)說》、《實(shí)業(yè)計(jì)劃》、《民權(quán)初步》，合稱《建國方略》。
《實(shí)業(yè)計(jì)劃》包括自序、篇首、六大計(jì)劃和結(jié)論等幾個(gè)組成部分。自序講作者寫此書的動(dòng)機(jī)和經(jīng)過。篇首概述全書的主要內(nèi)容和基本思想。第一計(jì)劃至第三計(jì)劃主張?jiān)谥袊睾Ｐ藿ㄈ齻€(gè)深水港，即位于渤海灣青河、灤河口之間的北方大港、位于東海杭州灣乍浦、澉浦之間的東方大港和位于南海珠江口外的南方大港，并且以三大港為中心，在中國北部、東部和南部由沿海至內(nèi)地整修水道、修建鐵路、公路、開發(fā)資源、移民墾荒和發(fā)展工農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)。第四計(jì)劃是鐵路計(jì)劃，主張按中央、東南、西北、東北、高原五大鐵路系統(tǒng)修建十萬英里鐵路，組成遍布全國的鐵路網(wǎng)。第五計(jì)劃是發(fā)展食、衣、住、行、印刷等基本生活資料生產(chǎn)的計(jì)劃。第六計(jì)劃則是開采煤、鐵、石油和其他礦藏并設(shè)置采礦、冶金等設(shè)備制造廠的計(jì)劃，也即是原材料和能源工業(yè)的計(jì)劃。結(jié)論部分總述實(shí)現(xiàn)實(shí)業(yè)計(jì)劃對改變中國落后面貌和促進(jìn)世界文明的作用，呼吁“國際資本家為共同經(jīng)濟(jì)利益”予以協(xié)助。
全書包括自序、篇首、六大計(jì)劃和結(jié)論等幾個(gè)組成部分。自序講作者寫此書的動(dòng)機(jī)和經(jīng)過。篇首概述全書的主要內(nèi)容和基本思想。第一計(jì)劃至第三計(jì)劃主張?jiān)谥袊睾Ｐ藿ㄈ齻€(gè)深水港，即位于渤海灣青河、灤河口之間的北方大港、位于東海杭州灣乍浦、澉浦之間的東方大港和位于南海珠江口外的南方大港，并且以三大港為中心，在中國北部、東部和南部由沿海至內(nèi)地整修水道、修建鐵路、公路、開發(fā)資源、移民墾荒和發(fā)展工農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)。第四計(jì)劃是鐵路計(jì)劃，主張按中央、東南、西北、東北、高原五大鐵路系統(tǒng)修建十萬英里鐵路，組成遍布全國的鐵路網(wǎng)。第五計(jì)劃是發(fā)展食、衣、住、行、印刷等基本生活資料生產(chǎn)的計(jì)劃。第六計(jì)劃則是開采煤、鐵、石油和其他礦藏并設(shè)置采礦、冶金等設(shè)備制造廠的計(jì)劃，也即是原材料和能源工業(yè)的計(jì)劃。結(jié)論部分總述實(shí)現(xiàn)實(shí)業(yè)計(jì)劃對改變中國落后面貌和促進(jìn)世界文明的作用，呼吁“國際資本家為共同經(jīng)濟(jì)利益”予以協(xié)助。
這次推出的《實(shí)業(yè)計(jì)劃》為英漢對照版。英文部分以美國G.P.Putnam’s Sons旗下The Knickerbocker Press
1929年第二版為底本，附有孫科1928年10月為第二版所作序言；中文部分以1921年上海民智書局本為底本。

作者簡介

孫中山，名文，號(hào)逸仙，1897年在日本化名中山樵，遂以中山名世。中國近代民主主義革命的先行者，中華民國和中國國民黨的創(chuàng)始人，三民主義的倡導(dǎo)者。于1917年至1920年撰述《孫文學(xué)說》、《實(shí)業(yè)計(jì)劃》、《民權(quán)初步》，合稱《建國方略》。

