中國文學

前言

In the brilliant tradition of ancient Chinese culture, what has been preserved intact to the greatest extent up to the present time and is still being appreciated by us is ancient Chinese literature. Music and painting in ancient China were also highly developed, yet most of the ancient music scores were lost and most of the authentic paintings available today are those that were done during the time of the Song Dynasty (960-1279) and thereafter. Only literature, the songs and myths our forefathers created have been left to us and we can still get ourselves acquainted with them even today. Heaven and Earth of the Zhou Dynasty (1046-221 BC) depicted in The Book of Songs still remains to be the homeland of our life. As we recite The Book of Songs and read the works by Pre-Qin philosophers, we are impressed by the heavenly principles and human ethics expounded therein, which, spanning over three thousand years, have well shaped the splendid and profound cultural identity of the Chinese people.  The beginning of the history of China with relatively clear historical records was marked by the Zhou Dynasty. Meanwhile, the Zhou Dynasty was also the mother land of ideal Chinese sodeties——a land of gentleness and kindliness governed by classics, music, and feudal codes of ethics——as later sages had often aspired after. The ideal political pattern in ancient China was not the rule by power, but the implementation of education. The scholars, a social stratum between senior officials and the common people in ancient China, played the role of educating the commoners. The scholars were low-ranking nobles.

內容概要

Chinese literature, spanning over three thousand years, has well shaped the splendid and profound cultural identity of the Chinese people. Chinese literature is of immediate practical use from its source. It concerns human relationships and everyday life as well as political education. Moreover, it is closely related with the spiritual life of the people. The Chinese people strive for the harmony of man:with nature, firmly believing that the foundation of human relationships and everyday life is in communion with the heavenly principles. What the geniuses in the field of literature aspire to know and concern themselves with are the whole universe, history, and the bitter sorrow of the common people. All these are the great splendors in the tradition of Chinese literature.

作者簡介

Dr, Yao Dan, Dean of Modern and Contemporary Chinese Literature Teaching and Research Office at School of Liberal Arts of Renmin University of China, a member of the Society of Modern Chinese Literature and a special researcher of the Christian Culture Institute at Renmin University of China. Her works include Literary Activities in the Historical Context of Southwest United University, A Guidance to Readers of Modern and Contemporary Chinese Literature and so on.

書籍目錄

ForewordPART ONE: ANCIENT CHINESE LITERATURE by Yao DanThe Book of Songs: The Earliest Anthology of Poetry  "Folk Songs of 15 Regions" ("Guofeng")  The Epic of the Western Zhou PeopleProse Writings of Various Schools of Thought during  the Spring and Autumn andthe Warring States Period:  Models for Prose Writings  Tao Te Ching  The Analects  Mencius  ZhuangziQu Yuan: A Romantic Lyricist  Qu Yuan  The Lament on Encountering SorrowsRecords of the Historian: The First and Last Work by Historians, Li Sao without Rhyme  Pre-Qin Historical Books  About Records of the Historian  The Characterization in Records of the Historian  History and LiteratureLiterature in the Wei and Jin Period: The Vigorous  and Powerful Style of Jian'an Literature and Tao  Yuanming  Li Bai and Du Fu: The Two Summits of Tang Poetry    Li Bai  Romantic Genius Poet    Du Fu  A Compassionate Sage Poet  Ci Poetry: Poems That Can Be Sung    Su Shi    Li Qingzhao    Xin Qiji  Two Outstanding Playwrights of the Yuan Opera: Guan    Hanqing and Wang Shifu    Guan Hanqing    Wang Shifu  Classical Fictions in Chapter-titled Style in the Ming    Dynasty: Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Outlaws of the Marsh and Journey to the West    Romance of the Three Kingdoms    Outlaws of the Marsh    Journey to the WestStrange Tales from Make-Do Studio: Short Stories of the Qing DynastyA Dream of Red Mansions: The Pinnacle of Classical LiteraturePART TWO: MODERN AND CONTEMPORARY CHINESE LITERATURE  by Deng linhui, Wang Feng & Tang HuiyunLu Xun: Founder of New Vernacular Literature  The Transformation of Literature  Lu XunModern Fiction: Echo of the Times  Mao Dun and Modern Fiction  Ba ]in and His "Torrent Trilogy"  Lao She and "Beijing Style" Citizen Fiction  "Beijing School" and "Shanghai School"New Poetry: Finding a Voice of Their Own  New Poetry: Finding a Voice of Their Own  Guo Moruo: A Destroyer and a Creator  Ai Qing: A Singer of the Land and the Sun  Mu Dan: Richness vs. Rich SufferingModern Drama: Birth and MaturingLiterature in the New Era: Reflections, Root-seeking and Explorations  Memories of the Historical Wounds  Root-seeking and Countryside Literatui  Avantgarde Novels  Writings of the Neo-realism  Trend of New PoetryPresent-day Literature: writings for the Public  New Historical Novels: Voices of Individuality  Cultural Prose: A New Literary Style  Youth Writing: Keeping Abreast with Fashion  Movie-TV Literature and Cyber-literature: Another Wing of LiteratureAppendix: Chronological Table of the Chinese Dynasties

章節(jié)摘錄

插圖：Mencius (c. 372-289 BC), whose name being Ke, was a native of the State of Zou (the southeast of the present-day Zouxian County, Shandong Province). He studied under the disciple of Zisi, grandson of Confucius. lie not only carried on Confucius' thought but also further developed it. Deeply laden with anxieties about the conditions of the age he lived in that "The whole world is going crazy chasing after gains," Mencius started to spread in glowing terms the virtues of Yao and Shun of the remote past, appealing to everyone to take benevolence and righteousness as the foundation of the world. In the beginning, he set up a tutorial school at home and taught his disciples. Mencius said, "A gentleman's happiness lies in three things," and one of the three things is to "get from the whole kingdom themost talented individuals, and teach and nourish them." Later he toured various countries and met with King Xuan of and King Hui of Liang. Throughout the Warring States Period, "All the states contended for hegemony and encroachment upon each other through military forces." What the sovereigns of the time cared for most was nothing but political trickery. Consequently, it was impossible for the rulers of various states to adopt Mencius doctrines, which was the same case with Confucius. On the contrary, Mencius' views were considered to be "high-sounding and impractical." Mencius was partly written by Mencius himself and partly by his disciples with, by and large, identical writing style of Mencius. The wording of the writings as a whole is overwhelmingly forceful and the arguments are sharp and eloquent.

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