建筑的復(fù)雜性與矛盾性

出版時(shí)間:2006-1  出版社:中國(guó)水利水電  作者:(美)羅伯特·文丘里  頁(yè)數(shù):136  
Tag標(biāo)簽:無(wú)  

內(nèi)容概要

  本書(shū)是文丘里很有影響的一部建筑理論著作。作者認(rèn)為,建筑具有不足性,出色的建筑作品必然是矛盾的和復(fù)雜的,而不是非彼即彼的純凈的或簡(jiǎn)單的,意義的豐盛勝于簡(jiǎn)明,甚至雜亂而有活力勝于明顯的統(tǒng)一,密斯有一名名言“少就是多”,文丘里卻認(rèn)為“多并不是少”?! ∪珪?shū)觀點(diǎn)清晰,論證有力,并配以精美插圖,值得建筑專業(yè)的工作者和業(yè)余愛(ài)好者閱讀欣賞。

作者簡(jiǎn)介

  文丘里是費(fèi)城的文丘里-斯科特聯(lián)合公司的合伙人。他曾執(zhí)教于耶魯大學(xué)及賓夕法尼亞大學(xué),并曾是羅馬美國(guó)學(xué)院的成員,后來(lái)成為該校的住校建筑師。他的著作、教學(xué)工作和建筑工作曾決定性地影響了全世界范圍內(nèi)的年輕建筑師。《建筑的復(fù)雜性與矛盾性》自1996年首次出版以來(lái),已經(jīng)以16種語(yǔ)言的文字出版發(fā)行,并已成為建筑著作中的重要文獻(xiàn)。他還著有《一類建筑中的影像學(xué)與電子學(xué)》,并與他人合著了《向拉斯維加斯學(xué)習(xí)》一書(shū)。

書(shū)籍目錄

致謝前言序言自序第一章 錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜的建筑:一篇溫和的宣言第二章 復(fù)雜和矛盾VS簡(jiǎn)單化或唯美化第三章 建筑的不定性第四章 矛盾的層次:建筑中“兩者兼顧”的現(xiàn)象第五章 矛盾的層次續(xù)篇:雙重功能的要素第六章 法則的適應(yīng)性和局限性:傳統(tǒng)的要素第七章 適應(yīng)矛盾第八章 矛盾并存第九章 室內(nèi)和室外第十章 對(duì)困難的總體負(fù)責(zé)第十一章 作品注釋照片授權(quán)

媒體關(guān)注與評(píng)論

  “我感到特別高興的是有幸在原序中聲稱《建筑的復(fù)雜性與矛盾性》一書(shū)是‘1923年柯布西耶撰寫了自《走向新建筑》一書(shū)以來(lái)有關(guān)建筑發(fā)展的最重要的著作’。時(shí)間證明沒(méi)有比這一令人惱火的聲明更中肯坦率的了。當(dāng)時(shí)對(duì)此極感興趣或極為不滿的評(píng)論家如今似乎在花很大的精力引用文丘里的觀點(diǎn)而不說(shuō)明出處,或責(zé)備他做得還很不夠,有的還表明他們自己在很久以前就確實(shí)提出過(guò)。這都無(wú)關(guān)緊要,重要的是當(dāng)時(shí)這部卓越而解放的著作的適時(shí)出版。它為建筑師和評(píng)論家們提供了更實(shí)際有效的武器,使得建筑對(duì)話的廣度和關(guān)聯(lián)形成日益擴(kuò)大的局面,這大都是由它開(kāi)創(chuàng)的?!薄  纳亍に箮?kù)利  1997年4月

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  •      本來(lái)是不想置評(píng)的一本書(shū),但看得過(guò)程實(shí)在難受,所以還是要發(fā)一下牢騷。
       第一個(gè)要噴的是周卜頤的翻譯,作為學(xué)界先輩,我恭之敬之,然而就這本書(shū)的翻譯來(lái)說(shuō),質(zhì)量實(shí)在不敢恭維。低級(jí)語(yǔ)病一堆,明顯不符合中文語(yǔ)言習(xí)慣的句子一堆,還有許多我反反復(fù)復(fù)細(xì)看都不知所云的句子(完全是一些詞語(yǔ)強(qiáng)硬堆到一起)。這也許關(guān)乎語(yǔ)言水平問(wèn)題,但書(shū)中前后人名、建筑名稱翻譯不一致則是關(guān)乎治學(xué)態(tài)度問(wèn)題。同一人名有英文原名也有中文譯名,就連中文譯名也有不同(如奧爾托、阿爾托),建筑名稱也是如此。這是怎么治學(xué)的?又是怎么校對(duì)的?我寧愿相信,本書(shū)是周卜頤叫自己的不同學(xué)生翻譯然后拼湊而成。當(dāng)然,這樣低質(zhì)量的中文翻譯太多太多了。
       第二個(gè)說(shuō)說(shuō)這本書(shū)。沒(méi)有給我驚喜。我現(xiàn)在的想法跟沒(méi)看之前一樣:文丘里以及他這本書(shū)之所以有這么高的歷史評(píng)價(jià)和地位,是因?yàn)樗诳菰锏姆胶凶邮浆F(xiàn)代建筑泛濫的時(shí)候,第一個(gè)勇于站出來(lái)大聲指責(zé)現(xiàn)代建筑的非人性。隨之,開(kāi)啟了后現(xiàn)代建筑的時(shí)代(我對(duì)這東西極為反感)。后現(xiàn)代主義破而不立的最大缺陷同樣體現(xiàn)在這本書(shū)上。提出了問(wèn)題,卻沒(méi)有很好的解決之道。文丘里所謂的解決之道同樣是令人厭煩的。他所謂的復(fù)雜性與矛盾性其實(shí)更多的是從建筑形式出發(fā),分析了大量文藝復(fù)興、洛可可建筑。他的解決之道看起來(lái)更像是一種立足于形式的構(gòu)圖游戲,怎么樣并列怎么樣統(tǒng)一?什么形狀與什么形狀重迭?這種構(gòu)圖游戲雖然改變了現(xiàn)代建筑純粹、抽象的幾何形式,但它能在多大程度上觸及到建筑的本質(zhì)?我仍舊持懷疑態(tài)度。
       一句話,個(gè)人覺(jué)悟低,讀完這本書(shū),對(duì)于文丘里的印象一點(diǎn)都沒(méi)改變。
  •     復(fù)雜的矛盾的問(wèn)題,看書(shū)名覺(jué)得滿嚇人的,覺(jué)得能講清復(fù)雜和矛盾,這書(shū)得多厚??!幸好,作者不是喜歡用哲學(xué)長(zhǎng)篇大論以及不攪亂腦子不罷休得態(tài)度得人。
      