書籍目錄

中文目錄：
自序
國際共同發(fā)展中國實(shí)業(yè)計(jì)劃書— —補(bǔ)助世界戰(zhàn)后整頓實(shí)業(yè)之方法
壹 第一計(jì)劃
第一部 北方大港 5
第二部 西北鐵路系統(tǒng) 11
第三部 蒙古、新疆之殖民 19
第四部 開浚運(yùn)河以聯(lián)絡(luò)中國北部、中部通渠及北方大港 21
第五部 開發(fā)直隸、山西煤鐵礦源，設(shè)立制鐵煉鋼工廠 23
貳 第二計(jì)劃
第一部 東方大港 27
第二部 整治揚(yáng)子江 39
第三部 建設(shè)內(nèi)河商埠 65
第四部 改良揚(yáng)子江之現(xiàn)存水路及運(yùn)河 77
第五部 創(chuàng)建大士敏土廠 85
叁 第三計(jì)劃
第一部 改良廣州為一世界港 89
第二部 改良廣州水路系統(tǒng) 103
第三部 建設(shè)中國西南鐵路系統(tǒng) 119
第四部 建設(shè)沿海商埠及漁業(yè)港 131
第五部 創(chuàng)立造船廠 151
肆 第四計(jì)劃
第一部 中央鐵路系統(tǒng) 155
第二部 東南鐵路系統(tǒng) 175
第三部 東北鐵路系統(tǒng) 185
第四部 擴(kuò)張西北鐵路系統(tǒng) 205
第五部 高原鐵路系統(tǒng) 221
第六部 設(shè)機(jī)關(guān)車、客貨車制造廠 235
英文目錄：
PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION i
PREFACE vi
THE INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF CHINA—
A PROJECT TO ASSIST THE READJUSTMENT OF
POST-BELLUM INDUSTRIES viii
PROGRAM I 2
Part I The Great Northern Port 4
Part II The Northwestern Railway System 11
Part III The Colonization of Mongolia and Sinkiang 18
Part IV The Construction of Canals to connect the Inland Waterway
Systems of North
and Central China with the Great Northern Port 20
Part V The Development of the Iron and Coal Fields in Chihli and
Shansi,
and the Construction of Iron and Steel Works 23
PROGRAM II 26
Part I The Great Eastern Port 26
Part II The Regulating of the Yangtze River 38
Part III The Construction of River Ports 64
Part IV The Improvement of the Existing Waterways and Canals
76
Part V The Establishment of Large Cement Works 85
PROGRAM III 88
Part I The Improvement of Canton as a World Port 88
Part II The Improvement of the Waterway System of Canton 103
Part III The Construction of the Southwestern Railway System of
China 118
Part IV The Construction of Coast Ports and Fishing Harbors
130
Part V The Establishment of Shipbuilding Yards 151
PROGRAM IV 154
Part I The Central Railway System 154
Part II The Southeastern Railway System 174
Part III The Northeastern Railway Systern 184
Part IV The Extension of the Northwestern Railway System 204
Part V The Highland Railway System 220
Part VI The Establishment of Locomotive and Car Factories 234
PROGRAM V 238
Part I The Food Industry 240
Part II The Clothing Industry 248
Part III The Housing Industry 254
Part IV The Motoring Industry 261
Part V The Printing Industry 264
PROGRAM VI 266
Part I The Mining of Iron 267
Part II The Mining of Coal 268
Part III The Mining of Oil 270
Part IV The Mining of Copper 271
Part V The Working of Some Particular Mines 272
Part VI The Manufacture of Mining Machinery 274
Part VII The Establishment of Smelting Plants 274
CONCLUSION 276
APPENDIX I 284
APPENDIX II 298
APPENDIX III 304
APPENDIX IV 306
APPENDIX V 308
APPENDIX VI 310

