英語

內(nèi)容概要

本書是“自然語義元語言(NSM)”理論的一本重要著述。作者通過大量的文獻(xiàn)分析和實(shí)例論證，向我們闡釋了NSM理論及“文化腳本”法在語義描述上所具有的卓越功能。    作者在書中提出了“盎格魯英語”的概念，指出要分析和發(fā)現(xiàn)蘊(yùn)含在復(fù)雜語言現(xiàn)象背后的文化特質(zhì)和語義共性，就要運(yùn)用NSM理論來分析。同時(shí)，作者運(yùn)用“艾化腳本”法分析了一些“盎格魯文化”關(guān)鍵詞，并探討了“盎格魯文化”的父鍵價(jià)值及其在英語語法中的反映，強(qiáng)調(diào)了承載歷史的英語語言和文化在當(dāng)今世界的重要地位。

書籍目錄

Part Ⅰ. Meaning, History and Culture  1. English as a Cultural Universe    1.1. English-the most widely used language in the world    1.2. English and Englishes    1.3. An illustration: Words, scripts, and human lives    1.4. "Anglo English" as a historical formation    1.5. The tendency to mistake "Anglo English" for the human norm    1.6. The cultural underpinnings of (Anglo) English    1.7. A framework for studying and describing meaning  2. Anglo Cultural Scripts Seen through    Middle Eastern Eyes    2.1. Linguistics and intercultural communication    2.z. The theory of cultural scripts    2.3. The Anglo ideal of "accuracy" and the practice of "understatement"    2.4. "To the best of my knowledge..."    2.5. Anglo respect for "facts"    2.6. "Cool reason":To think vs. to feel    2.7. To compel or not to compel? The value of autonomy    2.8. ConclusionPart Ⅱ. English Words: From Philosophy to Everyday Discourse  3. The Story of RICGHT and WRONG and Its Cultural Implications    3.1. Introduction    3.2. "Right" and "wrong": A basis for ethics?    3.3. The link between "right" and "reason"    3.4. "That's right"    3.5. An illustration: English vs. Italian    3.6. "Right" as a neutral ground between "good" and "true"    3.7. Procedural morality    3.8. "Right" and "wrong": Increasingly asymmetrical    3.9. The changing frequencies of true, truth, right, and wrong    3.10. "Right" as a response in dialogue    3.11. "Right" and cultural scripts    3.22. Retrospect and conclusion: The Puritans, the Enlightenment,the growth of democracy  4. Being REASONABLE: A Key Anglo Value and Its Cultural Roots    4.1. Introduction    4.2. The pre-Enlightenment uses of"reasonable"    4.3. The main themes in the modern meanings of the word reasonable    4.4. "A reasonable man"    4.5. "It is reasonable to" think (say, do)    4.6. "Reasonable doubt"    4.7. "Reasonable force" and "reasonable care"    4.8. "A reasonable time," "A reasonable amount"    4.9. "Reasonable" as "reasonably good"    4.10. "Reasonable" and "unreasonable"    4.11. An internal reconstruction of the semantic history of "reasonable"    4.12. "Reasonable" and Anglo cultural scripts    4,13. Is the Anglo value of "reasonable" unique? English vs. French  5 Being FaiR: Another Key Anglo Value and Its Cultural Underpinnings    5.1. The importance of "fairness" in modern Anglo culture    5.2. The meaning of fair and not fair    5.3. "Fairness" and Anglo political philosophy    5.4. "Fairness" vs. "justice"    5.5. The illusion of universality    5.6. "Fairness" and "fair play": A historical perspective    5.7. "Fairness" and "procedural morality"Part Ⅲ. Anglo Culture Reflected in English Grammar  6. The English Causatives: Causation and Interpersonal Relations    6.1. The cultural elaboration of causation    6.2. The English "let"-constructions and the cultural ideal of "noninterference"  7. 1 THINK: The Rise of Epistemic Phrases in Modern English    7.1. Introduction    7.2. I think    7.3. I suppose    7.4. I guess    7.5. I gather    7.6. I presume    7.7. I believe    7.8. I find    7.9. I expect    7.10. I take It    7.11. I understand    7.12. I imagine    7.13. I bet    7.14. I suspect    7.15. I assume    7.16. Conclusion  8. PROBABLY: English Epistemic Adverbs and Their Cultural Significance    8.1. Introduction    8.2. Developing a format for the semantic analysis of epistemic adverbs    8.3. "Probably" and "likely": The heart of the category of epistemic adverbs    8.4. "Confident" adverbs: Evidently, clearly, obviously    8.5. "Nonconfident" adverbs: Possibly and conceivably    8.6. Hearsay adverbs: Apparently, supposedly, allegedly,and reportedly    8.7. The "uncertain" status of certainly    8.8. Epistemic adverbs vs. discourse particles    8.9. The history of epistemic adverbs in modern englishPart Ⅳ. Conclusion  9. The "Cultural Baggage" of English and Its Significance in the World at Large    9.1. The legacy of history    9.2. Living with concepts    9.3. Two illustrations: International law and international aviation    9.4. Communication and "vibes"    9.5. Intercultural communication and cross-cultural education    9.6. English in the world today  Notes  References  Index

章節(jié)摘錄

　　In her memoir New York （zoox）, the Australian writer Lily Brett （who was raisedin Australia） writes: "Some untruths are essential. For example, compliments thatare not entirely accurate, and other forms of kindness or flattery. Sometimes it doesntmake sense to tell the truth. Sometimes it would be just plain stupid" . Brett contrasts these cultural assumptions, which she accepts, with those of her father——aPolish Jewish Holocaust survivor, of whom she says that "he is fond of the truth."Present at an interview given by his daughter, the father embarrasses her by inter-rupting and contradicting what she has said. Brett writes: "I couldnt believe it. Itdidnt happen the way you said it did, my father said. I didnt want to start a familyargu ment in front of the journalist. I glared at my father. He deflected my glare. The truth is the truth, he declared" （p. 84）. This saying corresponds to the Polish expres-sion "co prawda to prawda" （lit. "what truth that truth"）, which may have been at theback of her fathers mind; from a contemporary Anglo perspective, however, it seemstoo inflexible and too absolute: "facts" are "facts" （because facts are "plain," "simple,"and "hard"）, but "truth" is no longer simply "truth."

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