      圖文并茂,內(nèi)容有重點(diǎn),闡述清晰,在我這個(gè)記憶力不好得人看來(lái),要點(diǎn)總是能記得,作者得概括總結(jié)能力不錯(cuò)。他得觀點(diǎn)在那個(gè)時(shí)代屬于非常新得了,現(xiàn)在讀來(lái)依然有認(rèn)同感。書(shū)得內(nèi)容能跨越的了時(shí)代,本來(lái)就很少,經(jīng)典之作
  •      反觀文丘里的建筑設(shè)計(jì),和他的理論相比要遜色不少。在他的作品中可以清晰地看到康得痕跡。四十五度角斜線,入口的拱圈,這些似曾相識(shí)的建筑元素在康得作品中比比皆是。他用“拱圈具有入口的象征性”這個(gè)單薄的說(shuō)法來(lái)解釋他在北賓州訪問(wèn)護(hù)士學(xué)會(huì)總部的入口設(shè)計(jì)。他所謂的象征性是來(lái)自傳統(tǒng)還是來(lái)自古典建筑還是來(lái)自于康?這和他“運(yùn)非傳統(tǒng)的方法運(yùn)用傳統(tǒng)”的思想是存在矛盾的。既然拱圈已經(jīng)有了入口的象征性,那再多次采用不就是在進(jìn)行所謂的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化設(shè)計(jì)嗎?評(píng)價(jià)建筑師應(yīng)該從他一生的作品軌跡中來(lái)總結(jié),而文丘里的作品大都沒(méi)有擺脫康所擬下的設(shè)計(jì)模式。
       所以我認(rèn)為,文丘里的設(shè)計(jì)很少能反映他的理論。設(shè)計(jì)和理論的脫節(jié)也使他的理論缺失了設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程中的指引性。原因在于,總觀文丘里的理論,更像是建筑現(xiàn)象觀察總結(jié)。他提出了現(xiàn)代建筑的詬病,同時(shí)也宣布了他對(duì)現(xiàn)今消費(fèi)文化社會(huì)現(xiàn)狀的妥協(xié)。但他對(duì)社會(huì)發(fā)展方向的認(rèn)識(shí)是正確的,那就是多元化的社會(huì)的到來(lái)。
       現(xiàn)代建筑往往帶著英雄主義的色彩,希望創(chuàng)造一種劃時(shí)代的建筑,忽視了社會(huì)的多元。這種激進(jìn)的思想存在于任何事物的發(fā)展中。無(wú)論是中國(guó)或者是西方,社會(huì)改革中極左或極右的思想都會(huì)在某一時(shí)段取得勝利,然后再相互妥協(xié)。建筑思想的發(fā)展也有這樣的特征。但就現(xiàn)在的時(shí)代背景來(lái)說(shuō),現(xiàn)代建筑提出的那種激進(jìn)的思想是可貴的?,F(xiàn)今的消費(fèi)文化把一些所謂的“破碎”、“錯(cuò)亂”的建筑思想都已經(jīng)推上了風(fēng)口浪尖。現(xiàn)代建筑崇尚的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化與之相比只能說(shuō)是保守的了。但注重空間、人本身和建筑的經(jīng)濟(jì)性的思考在當(dāng)今的設(shè)計(jì)中仍然具有價(jià)值。文丘里所提出的建筑的復(fù)雜性與矛盾性給后現(xiàn)代建筑思想提供了一種多元的基調(diào),這是它最大的價(jià)值。
  •     男朋友很喜歡這本書(shū)想要本正版的 他還沒(méi)有看過(guò)這本書(shū) 可是現(xiàn)在買不到了 我用盡了所有的辦法都沒(méi)有買到 有沒(méi)有人割愛(ài)轉(zhuǎn)讓這本書(shū)的 有的話請(qǐng)聯(lián)系我 11078980 價(jià)錢可以面議 我會(huì)很感謝 因?yàn)檫@本書(shū)對(duì)他很重要 很想幫他買到 謝謝
  •      《走向新建筑》出版的時(shí)間大概是在1930年,然而書(shū)中的大部分文章在1923年柯布西耶主辦的《新精神》雜志中已有刊發(fā),從19世紀(jì)末到20世紀(jì)初這風(fēng)起云涌的幾十年中大概世界原有的大部分的事件都在做一種混亂的傾覆性變革:1900年癲狂了十年的尼采的病逝,”銀白的,輕捷地,像一條魚(yú),我的小舟駛向遠(yuǎn)方?!遍喿x《走向》隱隱勾起我對(duì)《查拉圖斯特拉如是說(shuō)》浮淺的憶想,如果非要求尋兩者的相同處,我想那是作為一種激情,噴涌而出的凝練的辭句,以及一種野性。自認(rèn)是野路子出身的柯布早年便認(rèn)識(shí)到自己不適于從事嚴(yán)肅的藝術(shù),他的訓(xùn)練與思想源泉更是來(lái)自于旅行,而尼采同時(shí)作為第一流的德語(yǔ)作家、詩(shī)人,他的哲學(xué)著作語(yǔ)言往往如同詩(shī)句,這大概也類似于是一種”野路子”。同時(shí)作為世紀(jì)之交的藝術(shù)派系,施特勞斯過(guò)不去的傳統(tǒng)之流,終在勛伯格的現(xiàn)代12音無(wú)調(diào)體系沖擊下,引向了更為多元音樂(lè)域界,文學(xué)上的表現(xiàn)主義源頭連引荒誕派、意識(shí)流、復(fù)調(diào)小說(shuō)、自動(dòng)寫作等先鋒體系,以及以占踞巴黎的立體主義繪畫,并同俄國(guó)構(gòu)成主義,荷蘭風(fēng)格派,意大利的未來(lái)主義,德國(guó)表現(xiàn)主義,這些繪畫流派則直接影響到了相對(duì)滯后的建筑創(chuàng)作,如柯布所言,繪畫藝術(shù)是要先于建筑的。毫無(wú)疑問(wèn),這個(gè)時(shí)代是令人興奮的,現(xiàn)代主義的發(fā)了瘋似的滋長(zhǎng),不斷革命、革新是這代人生來(lái)的使命,這些人注定要交集,在柯布作品全集中有一幅影像,描繪的是畢加索參觀馬賽公寓的情景,同樣的白襯衣黑西褲,挽起了袖口,畢加索墩實(shí),強(qiáng)悍,柯布的黑圓鏡框透著清瘦與斯文氣,這樣一帖圖像令人不禁血脈賁張。
       如隈研吾對(duì)后現(xiàn)代的評(píng)述認(rèn)為其不止是”風(fēng)格的風(fēng)向標(biāo)”而已一樣,現(xiàn)代主義的產(chǎn)生更是基于社會(huì)生產(chǎn)大變革所引起的意識(shí)形態(tài)變更。建筑相比于其它藝術(shù)形式要更貼近于時(shí)代與社會(huì),更貼近廣大人性,這反映在它的秩序與理性,一種更經(jīng)濟(jì)的、功能主義的、為此更抽象簡(jiǎn)化的”機(jī)械美學(xué)”應(yīng)運(yùn)而生,除去中產(chǎn)階級(jí)情懷、個(gè)人主義、紀(jì)念性及極少數(shù)的地域性建筑實(shí)踐外,這個(gè)時(shí)代的最主流建筑體系隸屬于這個(gè)時(shí)代的意志,柯布是極為敏銳的,他捕捉到這個(gè)變革落實(shí)到他的建筑實(shí)踐中不僅反映在批量生產(chǎn)的現(xiàn)澆鋼筋混凝土低層住宅,構(gòu)件標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化、模度化,高層建筑城市的規(guī)劃體系,還有鮮為人知的商品化住宅意識(shí),反應(yīng)在新建筑五點(diǎn)中的”底層架空”脫離于地面,如同商品一般供奉于潔凈的基地之上,尤以薩伏伊別墅最為顯著,密斯的范斯沃斯住宅也如出一轍。同樣出色的里特維德的施羅德住宅則置身于亂草中,這一點(diǎn)伴隨攝影術(shù)的誕生使它們于媒體中的命運(yùn)相距甚遠(yuǎn),作為新建筑的一個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)特點(diǎn)同時(shí)也響應(yīng)了工業(yè)時(shí)代的新機(jī)器文明,無(wú)疑反映了柯布的控制力和宏觀的智慧,或說(shuō)是一種狡黠。
       而在被逐漸歸類與”擴(kuò)大再生產(chǎn)”的國(guó)際主義誕生之時(shí),建筑的現(xiàn)代性的深層價(jià)值與特征被不斷誤解與簡(jiǎn)化?!弊≌蔷幼〉臋C(jī)器”的口號(hào)將工業(yè)化不斷向前推進(jìn)的同時(shí),現(xiàn)代主義的社會(huì)論理價(jià)值觀同資本主義耦合在一起,建筑的現(xiàn)代性在政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)意義上的表現(xiàn)即是資本、體制的表現(xiàn),然而其與建筑現(xiàn)代性的”審美原則”,即形式分析并不等同,建筑作為現(xiàn)代性審美規(guī)制下的成果為數(shù)要少得多,這里就要返回到與建筑具有直系關(guān)系的其它藝術(shù)門類尤其是繪畫中去追尋它的形式原則。
       與建筑具有系親關(guān)系的繪畫藝術(shù)直接影響并催化了這場(chǎng)運(yùn)動(dòng),在其它藝術(shù)形式延續(xù)多元混沌的發(fā)展趁勢(shì)下,視覺(jué)藝術(shù)卻偏向了極簡(jiǎn)化極抽象化,而現(xiàn)代建筑更是在工業(yè)化生產(chǎn)的意志需求下趨向統(tǒng)一性,產(chǎn)生了”國(guó)際風(fēng)格”的模子,不假思索的在全世界拔地而起?,F(xiàn)代主義建筑習(xí)慣于被認(rèn)為是”俄國(guó)構(gòu)成主義”、”風(fēng)格派”及”包豪斯”的揉合體,反觀似是同出一脈的柯布的作品,實(shí)際卻有諸多區(qū)別,后世的德州游俠柯林?羅就透明性的比較揭示了柯布作品中的分析立體主義因子。對(duì)物理透明性和現(xiàn)象透明性的感知皆出自于立體主義繪畫(還有現(xiàn)代機(jī)械),從塞尚及另三組立體主義畫作的對(duì)比中(畢加索的《單簧管樂(lè)師》和布拉克的《葡萄牙人》,德勞內(nèi)的《共時(shí)的窗子》和格里斯的《靜物》,莫霍里-納吉的《拉撒拉茲》和費(fèi)爾南?萊熱的《三副面孔》),柯林?羅抽離出物理透明性和現(xiàn)象透明性的”類”的鑒別,他同時(shí)認(rèn)為,這并不意味著對(duì)現(xiàn)代主義建筑觀念的一種重新組構(gòu),也并不試圖以此來(lái)作為檢驗(yàn)建筑正統(tǒng)性程度的試紙,他只是為了提防”類”的混淆。”當(dāng)?shù)聞趦?nèi)觀念中的一些內(nèi)容同提倡物質(zhì)實(shí)體的機(jī)器美學(xué)相融合并通過(guò)某種對(duì)簡(jiǎn)單平面結(jié)構(gòu)的熱情得到加強(qiáng)的時(shí)候,物理的透明性就接近于完成”,在物理的透明性中,材料和光線及形式的交疊于二維視覺(jué)上的呈現(xiàn)成為被關(guān)注的焦點(diǎn)。而現(xiàn)象的透明性則更關(guān)注一種空間的深度可讀性,一種”典型的、存在于主體與空間之間的立體主義構(gòu)圖張力”,”物理的透明性,與置身于縱深自然空間中的透明物體的所謂”障眼法效應(yīng)”密不可分;而當(dāng)畫家力求采用平等透視精準(zhǔn)表現(xiàn)置身于抽象的淺空間中的事物,現(xiàn)象的透明性就有了用武之地?!?br />    同密斯與格羅皮烏斯的典型的代表了構(gòu)成派與包豪斯美學(xué)的平面相比,柯布代表的是立體主義的”空間層次體系”,這幾個(gè)派系的繪畫作品的差異直接投影到幾個(gè)大師的作品中。構(gòu)成派重視在平面上作點(diǎn)線面構(gòu)圖,而立體主義著重開(kāi)發(fā)繪畫的空間層化系統(tǒng),以包豪斯校舍為例,”格羅皮烏斯將空間的對(duì)峙運(yùn)動(dòng)具體展現(xiàn)出來(lái),延伸到無(wú)限深遠(yuǎn)的滅點(diǎn);同時(shí),由于不曾為兩個(gè)運(yùn)動(dòng)方向賦予任何顯著的個(gè)性特征,他規(guī)避了任何潛在的不確定性。這樣,只有建筑的外輪廓才具有層狀特征,而這種層狀建筑與層狀結(jié)構(gòu)毫無(wú)關(guān)聯(lián),無(wú)論是在內(nèi)部空間還是外部空間?!保铝?羅語(yǔ))柯布從立體派繪畫中提取出平行透視,對(duì)成角透視的回避則顯著反映在了他的住宅箱體作品中,圍繞基本界面來(lái)進(jìn)行疊加、摳鏤、替換形成了他的多層次的平面與隱性的立面透明性,即”現(xiàn)象的透明性”,相比之包豪斯學(xué)派的”物理的透明性”,這是一種對(duì)形式操作更具深度的智性活動(dòng),同時(shí)也更具備”空間維度的對(duì)立統(tǒng)一”的特性,在這方面,柯布顯然受益于其立體主義繪畫的訓(xùn)練,這也正是他建筑作品獨(dú)特性的規(guī)律之源。
