就業(yè)、利息和貨幣通論

前言

　　世界文學(xué)名著表現(xiàn)了作者描述的特定時(shí)代的文化。閱讀這些名著可以領(lǐng)略著者流暢的文筆、逼真的描述、詳細(xì)的刻畫(huà)，讓讀者如同置身當(dāng)時(shí)的歷史文化之中。為此，我們將這套精心編輯的“名著典藏”奉獻(xiàn)給廣大讀者?！　∥覀冋襾?lái)了專(zhuān)門(mén)研究西方歷史、西方文化的專(zhuān)家學(xué)者，請(qǐng)教了專(zhuān)業(yè)的翻譯人員，精心挑選了這些可以代表西方文學(xué)的著作，并聽(tīng)取了一些國(guó)外專(zhuān)門(mén)研究文學(xué)的朋友的建議，不刪節(jié)、不做任何人為改動(dòng)，嚴(yán)格按照原著的風(fēng)格，提供原汁原味的西方名著，讓讀者能享受純正的英文名著?！　‰S著閱讀的展開(kāi)，你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)自己的英語(yǔ)水平無(wú)形中有了大幅提高，并且對(duì)西方歷史文化的了解也日益深入廣闊?！　∷湍惶捉?jīng)典，讓您受益永遠(yuǎn)！

內(nèi)容概要

　　本書(shū)中所闡述的財(cái)政政策和貨幣政策，著眼于提出一種理論依據(jù)和基本原則，只是大綱至于這種政策的實(shí)施和運(yùn)作程序還有待于執(zhí)行者的發(fā)揮。盡管作者給出的只是提綱挈領(lǐng)，但這種國(guó)家干預(yù)主義的思想去向人們展示了一個(gè)嶄新的世界。這種思想也當(dāng)之無(wú)愧地成為推動(dòng)一場(chǎng)思想革命的原動(dòng)力。　　本書(shū)為《就業(yè)利息和貨幣通論》的英文版，供廣大讀者閱讀學(xué)習(xí)。

書(shū)籍目錄

PrefaceBOOK Ⅰ INTRODUCTIONChapter 1 THE GENERAL THEORYChapter 2 THE POSTULATES OF THE CLASSICAL ECONOMICSChapter 3 THE PRINCIPLE OF EFFECTIVE DEMANDBOOK Ⅱ DEFINITIONS AND IDEASChapter 4 THE CHOICE OF UNITSChapter 5 EXPECTATION AS DETERMINING OUTPUT AND EMPLOYMENTChapter 6 THE DEFINITION OF INCOME, SAVING AND INVESTMENT., APPENDIX ON USER COSTChapter 7 THE MEANING OF SAVING AND INVESTMENT FURTHER CONSIDEREDBOOK Ⅲ THE PROPENSITY TO CONSUMEChapter 8 THE PROPENSITY TO CONSUME： I. The Objective FactorsChapter 9 THE PROPENSITY TO CONSUME： II. The Subjective FactorsChapter 10 THE MARGINAL PROPENSITY TO CONSUME AND THE MULTIPLIERBOOK Ⅳ THE INDUCEMENT TO INVESTChapter 11 THE MARGINAL EFFICIENCY OF CAPITALChapter 12 THE STATE OF LONG-TERM EXPECTATIONChapter 13 THE GENERAL THEORY OF THE RATE OF INTERESTChapter 14 THE CLASSICAL THEORY OF THE RATE OF INTEREST Appendix to Chapter 14Chapter 15 THE PSYCHOLOGICAL AND BUSINESS INCENTIVES TO LIQUIDITYChapter 16 SUNDRY OBSERVATIONS ON THE NATURE OF CAPITALChapter 17 THE ESSENTIAL PROPERTIES OF INTEREST AND MONEYChapter 18 THE GENERAL THEORY OF EMPLOYMENT RE-STATED .BOOK Ⅴ MONEY-WAGESAND PRICESChapter 19 CHANGES IN MONEY-WAGESAppendix to Chapter 19Chapter 20 THE EMPLOYMENT FUNCTIONChapter 21 THE THEORY OF PRICESBOOK Ⅵ SHORT NOTES SUGGESTED BY THE GENERAL THEORYChapter 22 NOTES ON THE TRADE CYCLEChapter 23 NOTES ON MERCANTILISM, THE USURY LAWS, STAMPEDChapter 24 CONCLUDING NOTES ON THE SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY TOWARDS WHICH THE GENERAL THEORY MIGHT LEAD

章節(jié)摘錄

　?。?）The most striking examples of a complete breakdown of stability in therate of interest, due to the liquidity function flattening out in one direction orthe other, have occurred in very abnormal circumstances. In Russia andCentral Europe after the war a currency crisis or flight from the currency wasexperienced, when no one could be induced to retain holdings either ofmoney or of debts on any terms whatever, and even a high and rising rate ofinterest was unable to keep pace with the marginal efficiency of capital（especially of stocks of liquid goods） under the influence of the expectationof an ever greater fall in the value of money; whilst in the United States atcertain dates in 1932 there was a crisis of the opposite kind - a financialcrisis or crisis of liquidation, when scarcely anyone could be induced to partwith holdings of money on any reasonable terms.　?。?）There is, finally, the difficulty discussed in section IV of Chapter 11,p. 144, in the way of bringing the effective rate of interest below a certainfigure, which may prove important in an era of low interest-rates; namely theintermediate costs of bringing the borrower and the ultimate lender together,and the allowance for risk, especially for moral risk, which the lenderrequires over and above the pure rate of interest. As the pure rate of interestdeclines it does not follow that the allowances for expense and risk declinepari passu. Thus the rate of interest which the typical borrower has to paymay decline more slowly than the pure rate of interest, and may be incapableof being brought, by the methods of the existing banking and financialorganisation, below a certain minimum figure. This is particularly importantif the estimation of moral risk is appreciable. For where the risk is due todoubt in the mind of the lender concerning the honesty of the borrower, thereis nothing in the mind of a borrower who does not intend to be dishonest tooffset the resultant higher charge. It is also important in the case ofshort-term loans （e.g. bank loans） where the expenses are heavy; - a bankmay have to charge its customers 1 to 2 per cent, even if the pure rate ofinterest to the lender is nil.

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