章節(jié)摘錄

Preface to Second EditionDuring the eve of the Manchu Régime1, the first spark of industrialization took place in China in the forms of various state and quasi-state enterprises; railways and steamship lines, iron and steel works and coal mines, arsenals and docks all began to bedeck the Empire but they were soon found toiling under a corrupt and decadent political system. Then came the 1911 Revolution with its almost immediate reverses in the hands of Yuan Shi-kai and his military satellites. It has taken the Kuomintang fully seventeen years to wipe out these reactionaries and establish its undisputed political authority over the whole country. Although much to the sacrifice of our economic progress, we have, in these long years of bitter struggles, achieved a great political revolution; and a new, healthy political order is necessary for proper economic development.How would Nationalist China carry out her program of economic reconstruction and development? This is necessarily a question of world interest.In 1921 my father, the late Dr. Sun Yat-sen, wrote this "International Development of China." It was then his desire that international capital should come to China to develop railroads and highways, river conservancy and irrigation, new ports and modern cities, basic industries and public utilities.The nature of the whole plan, in the words of my father, is a "rough sketch-from a layman's thought with very limited materials at his disposal; alterations and changes will have to be made after scientific investigations and detailed survey." It shows the stupendous requirements to modernize China. It will be the acme of economic rationalizationwhen fully carried out. In its policies of reconstruction and economic development, the Nationalist Government will essentially follow this plan as its supreme guidance.Naturally, working schedules will have to be carefully mapped out in order of the importance and urgency of these different projects. As means of communication are a prime mover to drag a country out of its economic stagnation, construction of sufficient trunk lines of railways with highways serving as their feeders should engage our serious attention at present. In my father's plan, seven great systems of railways are to traverse the whole of China. As North China is comparatively better served with railways at present than South China, special preference should be given to regions in the latter, especially to those places where even proper means of water transportation are lacking. In this respect, some trunk lines of the Southwestern System, which is to cover Kwangsi, Kweichow, Yunnan, southeastern Szechuen, southwestern Hunan and the western half of Kwangtung, should be constructed to tap the rich mineral resources in these regions and to provide rapid means of transport in place of the present tedious travel requiring weeks to reach these inner provinces. Turning back to the north, the NorthwesternSystem is all important to open up Mongolia and Sinkiang and to release the population pressure in China Proper by colonization of these grazing lands and irrigable tracts. As to the existing railways, the completion of the unfinished section of the Canton-Hankow Line and the extension of the Lunghai Line to Lanchow should merit special attention.Then the improvement of the present telegraph system and the extensive introduction of long-distance telephones and wireless service should contribute much in promoting greater efficiency and stronger unity of the national life. Some of the projects have the great advantage of being immediately very profitable.Concerning other parts of my father's plan, that which will directly help agriculture and promote industry should form the complement to the communication program and should be as equally urgent. River conservancy and land irrigation to add more acreage to agriculture, better mobilization of coal resources and proper harnessing of water power to provide cheap motive power for industry; these are the agencies through which national production will be stimulated and increased. Past studies have shown the Hwaiho regulation and Sikiang regulation to be immensely profitable. Possibilities of the North River of Kwangtung for hydroelectric development have also been carefully studied and found to be very attractive. Incidentally, increased national production means greater purchasing power, and that in turn means bigger international trade.Enough have been mentioned to indicate the vast opportunities of profitable investment. To show our readiness to accept foreign capital upon equitable and businesslike terms, we can do no better than to refer again to the words of my father. He tells us that "the Chinese people will welcome the development of our country's resources provided that it can be kept out of Mandarin corruption and ensure the mutual benefit of China and the countries cooperating with us." He further says that "international cooperation of this kind cannot but help to strengthen the Brotherhood of Man." For the realization of the worthy objects of such financing, all necessary safeguards will be granted to the lenders, who should provide us with "organizers, administrators and experts." In other words, we welcome sound business arrangements.Looking over the activities of the international capital market in recent years, we find it has been principally absorbed in the Herculean task of the reconstruction of post-war Europe. Capital did not merely flow passively to openings already safe and lucrative, but, on accountof preponderant interests involved, it actually went to put things to order. Now Europe has fully revived, and in some quarters there is even an alarm against American financial imperialism. But New York and London will keep on busy finding outlets for the immense accumulationof wealth in America and England. Hand in hand with financiers, there are also producers of industrial equipments who constantly seek wider and greater markets. As to the China market, what is mostly needed at present is information. Always more Information, better collected andmore widely distributed.Finally, let us consider the economic development of China as a world problem. Commenting on the purpose of his book, my father tells us that it is his desire "to contribute my (his) humble part in the realization of the world peace-for the good of the world in general and the Chinese people in particular." The mere thought of the size of China and her population will prompt one to the correct appreciation of the question. I have no doubt that far-sighted and well-meaning statesmen will actively help in solving it.Sun Fo.NANKING, Oct. 6, 1928.

媒體關(guān)注與評(píng)論

《實(shí)業(yè)計(jì)劃》是孫中山在當(dāng)時(shí)國內(nèi)各派勢力爭權(quán)奪勢，政治上”你方唱罷我登場”的情形下，高舉科學(xué)、民主大旗，以發(fā)展促和平，提出的實(shí)業(yè)強(qiáng)國方針。他深刻地認(rèn)識(shí)到中國的落后狀況，急迫地提出雄偉的中國國民經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)計(jì)劃，確實(shí)是救國、振興中華的革命先行者?！ずo孫中山以偉人的膽略和魄力撰寫了《實(shí)業(yè)計(jì)劃》一書,為中國的經(jīng)濟(jì)現(xiàn)代化繪制了一幅宏偉的藍(lán)圖,為中國人民留下了一份珍貴的思想遺產(chǎn),這些思想對我們今天的現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)仍具有寶貴的參考價(jià)值.——?jiǎng)⒃坪纭秾?shí)業(yè)計(jì)劃》的悲劇在于其生不逢時(shí)。袁世凱時(shí)代的北京政府維持著全國統(tǒng)一局面，在擬定經(jīng)濟(jì)法規(guī)、勸獎(jiǎng)實(shí)業(yè)方面曾有些許建樹，袁世凱“登基”后全國分崩離析，各派政治力量競相角逐?！吨袊?jīng)濟(jì)周刊》

編輯推薦

《實(shí)業(yè)計(jì)劃》編輯推薦：孫中山的百年救國夢?！秾?shí)業(yè)計(jì)劃》為實(shí)業(yè)計(jì)劃之大方針，為國家經(jīng)濟(jì)之大政策而已，至于實(shí)施之詳細(xì)計(jì)劃，必當(dāng)再經(jīng)一度專門名家之調(diào)查，科學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)之審定，乃可從事。

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