       在另一部著作《建筑的復(fù)雜性與矛盾性》中,柯布的作品被解讀出更多的復(fù)雜性,不管許多意味是否出于柯布本意,如海杜克說(shuō)的柯布西耶已被榨干了最后一滴油,然而多層次角度的分析能使我們了解到藝術(shù)與智性的真正深度不應(yīng)被充了血似的現(xiàn)代主義大潮輕易埋沒(méi)。
       在文丘里的這部著作中,他對(duì)現(xiàn)代主義的兩代建筑師中較為推崇的有三個(gè),路易康、勒柯布西耶以及阿爾托,而諸如密斯、賴特、約翰遜則幾乎都遭到了無(wú)情的類似于被認(rèn)為頭腦簡(jiǎn)單或是回避問(wèn)題的批判。在他的引用里康儼然一副隱世高手的態(tài)相,而對(duì)于柯布和阿爾托的作品,他作出了更多超越于現(xiàn)代主義之外的挖掘與研究,以他的片斷式分析解釋了兩人作品中諸多令我們郁郁而不可得的超常部分,同時(shí)對(duì)我們習(xí)以為常的美學(xué)處理,他又有其獨(dú)到的見(jiàn)解。針對(duì)不同層次及類型的矛盾性與復(fù)雜性,他用柯布的作品為他的理論作了注腳,譬如兩者兼顧、雙重功能、傳統(tǒng)要素的運(yùn)用、矛盾的應(yīng)對(duì):適應(yīng)與并列、室內(nèi)與室外,困難的總體等,當(dāng)然,這些層面本身之間互相滲透。
       兩者兼顧反對(duì)的是非此即彼的傳統(tǒng)教育,”如果兩者兼顧現(xiàn)象是產(chǎn)生矛盾的根源,那么,它的基礎(chǔ)就是在不同價(jià)值的要素中產(chǎn)生多層意義的等級(jí)制。這種要素既好又壞,既大又小,既封閉又開(kāi)敞,既連續(xù)又接合,既圓又方,既是結(jié)構(gòu)性的又是空間性的。包含多層意義的建筑才會(huì)模棱兩可,相互對(duì)立?!眱烧呒骖櫢喾从车氖遣糠峙c總體的關(guān)系,譬如柯布的修當(dāng)別墅的外框體系,既是封閉的又是開(kāi)敞的,一個(gè)四角圍合然而卻任意開(kāi)放的空間;薩伏伊別墅則外部簡(jiǎn)單內(nèi)部復(fù)雜。這一矛盾層次同時(shí)兼容了室內(nèi)與室外的矛盾,這一同20世紀(jì)正統(tǒng)觀念沖突的要素,畢竟連柯布本人也說(shuō)過(guò)外部反映內(nèi)部或是內(nèi)部產(chǎn)生外部之類的話,并熏陶了許多專業(yè)或非專業(yè)人士。然而他的薩伏伊別墅正是在方正的外框下塞入復(fù)雜的諸多小室,內(nèi)外法則的不同—內(nèi)部的功能性、家庭尺度和私密感,外部的適當(dāng)尺度表現(xiàn)了住宅觀念的統(tǒng)一—觸動(dòng)了”由內(nèi)生外”的現(xiàn)代主義論斷;他的昌迪加爾法院立面也是在框框中塞入了以模度支配的各種要素,這不禁令人聯(lián)想起古典建筑中的模數(shù)化墻體與開(kāi)窗,再次驗(yàn)證了柯布作為一個(gè)偉大人物本身的矛盾性與對(duì)傳統(tǒng)要素的現(xiàn)代回應(yīng),這同當(dāng)時(shí)的許多其它現(xiàn)代主義大師是有著差異的。
       針對(duì)于矛盾的處理方式,柯布真正展示了其非凡的天才,在上述的薩伏伊別墅的內(nèi)外法則對(duì)立矛盾中,柯布以外框包圍著一個(gè)只能從窗洞和上面突出部分窺見(jiàn)的復(fù)雜的內(nèi)部體形,隱隱展示了一種銜接的信息,柯布以這樣一種建筑學(xué)中的對(duì)位法解決了此中的矛盾—部分?jǐn)嚅_(kāi)嚴(yán)肅的外殼和部分顯露復(fù)雜的內(nèi)部,尤如兩種截然不同的樂(lè)器的咬接。
       在同另幾位現(xiàn)代主義大師處理矛盾方式的比較中,文丘里認(rèn)為賴特更多是掩飾,而密斯則是回避。在賴特的水平線母題中他應(yīng)對(duì)樓梯斜線的出現(xiàn)采取的是以大塊石墻作為隔斷,密斯應(yīng)對(duì)功能異向處理則是通過(guò)轉(zhuǎn)換主導(dǎo)線型使其屈服。文丘里指出兩類矛盾:”適應(yīng)矛盾就是容忍與通融、允許即興活動(dòng)。它包含著典型的解體—結(jié)果以近似和保留告終。另一方面,矛盾的并列是不妥協(xié)。它包含著強(qiáng)烈的對(duì)比和不調(diào)和的對(duì)抗。適應(yīng)矛盾的結(jié)果可能是整體性不純,矛盾并列的結(jié)果可能是整體性不強(qiáng)?!迸c賴特和密斯不同的是,柯布和阿爾托直面斜線,他們?cè)凇睒?biāo)準(zhǔn)技術(shù)的直線和表現(xiàn)特殊情況的斜線之間獲得了一種平衡,或是對(duì)立。”柯布在薩伏伊別墅中巧妙地利用斜線適應(yīng)汽車的需要,在內(nèi)部空間中他喜歡斜坡和轉(zhuǎn)梯的連續(xù)斜線形成的并列法則展示了對(duì)待矛盾的適應(yīng)與并存態(tài)度。文丘里說(shuō):”柯布西耶是當(dāng)代以另一種適應(yīng)技巧善作重大例外的一位大師。”(其它還有偶然變形及權(quán)宜手段)作為新建筑代表的薩伏伊別墅不僅是柯布將其建筑新五點(diǎn)貫徹的典型作品,其中更蘊(yùn)含著深層次的矛盾處理法則,除上所述的兩點(diǎn)外,柯布還在其規(guī)整的矩形柱網(wǎng)中作出了并不顯眼的生動(dòng)的調(diào)整,他搬走或挪動(dòng)一些柱子,以適應(yīng)空間與交通的需要,作為一種”有力的妥協(xié)”。相對(duì)的在昌迪加爾議會(huì)大樓中,他盡管使方格柱網(wǎng)針對(duì)會(huì)堂的塑性作出了調(diào)整,但仍不適應(yīng)—是”粗暴而不調(diào)和”的,反映了一種”十分強(qiáng)列的三維空間的重疊”,作為少見(jiàn)的矛盾并存的實(shí)例。反觀純凈派或包豪斯的作品,柱網(wǎng)的整列一致引起的空間上的一定程度上的僵硬是他們排斥適應(yīng)或并列矛盾的無(wú)奈的做法,如果那非被稱作是一種極致的追求—事實(shí)上是對(duì)大量問(wèn)題的規(guī)避??虏柬憫?yīng)矛盾并積極巧妙地回答,而非置己身于標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的奴仆。
       排除傳統(tǒng)要素是現(xiàn)代主義建筑的特質(zhì)之一,然而身為現(xiàn)代建筑運(yùn)動(dòng)領(lǐng)袖的柯布西耶卻少有的熱愛(ài)傳統(tǒng),并同樣呼應(yīng)了文丘里的”非傳統(tǒng)地運(yùn)用傳統(tǒng)”的口號(hào),這令我不禁想到了最近去過(guò)的藍(lán)田的馬清運(yùn)設(shè)計(jì)的父親住宅所遵照的主旨。文丘里說(shuō):”現(xiàn)代建筑師對(duì)傳統(tǒng)要素的開(kāi)發(fā)十分有限。如果他們并不把它當(dāng)作陳舊過(guò)時(shí)的東西而加以全部拋棄,他們就會(huì)把它作為先進(jìn)的工業(yè)法則的象征加以采用?!笨虏纪窳_皮烏斯一樣主張機(jī)器美,然而他同樣能將新發(fā)現(xiàn)的東西與普通構(gòu)件和他的高級(jí)建筑形式并列在一起而產(chǎn)生出人意料的效果。朗香教堂東墻窗子中安放的圣女像是19世紀(jì)前教堂原址的遺物;在他為其母親所作的住宅中對(duì)鑄鐵暖氣片及普通縫紉機(jī)的使用則深化了這所住宅的親切氛圍??虏嘉饕瑫r(shí)也繼承了古典模度—維特魯威黃金比例的因素及古典建筑立面控制線,并揉合人性尺度要求發(fā)展出了新的人體模度,而控制線的運(yùn)用也同平面功能相結(jié)合,產(chǎn)生了新的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化,而這種標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化又不是絕對(duì)的—
       “既有法則又能隨機(jī)應(yīng)變,既有傳統(tǒng)又能結(jié)合環(huán)境的思想—以非標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的方法運(yùn)用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化—適用于我們長(zhǎng)期存在的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化對(duì)多樣化的問(wèn)題。”
       這樣一幅觀點(diǎn)展示了柯布在現(xiàn)代主義外貌下暗隱的深層次的不同特質(zhì),無(wú)論是狂彪突進(jìn)式的革命派宣言論潮,城市規(guī)劃的理想主義布道,朝向粗野主義的令人震懾的轉(zhuǎn)變,蘊(yùn)寓在早年理性機(jī)器主義的表層下的非理性的復(fù)雜性—于后期的完全釋放,在他的立體主義畫作中便可瞧出端睨。對(duì)于古希臘建筑的永恒性、紀(jì)念性、高度凝練的數(shù)學(xué)崇拜,年輕時(shí)的他便已積下了深望,揚(yáng)溢著贊美,表露著坦率;而對(duì)于雕塑性、凹凸曲折之美、不服從于定向的迸躍的”智慧與激情”—表現(xiàn)在他對(duì)米開(kāi)朗基羅的作品的復(fù)雜與矛盾的崇拜上,文丘里為他作出了解釋。上上一個(gè)千年與上一個(gè)千年的最偉大的建筑師印刻在他年輕的大腦里,那時(shí)的他也許還來(lái)不及作出反應(yīng),然而不期然間他已扣響了下一個(gè)千年的大門。
      
