湍流

前言

This book is primarily intended as a graduate text on turbulent flows forengineering students，but it may also be valuable to students in atmosphericsciences，applied mathematics，and physics，as well as to researchers andpracticing engineers.The principal questions addressed are the following.(i) how do turbulent flows behave？（ii）HOW can they be described quantitativelv？(iii）What are the fundamental physical processes involved？（iv）HOW can equations be constructed to simulate or model the behaviorof turbulent flows？In 1 972 Tennekes and Lumley produced a textbook that admirably ad. dresses the first three of these questions .In the intervening years. due inpart to advances in computing，great strides have been made toward pro-viding answers to the fourth question. Approaches such as Reynolds-stressmodelling，probability-density-function（PDF）methods，and large-eddy sim-ulation（LES）have been developed that，to an extent，provide quantitativemodels for turbulent flows.Accordingly，here（in Part II）an emphasis isplaced on understanding how model equations can be constructed to de.scribe turbulent flows：and this objective provides focus to the first threequestions mentioned above（which are addressed in Part I）.However，incontrast to the book by Wilcox f1993），this text iS not intended to be apractical guide to turbulence modelling.Rather，it explains the concepts anddevelops the mathematical tools that underlie a broad range of approaches.There iS a vast literature on turbulence and turbulent flows，with manyworthwhile questions addressed by many difierent approaches.

內(nèi)容概要

本書是一部研究生湍流教程，是以作者在Cornell大學(xué)數(shù)年的教學(xué)講義為基礎(chǔ)，用最新穎的觀點(diǎn)，全面綜合講述湍流這一流體動(dòng)力學(xué)的重要組成部分。全書的內(nèi)容分為兩個(gè)組成部分，并且附有大量的附錄，第一部分集中介紹湍流的基本知識，其工作原理，以及如何量化，也包括基本物理過程；第二部分介紹了跟湍流模型和模擬有關(guān)的各種方法；附錄部分增加了理解本書所必需的數(shù)學(xué)技巧。目次：（第一部分）基礎(chǔ)：導(dǎo)引；流體運(yùn)動(dòng)方程；湍流的統(tǒng)計(jì)描述；均值流動(dòng)方程；自由剪切流；湍流運(yùn)動(dòng)尺度；壁流；（第二部分）模型和仿真：模型和仿真引入；直接數(shù)值模擬；湍流渦粘度模型；雷諾應(yīng)力及其相關(guān)模型；PDF方法；大渦模擬；（第三部分）附錄?！　∽x者對象：適用于工程運(yùn)用物理專業(yè)研究生水平的學(xué)生，應(yīng)用數(shù)學(xué)專業(yè)，物理，海洋學(xué)、大氣科學(xué)等方向的科研人員。

作者簡介

作者：（美國）波普（Stephen B.Pope）

書籍目錄

List of tables Preface Nomenclature PART ONE: FUNDAMENTALS 　1 Introduction 　　1.1 The nature of turbulent flows 　　1.2 The study of turbulent flows 　2 The equations of fluid motion 　　2.1 Continuum fluid properties 　　2.2 Eulerian and Lagrangian fields 　　2.3 The continuity equation 　　2.4 The momentum equation 　　2.5 The role of pressure 　　2.6 Conserved passive scalars 　　2.7 The vorticity equation 　　2.8 Rates of strain and rotation 　　2.9 Transformation properties 　3 The statistical description of turbulent flows 　　3.1 The random nature of turbulence 　　3.2 Characterization of random variables 　　3.3 Examples of probability distributions 　　3.4 Joint random variables 　　3.5 Normal and joint-normal distributions 　　3.6 Random processes 　　3.7 Random fields 　　3.8 Probability and averaging 　　4 Mean-flow equations 　　4.1 Reynolds equations 　　4.2 Reynolds stresses 　　　4.3 The mean scalar equation 　　4.4 Gradient-diffusion and turbulent-viscosity hypotheses 　5 Free shear flows 　　5.1 The round jet: experimental observations 　　5.2 The round jet: mean momentum 　　5.3 The round jet: kinetic energy 　　5.4 Other self-similar flows 　　5.5 Further observations 　6　The scales of turbulent motion 　　6.1 The energy cascade and Kolmogorov hypotheses 　　6.2 Structure functions 　　6.3 Two-point correlation 　　6.4 Fourier modes 　　6.5 Velocity spectra 　　6.6 The spectral view of the energy cascade 　　6.7 Limitations, shortcomings, and refinements 　　7　Wall flows 　　7.1 Channel flow 　　7.2 Pipe flow 　　7.3 Boundary layers 　　7.4 Turbulent structures PART TWO: MODELLING AND SIMULATION 　8 An introduction to modelling and simulation 　　8.1 The challenge 　　8.2 An overview of approaches 　　8.3 Criteria for appraising models 　9 Direct numerical simulation 　　9.1 Homogeneous turbulence 　　9.2 Inhomogeneous flows 　　9.3 Discussion 　10 Turbulent-viscosity models 　　10.1 The turbulent-viscosity hypothesis 　　10.2 Algebraic models 　　10.3 Turbulent-kinetic-energy models 　　10.4 The k-εmodel 　　10:5 Further turbulent-viscosity models 　11 Reynolds-stress and related models 　　11.1 Introduction 　　11.2 The pressure-rate-of-strain tensor 　　11.3 Return-to-isotropy models 　　11.4 Rapid-distortion theory 　　11.5 Pressure-rate-of-strain models 　　11.6 Extension to inhomogeneous flows 　　11.7 Near-wall treatments 　　11.8 Elliptic relaxation models 　　11.9 Algebraic stress and nonlinear viscosity models 　　11.10 Discussion 　12 PDF methods 　　12.1 The Eulerian PDF of velocity 　　12.2 The model velocity PDF equation 　　12.3 Langevin equations 　　12.4 Turbulent dispersion 　　12.5 The velocity-frequency joint PDF 　　12.6 The Lagrangian particle method 　　12.7 Extensions 　　12.8 Discussion 　13 Large-eddy simulation 　　13.1 Introduction 　　13.2 Filtering 　　13.3 Filtered conservation equations 　　13.4 The Smagorinsky model 　　13.5 LES in wavenumber space 　　13.6 Further residual-stress models 　　13.7 Discussion PART THREE: APPENDICES 　Appendix .4 Cartesian tensors 　　A.1 Cartesian coordinates and vectors 　　A.2 The definition of Cartesian tensors 　　A.3 Tensor operations 　　A.4 The vector cross product 　　A.5 A summary of Cartesian-tensor suffix notation 　Appendix B Properties of second-order tensors 　Appendix C Dirac delta functions 　　C.1 The definition of δ(x) 　　C.2 Properties of rS(x) 　　C.3 Derivatives of rS(x) 　　C.4 Taylor series 　　C.5 The Heaviside function 　　C.6 Multiple dimensions 　Appendix D Fourier transforms 　Appendix E Spectral representation of stationary random processes 　　　E.1 Fourier series 　　E.2 Periodic random processes 　　E.3 Non-periodic random processes 　　E.4 Derivatives of the-process 　Appenthix F The discrete Fourier transform 　Appendix G Power-law spectra 　Appendix H Derivation of Eulerian PDF equations 　Appendix I Characteristic functions 　Appendix J Diffusion processes Bibliography Author index Subject index

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