  •     都說(shuō)是經(jīng)典?。?!我看著就是想睡覺(jué)!老早就買了,至今沒(méi)興趣看,有時(shí)候懷疑評(píng)價(jià)好的那些個(gè)家伙,是不是都在玩“皇帝的新裝”?
      我對(duì)文工的理解——會(huì)寫議論文,擅長(zhǎng)掉書(shū)袋,由于自己畫房子畫的不好看,就跳出來(lái)說(shuō):亂是真正的美!某種程度上堪比鳳姐!
      不過(guò),客觀點(diǎn)說(shuō),這本書(shū)也許上世紀(jì)60年代批現(xiàn)代運(yùn)動(dòng)中,算是有歷史進(jìn)步意義,今天看,書(shū)中進(jìn)步觀點(diǎn)已經(jīng)成為共識(shí),至于他所提倡的含混啊,不確定的形式理論,我認(rèn)為基本可以當(dāng)胡說(shuō)八道!
      
  •     當(dāng)時(shí)是為了完成課程小論文而看的這本書(shū),到現(xiàn)在都忘了我當(dāng)時(shí)寫的什么。唯一深刻的印象是,分析的理論很經(jīng)典,但最后導(dǎo)向的后現(xiàn)代建筑怎么是這樣的?復(fù)古、大眾化(波普),審美的高度一下子從陽(yáng)春白雪掉到了下里巴人。審美法則被顛復(fù)了。一下子讓人無(wú)所適從。那些一反傳統(tǒng)的波普建筑(或者是拉斯維加斯的摻雜了各種復(fù)古元素的建筑),實(shí)在是像那個(gè)年代追求個(gè)性自由的年輕人。不知道該怎么做,只要是跟傳統(tǒng)不一樣的就認(rèn)為是好的了。其實(shí)就文邱里本來(lái)看來(lái),后來(lái)提出的后現(xiàn)代建筑的特點(diǎn)(不記得那個(gè)人的名字了),確實(shí)跟他本人在這本書(shū)中不是那么吻合。文邱里本人是個(gè)革命者,他認(rèn)為建筑應(yīng)該多元發(fā)展,應(yīng)該考慮大眾的審美要求,對(duì)于過(guò)分的遵從現(xiàn)代主義理論的作法提出批評(píng),這種做法造成了城市的單調(diào),而城市則應(yīng)該是豐富的。我想這才是他的本意。
      后來(lái)去文邱里夫婦事務(wù)所的網(wǎng)頁(yè)去看了一下。早年他的作品還有著母親住宅那種符號(hào)的印記,建筑敦實(shí)規(guī)整。到九十年代中后期起,也同大多數(shù)美國(guó)建筑一樣。走的是很體優(yōu)雅的路線,講究精致的做法和材料了。如果說(shuō)我們對(duì)后現(xiàn)代的印象是復(fù)古、符號(hào)、大眾化的話。那現(xiàn)在這個(gè)后現(xiàn)代先驅(qū)的作品一點(diǎn)都不“后現(xiàn)代”。其實(shí),他從來(lái)就沒(méi)有那樣的“后現(xiàn)代”,沒(méi)看這本書(shū)之前,我們都誤會(huì)他了。
      (當(dāng)時(shí)導(dǎo)師推薦我們直接看英文版的,由于翻譯的原因,我們有時(shí)會(huì)誤會(huì)作者的本意)
  •     對(duì)于僅僅對(duì)建筑設(shè)計(jì)行業(yè)感興趣而不是專門從事這個(gè)領(lǐng)域工作的人員來(lái)說(shuō),讀這本《建筑的復(fù)雜性與矛盾性》感覺(jué)未免太過(guò)專業(yè)。
      慕文丘里大師之名而來(lái),卻被搞得暈頭轉(zhuǎn)向。
      作為建筑的“外行”,選讀要慎重吶。
  •     Introduction - Vincent Scully
      It is probably the most important writing on the making of architecture since Le Corbsier's Vers une Architecture of 1923. Le Corbusier's great teacher was the Greek temple, with its isolated body white and free in the landscape, its luminous austerities clear in the sun. Venturi's primary inspiration would seem to have come from the Greek temple's historical and archetypal opposite, the urban facades of Italy, with their endless adjustments to the counter-requirements of inside and outside and their inflection with all the business of everyday life: not primarily sculptural actors in vast landscapes but complex spatial containers and definers of streets and squares. They are both profoundly visual, plastic artists whose close focus upon individual buildings brings with it a new visual and symbolic attitude toward urbanism in general--not the schematic or two-dimensionally diagrammatic view toward which many planners tend, but a set of solid images, architecture itself at its full scale.
      Yet again, the images of Le Corbusier and Venturi are diametrically opposed in this regard. Le Corbusier, execising that side of his many-sided nature which professed Cartesian rigor, generalized in Vers une Architecture much more easily than Venturi does here, and presented a clear, general scheme for the whole. Venturi is more fragmentary, moving step by step through more compromised relationships. His conclusions are general only by implication。
      Venturi's philosophy and design are humanistic. It values before all else the actions of human beings and the effect of physical forms upon their spirit. He is also one of the very few architects whose thought parallels that of the Pop painters--and probably the first architect to perceive the usefulness and meaning of their forms. In the straight sense, it is function that interests him, and the strong forms deriving from functional expression.
      It is no wonder that Venturi's buildings have not found ready acceptance; they have been both too new and, for all their 'accommodation' of complexity, too truly simple and unassuming for this affluent decade.
      
      Preface
      I write as an architect who employs criticism rather than a critic who chooses architecture. Architecture is open to analysis like any other aspect of experience, and is made more vivid by comparisons. "Architects today are too educated to be either primitive or totally spontaneous, and architecture is too complex to be approached with carefully maintained ignorance." "Tradition" should positively discouraged...it cannot be inherited. It involves a historical sense, which is a sense of the timeless as well as of the temporal and of the timeless and temporal together, is what makes a writer traditional.
      I make no special attempt to relate architecture to other things. I try to talk about architecture rather than around it. Sir John Summerson has referred to the architects' obsession with "the importance, not of architecture, but of the relation of architecture to other things." Architects have substituted the mischievous analogy for the eclectic imitation of the nineteenth century, and have been staking a claim for architecture rater than producing architecture, which result is diagrammatic planning.
      
      1. Nonstraightforward Architecture: A Gentle Manifesto
      I like complexity and contradiction in architecture. I like elements which are hybrid rather than "pure", compromising rather than "clean",
      distorted rather than "straightforward", ambiguous rather than "articulated", perverse as well as impersonal, boring as well as "interesting", conventional rather than "designed", accommodating rather than excluding, redundant rather than simple, vestigial as well as innovating, inconsistent and equivocal rather than direct and clear. I am for messy vitality over obvious unity, richness of meaning rather than clarity of meaning; for the implicit function as well as the explicit function. More is not less.
      
      2. Complexity and Contradiction vs. Simplification or Picturesqueness
      In orthodox Modern architects' attempt to break with tradition and start all over again, they idealized the primitive and elementary at the expense of the diverse and the sophisticated. In their role as reformers, they puritanically advocated the separation and exclusion of elements, rather than the inclusion of various requirements and their juxtapositions. Modern architects with few exceptions eschewed ambiguity.
      August Heckscher:"...amid simplicity and order rationalism is born, but rationalism proves inadequate in any period of upheaval. Then equilibrium must be created out of opposites. Such inner peace as men gain must represent a tension among contradictions and uncertainties." Paul Rudolph:"All problems can never be solved...indeed it is a characteristic of the twentieth century that architects are highly selective in determining which problems they want to solve. Mies, for instance, makes wonderful buildings only because he ignores many aspects of a building. If he solved more problems, his buildings would be far less potent."
      Forced simplicity results in oversimplification. Aesthetic simplicity which is a satisfaction to the mind derives, when valid and profound, from inner complexity. When complexity disappears, blandness replaces simplicity.
      
      3. Ambiguity
      While the second classification of complexity and contradiction in architecture relates to form and content as manifestations of program and structure, the first concerns the medium and refers to a paradox inherent in perception and the very process of meaning in art: the complexity and contradiction that results from the juxtaposition of what an image is and what it seems, which Joseph Albers calls "the discrepancy between physical fact and psychic effect", a contradiction which is the "origin of art". Cleanth Brooks, "It is not enough for the poet to analyze his experience as the scientist does, breaking it up into prats, distinguishing part from part, classifying the various parts. His task is finally to unify experience...He is not trying to spice up, but rather giving us an insight which preserves the unity of experience and which, at its higher and more serious levels, triumphs over the apparently contradictory and conflicting elements of experience by unifying them into a new pattern."
      Ambiguity and tension are everywhere in an architecture of complexity and contradiction. Architecture is form and substance--abstract and concrete--and its meaning derives from its interior characteristics and its particular context. An architectural element is perceived as form and structure, texture and material. The calculated ambiguity of expression is based on the confusion of experience as reflected in the architectural program. This promotes richness of meaning over clarity of meaning. Empson sees ambiguity as "collecting precisely at the points of greatest poetic effectiveness, and finds it breeding a quality he calls 'tension' which we might phrase the poetic impact itself."
      
      4.Contradictory Levels: The Phenomenon of "Both-And" in Architecture
      Contradictory levels of meaning and use in architecture involve the paradoxical contrast implied by the conjunctive "yet". The tradition of "either-or" has characterized orthodox modern architecture: a sun screen is probably nothing else; a support is seldom an enclosure. Such manifestations of articulation and clarity are foreign to an architecture of complexity and contradiction, which tends to include "both-and" rather than "either-or".
      The source of the both-and phenomenon is contradiction, and its basis is hierarchy, which yields several levels of meanings among elements with varying values. An architecture which includes varying levels of meaning breeds ambiguity and tension. Kahn, "Architecture must have bad spaces as well as good spaces."
      The basilica, which has mono-directional space, and the central-type church, which has omnidirectional space, represent alternating traditions in Western church plans. Yet the Mannerist elliptical plan of the sixteenth century is both central and directional.
      The double meanings inherent in the phenomenon both-and can involve metamorphosis as well as contradiction. In equivocal relationships one contradictory meaning usually dominates another, but in complex compositions the relationship is not always constant. If you move through or around a building, at one moment one meaning can be perceived as dominant, at another moment a different meaning seems paramount.
      
      5. Contradictory Levels Continued: The Double-Functioning Element
      The double-functioning element pertains more to the particulars of use and structure, while both-and refers more to the relation of the part to the whole. Both-and emphasizes double meanings over double-functions. Multifunctioning building is complex in program and from, yet strong as a whole. "A dam is also a bridge, the loop in Chicago is a boundary as well as a circulation system, and Kahn's street 'wants to be a building'."
      A room can have many functions at the same time or at different times. Kahn prefers the gallery because it is directional and nondirectional, a corridor and a room at once. Is not Modern architecture's characteristic separation and specialization of program functions within the building through built-in furniture an extreme manifestation of this idea? Kahn by implication questions such rigid specialization and limited functionalism. In this context, "form evokes function." The multifunctioning room is a possibly truer answer to the Modern architect's concern with flexibility. Valid ambiguity promotes useful flexibility.
      Modern architecture has encouraged separation and specialization at all scales--in materials and structure as well as program and space. Wright's divergence from his master began with Louis Sullivan's indiscriminate application of his characteristic ornament to all kinds of materials. To Wright, "appropriate designs for one material would not be appropriate for another material." But to the structural purist, as well as the organicist, the double-functioning structural form would be abhorrent because of the nonexact, ambiguous correspondence between form and function. The structural elements used in a nonstructural way can involve the phenomenon both-and at several levels. It can be at the same time physically structural or not, symbolically structural through association, and compositionally ornamental by promoting rhythm and also complexity of scale in the giant order. The versatile element which does several things at once is rare in Modern architecture.
      The double-functioning element can be a detail. Baroque mouldings become sills, windows become niches, pilasters also look like brackets. The balloon frame is another element that is several things at once. It represents a method between two pure extremes, which has evolved from each of them until it has characteristics of both.
      The vestigial element discourages clarity of meaning; it promotes richness of meaning instead. The rhetorical element, infrequent in recent architecture, offends orthodox Modern architecture's cult of the minimum. An element can seem rhetorical from one point of view, but if it is valid, at another level it enriches meaning by underscoring.
      
      6. Accommodation and the Limitations of Order: The Conventional Element
      A valid order accommodates the circumstantial contradictions as well as imposes them of a complex reality. It then admits improvisation within the whole, and tolerates qualifications and compromise. Now I shall emphasize the complexity and contradiction that develops from the program and reflects the inherent complexities and contradictions of living. Contradictions representing the exceptional inconsistency that modifies the otherwise consistent order, or representing inconsistencies throughout the order as a whole, is a relationship called "contradiction accommodated". Kahn said, "by order I do not mean orderliness." The recognition of variety and confusion inside and outside, in program and environment, indeed, at all levels of experience, and the ultimate limitation of all orders composed by man, are the two justifications for breaking order. When circumstances defy order, order should bend or break: "anomalies and uncertainties give validity to architecture." "The exception points up the rule. Contrast supports meaning." Order must exist before it can be broken.
      A propensity to break the order can justify exaggerating it. In engineering it is the bridge that vividly expresses the play of exaggeratedly pure order against circumstantial in consistencies. A play of order and compromise also supports the idea of renovation in building, and of evolution city planning. Indeed, change in the program of existing buildings is a valid phenomenon and a major source of the contradiction I am endorsing. An architect should use convention unconventionally, since the convention in architecture can be another manifestation of an exaggeratedly strong order more general in scope. The main justification for honky-tonk elements in architectural order is their very existence. They are what we have. Are we today proclaiming advanced technology, while excluding the immediate, vital if vulgar elements which are common to our architecture and landscape? The architect should accept the methods and the elements he already has. The architect's experimentation is limited more to his organization of the whole than to technique in the parts. "The architects selects as much as creates." Gestalt psychology maintains that context contributes meaning to a part and change in context causes change in meaning. Modern architects have seldom used the common element with a unique context in an uncommon way. It was Le Corbusier who juxtaposed objets trouves and commonplace element.
      
      7. Contradiction Adapted
      Contradiction can be adapted by accommodating and compromising elements, or it can also be adapted by using contrasting superimposed or adjacent elements. Contradiction adapted is tolerant and pliable, while contradiction juxtaposed is unbending. Kahn, "It is the role of design to adjust to the circumstantial."
      Besides circumstantial distortion, there are other techniques of adaptation. The expedient device is an element in all anonymous architecture that is dependent on strong conventional order, used to adjust the order to circumstances which are contradictory to it. Is there not a similar validity to the vitality of Times Square in which the jarring inconsistencies of buildings and billboards are contained within the consistent order of the space itself? One thing is clear--cities, like architecture, are complex and contradictory.
      
      8. Contradiction juxtaposed
      If "contradiction adapted" corresponds to the kid glove treatment, "contradiction juxtaposed" involves the shock treatment. Juxtaposed directions create rhythmic complexities and contradictions. Superadjacency is inclusive rather than exclusive, relating contrasting and otherwise irreconcilable elements, containing opposites within a whole. It can accommodate the valid non sequitur, and allow a multiplicity of levels of meaning, since it involvs changing contexts--seeing familiar things in an unfamiliar way and unexpected points of view. It is in contrast to the perpendicular interpenetration of space and form characteristic of the work of Wright. Superadjacency can exist between distant elements. Superimpositions change as one moves in space. Superadjacency can also occur where the superimposed elements actually touch instead of being related only visually. A vivid tension evolves from all these juxtaposed contradictions. Some city planners, however, are now more prone to question the glibness of orthodox zoning and to allow violent proximities in their planning, at least in theory, than are architects within their buildings.
      
      9. The Inside and the Outside
      "The specific form of a plant or animal is determined not only by the genes in the organism and the cytoplasmic activities that these direct but by the interaction between genetic constitution and environment. A given gene does not control a specific trait, but a specific reaction to a specific environment." One of the powerful twentieth century orthodoxies has been the necessity for continuity between the outside and the inside. The essential purpose of the interiors of buildings is to enclose rather than direct space. The essential purpose of the interior of buildings its to enclose rather than direct space, and to separate the inside from the outside. The inside is different from the outside. Elier Saarinen, "a building is the 'organization of space in space'." So is the city and the room.
      Sometimes the contradiction is not between the inside and th outside but between the top and the bottom of the building (curving dome vs. rectangular bases). Crowded intricacy within a rigid frame has been a pervasive idea. Containment and intricacy have been characteristic of the city as well. Contradiction between the inside and the outside may manifest itself in an unattached lining which produces an additional space between the lining and the exterior wall. Detached lining leave spaces in between, but the architectural recognition of the in-between varies.
      Residual space in between dominant spaces with varying degrees of openness can occur at the scale of the city and is a characteristic of the fora and other complexes of late Roman urban planning. Residual space that is open might be called "open poche". The poche in the walls of Roman and Baroque architecture are alternative means of accommodating an inside different from the outside. Aldo van Eych, "Architecture should be conceived as a configuration of intermediary places clearly defined." This implies a break away from the contemporary concept of spatial continuity and the tendency to erase every articulation between spaces, i.e., between outside and inside, between one space and another. Instead the transition must be articulated by means of defined in-between places which induce simultaneous awareness of what is significant on either side.
      Residual space is seldom economic. It is leftover, inflected toward something more important beyond itself.
      Contradictory interior space does not admit Modern architecture's requirement of a unity and continuity of all spaces. Nor do layers in depth, especially with contrapuntal juxtapositions, satisfy its requirements of economic and unequivocal relationships of forms and materials. And crowded intricacy within a rigid boundary contradicts the modern tenet which says that a building grows from the inside out. Contrast and even conflict between exterior and interior forces exist outside architecture as well. Since the inside is different from th outside, the wall--the point of change--becomes an architectural event. Architecture occurs at the meeting of interior and exterior forces of use and space. By recognizing the difference between the inside and the outside, architecture opens the door once again to an urbanistic point of view.
      
      10. The Obligation Toward the Difficult Whole
      I have referred to a special obligation toward the whole because the whole is difficult to achieve. It is the difficult unity through inclusion rather than the easy unity through exclusion. The difficult whole in an architecture of complexity and contradiction includes multiplicity and diversity of elements in relationships that are inconsistent or among the weaker kinds perceptually. Concerning the positions of the parts, such an architecture encourages complex and contrapuntal rhythms over simple and single ones. Two extremes--a single part and a multiplicity of parts--read as wholes most easily, and the next easiest whole is the trinity.
      But an architecture of complexity and contradiction also embraces the "difficult numbers of parts--the duality, and the medium degrees of multiplicity." Our tendency to distort the program and to subvert the composition in order to disguise the duality is refuted by a tradition of accepted dualities, more or less resolved, at all scales of building and planning. Inflection in architecture is the way in which the whole is implied by exploiting the nature of the individual parts, rather than their position or number. The valid fragment is economical because it implies richness and meaning beyond itself. The inflected element is a directional form corresponding to directional space. Inflection accommodates the difficult whole of a duality as well as the easier complex whole. If inflection can occur at many scales--from a detail of a building to a whole building--it can contain varying degrees of intensity a well. The dominant binder, as a third element connecting a duality, is a less difficult way of resolving a duality than inflection. The equal combinations of parts achieve a whole through superimposition and symmetry rather than through dominance and hierarchy. An architecture that can simultaneously recognize contradictory levels should be able to admit the paradox of the whole fragment: the building which is a whole at one level and a fragment of a greater whole at another level.
  •     大量的圖片去佐證自己的觀點(diǎn),而且圖片是那樣的恰如其分,可見(jiàn)文丘里對(duì)于建筑的復(fù)雜性與矛盾性的認(rèn)識(shí)從很早就已成型,開(kāi)篇便說(shuō)我愛(ài)建筑的復(fù)雜與矛盾,然后便開(kāi)始了他的長(zhǎng)篇大論,他提倡的是“兼容并蓄”的設(shè)計(jì)方法,另可要復(fù)雜而不要簡(jiǎn)單,在第二章“復(fù)雜和矛盾vs簡(jiǎn)單化或?yàn)槊阑敝兄赋?0世紀(jì)的特點(diǎn):建筑師在決定想要解決什么問(wèn)題時(shí)具有高度的選擇性,他一密斯為例指出,密斯之所以能設(shè)計(jì)出諸多奇妙的建筑,就是因?yàn)樗鲆暳私ㄖ脑S多方面,如果他試圖解決再多點(diǎn)問(wèn)題,就會(huì)使他的建筑變得軟弱無(wú)力。建筑師必須決定如何解決問(wèn)題而不是決定想要解決什么問(wèn)題,這就是強(qiáng)調(diào)建筑師的社會(huì)責(zé)任性,作為一個(gè)參與者去解決問(wèn)題。 如果問(wèn)題確實(shí)難以解決,他可以:在一種兼容而不排斥的建筑中尚有余地作出片段,矛盾,即興活動(dòng)以及他們所產(chǎn)生的對(duì)立。這樣就會(huì)有復(fù)雜與矛盾的產(chǎn)生,復(fù)雜并不否認(rèn)有效的簡(jiǎn)化,有效的簡(jiǎn)化是分析事物過(guò)程的一部分,甚至是形成復(fù)雜建筑本身的一種方法。功能,形式與內(nèi)容都具有復(fù)雜性,即意象與現(xiàn)象并存所產(chǎn)生的復(fù)雜性與矛盾性。還有建筑中意義與實(shí)用這一層面的矛盾性,為什么會(huì)在意義與實(shí)用的層面會(huì)有矛盾性呢?因?yàn)椴煌瑑r(jià)值的要素中產(chǎn)生多層意義的等級(jí)制。同樣還有室內(nèi)與室外的矛盾,二元對(duì)立的矛盾,特定的基因并不能控制特定的特性,但對(duì)特定的環(huán)境產(chǎn)生特定的反應(yīng),文丘里全書(shū)都在強(qiáng)調(diào)復(fù)雜性與矛盾性,這對(duì)于建筑自主性的問(wèn)題提供了很大的幫助,但建筑的復(fù)雜與矛盾,到底他的度在哪兒呢?是不是有了這樣的理論就能創(chuàng)造出一種設(shè)計(jì)的方法與規(guī)律呢?我想答案是否定的,從文丘里的設(shè)計(jì)作品中實(shí)在是不能完全概括其中的奧秘,不可不說(shuō)栗子山母親住宅是一種經(jīng)典,可到底從社會(huì)心理,人類心理的層面,或者單從功能層面,我們是否需要這樣的建筑呢?這是一個(gè)值得思考的問(wèn)題,正如討論建筑的自主性問(wèn)題到底離自閉又有多遠(yuǎn)呢?一種理論不可能會(huì)獨(dú)立存在,就像一個(gè)人不可能會(huì)獨(dú)立存在于這個(gè)世界一樣。我們需要的堅(jiān)持建筑學(xué)自主發(fā)展的同時(shí),去實(shí)現(xiàn)學(xué)科的交叉,只有這樣,我們才能創(chuàng)造出更美妙的扣人心弦的建筑
  •     在那個(gè)年代,算是巨著,但是實(shí)際內(nèi)容上來(lái)說(shuō),
      比較蒼白,是現(xiàn)代藝術(shù)思想的延伸。
      現(xiàn)在看這本書(shū),算是知道什么叫螺旋式上升了。
      對(duì)了,看的是簡(jiǎn)體中文版,
      鄙視自己一個(gè)。
  •      本書(shū)確實(shí)是文丘里的后現(xiàn)代名著,對(duì)現(xiàn)代主義建筑的方式進(jìn)行了批評(píng)性的反思,對(duì)今天中國(guó)的建筑實(shí)踐有現(xiàn)實(shí)意義。由于成書(shū)時(shí)間是1960年代,書(shū)中的分析多來(lái)自西方歷史建筑和早期現(xiàn)代主義建筑,因此很多當(dāng)代面臨的建筑課題未有涉及,如綠色、可持續(xù)性、本土性等問(wèn)題。
      
       文丘里認(rèn)為建筑師的義務(wù)是“必須決定如何解決問(wèn)題而不是決定想要解決什么什么問(wèn)題(第二章)”,框定了建筑師作為實(shí)踐者的角色,而不是學(xué)者或理論者的角色,對(duì)于從事建筑學(xué)習(xí)和實(shí)踐具有指導(dǎo)性。
      
       文丘里還強(qiáng)調(diào)“房間要通用而不要專用(第五章)”,與中國(guó)古建具有類似的設(shè)計(jì)原則。當(dāng)然他也強(qiáng)調(diào)要廢除建筑固定不變的法則(第六章),并經(jīng)典地提出建筑師“并不忽視或排斥設(shè)計(jì)要求和結(jié)構(gòu)在法則中的矛盾”,賦予了建筑設(shè)計(jì)新的自由。
      
       我本人對(duì)最后一部分文丘里的設(shè)計(jì)案例不太感興趣,現(xiàn)在看他的建筑手段有點(diǎn)陳舊了,立面過(guò)于依賴幾何造型因素。
      
       其實(shí)這本書(shū)沒(méi)必要用銅版紙印,若改用膠版紙價(jià)格可以降低一半,更有利于傳播和普及。
  •      讀起來(lái)有點(diǎn)困難,對(duì)于我這個(gè)入門級(jí)別的同學(xué)。但是,看了前言就很有驚艷的感覺(jué)。
      
       本來(lái)想做筆記,后來(lái)發(fā)現(xiàn)每一句都很有道理。所以推薦買來(lái)藏著。要一遍遍的翻看。作者的論述非常清楚,自己的個(gè)人觀點(diǎn)很明確,很有個(gè)人見(jiàn)地。
  •     
       如果這本書(shū)的發(fā)表標(biāo)志著現(xiàn)代主義建筑消亡的起點(diǎn),那么1972年現(xiàn)代主義建筑在后現(xiàn)代建筑師眼里就已經(jīng)完成了這一過(guò)程。文丘里這部復(fù)雜與矛盾的著作中,我最關(guān)注的是現(xiàn)代建筑為何以及如何消亡。
      
       課本里這樣描述現(xiàn)代主義建筑的特征:
      1.堅(jiān)決反對(duì)復(fù)古,要?jiǎng)?chuàng)時(shí)代之新,新的建筑必須有新功能、新技術(shù),其形式應(yīng)符合抽象的幾何形美學(xué)原則
      2.承認(rèn)建筑具有藝術(shù)與技術(shù)的雙重性,提倡兩者結(jié)合。
      3.認(rèn)為建筑空間是建筑的主角,建筑設(shè)計(jì)是空間的設(shè)計(jì)及其表現(xiàn),建筑的美在于空間的容量、體量在形體組合中的均衡、比例及表現(xiàn)。此外,還提出了所謂四向度的時(shí)間—空間構(gòu)圖手法
      4.提倡建筑的表里一致,在美學(xué)上反對(duì)外加裝飾,認(rèn)為建筑形象應(yīng)與適用、建造手段(材料、結(jié)構(gòu)、構(gòu)造)和建造過(guò)程一致;其中歐洲的理性主義在形式上主張采用方便建造的直角相交、格子形柱網(wǎng)等等;有機(jī)建筑與建筑人情化在這方面基本上是這樣做的,但不堅(jiān)持。
       而與之相對(duì)應(yīng)的是現(xiàn)代主義建筑的設(shè)計(jì)方法:
      1. 重視建筑的使用功能并以此作為建筑設(shè)計(jì)的出發(fā)點(diǎn),提高建筑設(shè)計(jì)的科學(xué)性,注重建筑使用時(shí)的方便和效率
      2. 注意發(fā)揮新型建筑材料和建筑結(jié)構(gòu)的性能特點(diǎn)
      3. 利用最少的人力、物力、財(cái)力造出適用的房屋,把建筑的經(jīng)濟(jì)形體到重要的高度。
      4. 主張創(chuàng)造現(xiàn)代建筑新風(fēng)格,堅(jiān)決反對(duì)套用歷史上的建筑樣式。強(qiáng)調(diào)建筑形式與內(nèi)容(功能,材料、結(jié)構(gòu)、構(gòu)筑工藝)的一致性,主張靈活自由地處理建筑造型,突破傳統(tǒng)的建筑構(gòu)圖格式
      5. 認(rèn)為建筑空間是建筑的主角,建筑空間比建筑平面或立面更重要。強(qiáng)調(diào)建筑藝術(shù)處理的重點(diǎn)應(yīng)該從平面立面的構(gòu)圖轉(zhuǎn)到空間和體量的總體構(gòu)圖方面,并且在處理立體構(gòu)圖時(shí)考慮到人觀察建筑過(guò)程中的時(shí)間因素,產(chǎn)生了“空間—時(shí)間”的建筑構(gòu)圖理論
      6. 廢棄表面外加的建筑裝飾,認(rèn)為建筑美的基礎(chǔ)在于建筑處理的合理性和邏輯性。
       上述觀點(diǎn)讓人產(chǎn)生一種誤讀的傾向,有些話就像是在為后現(xiàn)代的建筑批評(píng)鋪路:比如“堅(jiān)決反對(duì)復(fù)古”,“堅(jiān)決反對(duì)外加裝飾”等。這正好印證了《建筑的復(fù)雜性與矛盾性》一書(shū)對(duì)法則的態(tài)度——任何法則一旦絕對(duì)化,就會(huì)受后人以柄。在文丘里眼中,時(shí)代是反常與不定的,于是現(xiàn)代主義建筑的規(guī)則就成為他批判的對(duì)象。
       籠統(tǒng)地說(shuō),文丘里認(rèn)為:建筑,如果真像維特魯威所言:需要“實(shí)用、堅(jiān)固、美觀”的話,那么其本身就是復(fù)雜與矛盾的,二元對(duì)立的,體現(xiàn)著兼容的困難統(tǒng)一?,F(xiàn)代主義建筑被他認(rèn)為是“清教徒”式的——裝飾、具象、傳統(tǒng)均被定為罪惡的象征。
      
       現(xiàn)代主義大師里,密斯在后現(xiàn)代時(shí)期飽受詬病,文丘里即為始作俑者。密斯堅(jiān)信“少就是多”,文丘里則認(rèn)為少就是多的結(jié)果就是現(xiàn)代建筑的過(guò)于簡(jiǎn)化,過(guò)于功能主義而缺乏藝術(shù)性。文丘里反對(duì)“非此即彼”認(rèn)為“少”使人厭煩?!皬?fù)雜的建筑并不否認(rèn)有效的簡(jiǎn)化,有效的簡(jiǎn)化是分析事物的一部分,甚至是形成復(fù)雜建筑的一種方法?!薄坝行У暮?jiǎn)化”較之“少就是多”更為理智,后工業(yè)時(shí)代建筑周期延長(zhǎng),建筑師有足夠的時(shí)間去做大量的調(diào)研和分析。要使簡(jiǎn)化變得有效,就需要更周密的計(jì)劃,而不是像密斯那樣為了鋼與玻璃的精致,放棄掉除了“少”以外的一切。
       “少”是一種精簡(jiǎn),精簡(jiǎn)是為了促進(jìn)整體的復(fù)雜。時(shí)代賦予建筑擴(kuò)大的規(guī)模和復(fù)雜的建筑目標(biāo),使得人們必須檢驗(yàn)建筑方法。它迫使人們?cè)俣瘸姓J(rèn)并發(fā)展視覺(jué)不定性中內(nèi)在的多樣性,既不是少,也不是多。
      提倡兩者兼顧的文丘里自然也不會(huì)容忍“形式追隨功能”這樣絕對(duì)的論斷存在。文丘里認(rèn)為形式和功能是互相依賴的關(guān)系,他問(wèn)“誰(shuí)追隨誰(shuí)?”。他以理查德醫(yī)學(xué)研究大樓為例,說(shuō)明形式在這座建筑中以一種矛盾的方式服從功能;實(shí)體與外形服從的東西是不一樣的——實(shí)體服從結(jié)構(gòu)功能,外形服從空間功能。對(duì)于后現(xiàn)代主義建筑來(lái)說(shuō),功能已經(jīng)沒(méi)有那么重要了,社會(huì)的不定性讓建筑的形式開(kāi)始追尋除了功能以外更多的東西。
      
       現(xiàn)代主義法則堅(jiān)決反對(duì)復(fù)古,要?jiǎng)?chuàng)時(shí)代之新;文丘里不否認(rèn)創(chuàng)新,但是對(duì)于“堅(jiān)決反對(duì)傳統(tǒng)”提出了不同的觀點(diǎn)。首先他提出了自己對(duì)法則的觀點(diǎn)——法則具有適應(yīng)性和局限性。法則的適應(yīng)性要求法則在廢除之前必須存在,他援引柯布西耶的名言:沒(méi)有體系就沒(méi)有藝術(shù)。而法則的局限性使得法則不能永恒——反常和不定在社會(huì)中是正常的。
       文丘里反對(duì)現(xiàn)代主義堅(jiān)決去除傳統(tǒng),他希望能夠非傳統(tǒng)地運(yùn)用傳統(tǒng)。不論是傳統(tǒng)的建筑要素還是建筑方法都應(yīng)該以一種新的存在方式進(jìn)入建筑中。受波普藝術(shù)的影響,文丘里認(rèn)為要想使作品達(dá)到預(yù)期的效果,并不致因?yàn)樽兓黄茐摹窨虏嘉饕奈蓓敾▓@那樣——建筑師就必須掌握傳統(tǒng)建筑語(yǔ)匯的意義。在城市尺度上文丘里肯定了低級(jí)酒吧間和下等夜總會(huì)在建筑中存在的價(jià)值,由于波普藝術(shù)的出現(xiàn)后現(xiàn)代建筑越來(lái)越重視這種建筑“俚語(yǔ)”對(duì)大眾的意義,因?yàn)樵诔鞘兄羞@種尺度與周圍環(huán)境的關(guān)系較好。
       由于傳統(tǒng)要素的引進(jìn)和建筑師表達(dá)的需要,空間的容量、體量在形體組合中的均衡、比例及表現(xiàn)為現(xiàn)代建筑造成的純粹的美已經(jīng)不再成立。這涉及到現(xiàn)代語(yǔ)義學(xué)對(duì)建筑學(xué)的影響——受過(guò)訓(xùn)練的建筑師與沒(méi)受過(guò)訓(xùn)練的普通大眾對(duì)于建筑美的理解并不一樣,這里存在著兩種譯碼。有時(shí)建筑師之間通用的語(yǔ)言并不能被大眾接受,比如柯布希耶設(shè)計(jì)的屋頂花園,最終并沒(méi)有成為人們接受陽(yáng)光和自然的場(chǎng)所,反而成為了堆放雜物和犯罪行為頻發(fā)的地方。由于譯碼的不同,現(xiàn)代建筑常有設(shè)計(jì)失敗的情況發(fā)生。
       波普藝術(shù)主張流行、大眾的文化進(jìn)入高雅藝術(shù),于是文丘里也開(kāi)始思考如何用低楣文化的語(yǔ)言表達(dá)建筑。由于傳統(tǒng)元素在文化中帶有豐富的象征意義,文丘里認(rèn)為老一套的題材在新的背景中會(huì)產(chǎn)生既新又舊,既平庸又生動(dòng),模糊不定的豐富意義。這一思想,在他設(shè)計(jì)的母親住宅中體現(xiàn)的很充分:他的立面運(yùn)用了許多傳統(tǒng)的元素表示門和窗,但同時(shí)又把尺度改變,與這些傳統(tǒng)元素本身給人的尺度感形成矛盾。這也造成了這座建筑“既大又小”造成一種模糊不定的感覺(jué)。
       在這座后現(xiàn)代主義建筑師的代表作品中,裝飾作為立面的一個(gè)主要象征元素和構(gòu)圖元素出現(xiàn),與現(xiàn)代主義建筑信仰的“裝飾就是罪惡”形成強(qiáng)烈的對(duì)立。在他的其他著作中,他甚至主張建筑看起來(lái)要像商業(yè)性的廣告牌那樣有裝飾性的門面,而不是像正統(tǒng)的現(xiàn)代主義建筑那樣,形成一個(gè)以功能決定外形的建筑(鴨子)。文丘里肯定古典建筑中有著雜關(guān)系的構(gòu)件,這些構(gòu)件在不同程度上即是結(jié)構(gòu)又是裝飾,通常是豐富的,有時(shí)又是多余的,為了形式和象征的需要而存在。
       文丘里的工作造成了包豪斯一代建筑師的不滿和辛酸,他們像老處女一般鄙視大眾文化,卻又不知道大眾文化是什么。純粹美學(xué)觀點(diǎn)和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化批量生產(chǎn)的建筑已經(jīng)被消費(fèi)社會(huì)遺棄,文丘里所做的工作是使建筑向著更加人情化的方向前進(jìn)?,F(xiàn)代主義主張建筑應(yīng)該朝向建筑最本質(zhì)的內(nèi)在——空間、比例和尺度等,而裝飾、傳統(tǒng)和較為具象的象征,這些現(xiàn)代主義者認(rèn)為已經(jīng)消逝而避之唯恐不及的東西,文丘里使它們凱旋。這是一個(gè)建筑師對(duì)時(shí)代的敏感,消費(fèi)和快餐文化主宰的后工業(yè)時(shí)代,高楣的抽象語(yǔ)言越來(lái)越難以存活,只有向低楣的象征意義上靠攏建筑才能與普通使用者進(jìn)行對(duì)話。正如查爾斯.詹克斯所言:“若要改變一種文化的口味和表現(xiàn)方式,或者至少在這方面施加影響,就必須首先學(xué)會(huì)用這種文化的語(yǔ)言來(lái)講話?!?br />   
       針對(duì)建筑的復(fù)雜與矛盾,文丘里形成了自己的設(shè)計(jì)方法,并在后現(xiàn)代建筑中廣為使用。
       對(duì)于建筑中的矛盾他提出了兩種處理辦法——適應(yīng)矛盾和矛盾并列:
      適應(yīng)矛盾就是容忍與通融,允許即興活動(dòng)。它包含著典型的解體——結(jié)果已近似和保留告終。另一方面,矛盾的并列是不妥協(xié)。它包含著強(qiáng)烈的對(duì)比和不調(diào)和的對(duì)抗。適應(yīng)矛盾的結(jié)果可能是整體性不純,矛盾并列的結(jié)果可能是整體性不強(qiáng)。
       對(duì)于前者,他認(rèn)為現(xiàn)代建筑中,由于框架結(jié)構(gòu)和成批生產(chǎn)的技術(shù)要求而長(zhǎng)期局限于采用的矩形形式已經(jīng)不能做到適應(yīng)矛盾,建筑呼喚斜線。建筑師與要根據(jù)形體、地形、環(huán)境的需要加以偶然的變形。他總結(jié)了現(xiàn)代主義大師對(duì)斜線的運(yùn)用,認(rèn)為柯布西耶并列特殊的斜線,密斯則加以排斥,賴特不是隱藏斜線就是全部放棄。而阿爾托是用法則適應(yīng)用斜線作為標(biāo)志的偶然意外。文丘里肯定斜線的作用:在有需要的情況下,斜線無(wú)論在室內(nèi)或室外都很少會(huì)產(chǎn)生不協(xié)調(diào)。它可以隱藏在法則中,否則就突出作為母題的構(gòu)圖。
       對(duì)于后者,他以古典建筑為例,總結(jié)了總體中矛盾并列的方式:強(qiáng)烈的毗鄰(劇烈變化的并列)、并列的方向和重疊。重疊可以被視為立體主義中的同時(shí)性。古典建筑中多層的柱子,靠墻與不靠墻的、大的與小的、直接與間接重疊的——以及大量重疊的開(kāi)口、框緣、水平與對(duì)稱的欄桿構(gòu)成了尺度、方向、大小和形狀上的對(duì)比和矛盾。他們是墻體本身的內(nèi)部包含空間。路易斯.康的薩爾克生物研究院的雙層外墻,即適應(yīng)了外形的需要,又有一定的功能,被文丘里視為現(xiàn)代建筑中“重疊”手法運(yùn)用成功的典范。
       室內(nèi)室外是建筑中永遠(yuǎn)存在的一對(duì)矛盾,現(xiàn)代建筑提出消解矛盾的辦法:室內(nèi)和室外融合。而文丘里則贊同路易斯.康的說(shuō)法:建筑是藏身之處。他認(rèn)為建筑與環(huán)境和場(chǎng)地的關(guān)系以及建筑內(nèi)部的空間,應(yīng)該用兩套系統(tǒng)(雙層外皮)解決。他不贊同空間的流動(dòng),認(rèn)為一個(gè)空間需要有明確的維護(hù)界面:
      矛盾的室內(nèi)空間并不承認(rèn)現(xiàn)代建筑對(duì)所有空間必須統(tǒng)一和連續(xù)的要求。層次的深度,特別是對(duì)位的并列也不能滿足形式和材料關(guān)系的經(jīng)濟(jì)而明確的要求。在死框框(肺透明框框)內(nèi)涌進(jìn)錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜的東西,也不符合建筑史從內(nèi)向外生長(zhǎng)的現(xiàn)代格言。
       文丘里贊成由外而內(nèi)的設(shè)計(jì)手法,肯定空間中的空間。多層維護(hù)的建筑,不僅能夠因?yàn)橹丿B產(chǎn)生的矛盾并列而具有復(fù)雜的藝術(shù)效果,更能使建筑適應(yīng)外在的環(huán)境,并造成豐富的室內(nèi)效果。雖然對(duì)于現(xiàn)代建筑來(lái)說(shuō)多層維護(hù)之間形成的殘余空間,是不經(jīng)濟(jì)的,但這些空間固有的合格性以及對(duì)比和對(duì)立也符合康中肯的說(shuō)法:一座建筑應(yīng)該有好空間又有壞空間。
       文丘里用一句令人費(fèi)解的格言來(lái)總結(jié)他的設(shè)計(jì)方法:對(duì)困難的總體負(fù)責(zé)。困難的總體不是單一和簡(jiǎn)單,他肯定古典式的三段式構(gòu)圖,以及被近代建筑壓制的二元并列。在這里它主要對(duì)建筑的形式進(jìn)行了探討。他認(rèn)為建筑師應(yīng)該運(yùn)用折射和占支配地位的連接體部件來(lái)突出總體,對(duì)二、三甚至更復(fù)雜的總體負(fù)責(zé)。對(duì)于建筑的矛盾,他的適應(yīng)矛盾以及矛盾并存的觀點(diǎn),會(huì)造成建筑的整體性不純和整體性不強(qiáng)。此處他又經(jīng)有大量的古典例子得出結(jié)論來(lái)解決“整體性”的問(wèn)題。
      
       不可否認(rèn)的是現(xiàn)代主義中的一些規(guī)則仍然是我們?cè)O(shè)計(jì)評(píng)判標(biāo)準(zhǔn),以文丘里的作品為代表的后現(xiàn)代主義建筑在大體讓仍然沒(méi)有突破現(xiàn)代主義建筑的形式,他的作品中充滿對(duì)現(xiàn)代主義規(guī)則的反動(dòng)。這也正印證了后現(xiàn)代一詞對(duì)那個(gè)時(shí)代的概括:后現(xiàn)代(post-modern)作為現(xiàn)代的衍生物。文丘里代表波普藝術(shù)一派的觀點(diǎn),主張現(xiàn)代建筑從“純粹精神”的高度降落——“也許從粗俗且為人所不屑的日常景觀中我們能吸取生動(dòng)而有力的、復(fù)雜和矛盾的法則,把我們的建筑變成文明的整體?!?br />    在“后后現(xiàn)代”的今天,反常和不定更加明顯,建筑已經(jīng)失去了永恒的屬性,朝著更加多元的方向發(fā)展。關(guān)于什么是建筑的問(wèn)題,或許我們應(yīng)該從現(xiàn)代主義的思維方式中走出來(lái),不再為其招魂,而是發(fā)現(xiàn)當(dāng)下鮮活的定義。
      
  •   簡(jiǎn)直說(shuō)出了我的心聲
  •   果果你太牛啦?。?/li>
  •   哈哈~哪里。。這兩天在寫這個(gè)的讀書(shū)報(bào)告。
  •   我去!你們兄弟兩變學(xué)霸怎么能變得如此一致!
  •   1L是誰(shuí)啊?乍一看以為自賣自夸。。。
  •   我一個(gè)兄弟,不是我哈
  •   剛看完,文丘里的設(shè)計(jì)確實(shí)跟不上理論,他跟了康那么長(zhǎng)時(shí)間,受影響是必然的
  •   venturi的解釋是拱圈是作為decorated shed上一個(gè)applied ornamentation,并且是象征性的刻意丑陋且普通,這跟standardization沒(méi)半毛關(guān)系。至于拱圈這種東西古羅馬就有,無(wú)論是古典還是新古典都鮮少運(yùn)用
  •   總觀文丘里的理論,更像是建筑現(xiàn)象觀察總結(jié)。他提出了現(xiàn)代建筑的詬病,同時(shí)也宣布了他對(duì)現(xiàn)今消費(fèi)文化社會(huì)現(xiàn)狀的妥協(xié)。但他對(duì)社會(huì)發(fā)展方向的認(rèn)識(shí)是正確的,那就是多元化的社會(huì)的到來(lái)。
  •   你發(fā)到這里來(lái)啦~
  •   呵呵不過(guò)沒(méi)人看
  •   據(jù)說(shuō)有個(gè)美女看
  •   嗯其實(shí)我天天看美女~
  •   我點(diǎn)了有用,但是我沒(méi)看完這么長(zhǎng)一篇……
  •   謝謝謝謝~確是冗長(zhǎng)的臭襪布……
  •   哇??!我知道了!!這是那次作業(yè)!
  •   文工倡導(dǎo)的后現(xiàn)代現(xiàn)在看來(lái)只不過(guò)成了建筑史中的小丑,嗚呼!
  •   what it's talking about? construction?
  •   thanks. are u major in this?
  •   你最近看的書(shū)好專業(yè)= =
    是藝術(shù)類的么?
  •   最近看的都是建筑書(shū)啊。。
  •   你英語(yǔ)六級(jí)?
  •   沒(méi)考過(guò)= =
  •   你強(qiáng)= =
    研究生?
  •   。。本科啊。。
  •   我一直以為你是大叔,沒(méi)想到那么小……
  •   悲從中來(lái)。。。
  •   weiwei 大叔 杯具帝啊……其實(shí)我覺(jué)得看長(zhǎng)相你還滿正太的……
  •   最近在苦讀這書(shū),樓主如何評(píng)價(jià)文丘里的這種形式主義態(tài)度?文丘里分析建筑的方法某種程度上和日本現(xiàn)在的某些方法很類似,關(guān)注于各個(gè)要素(門、窗、屋頂?shù)龋┮约耙亻g的組合(如立面)關(guān)系,日本好像也很喜歡用這種要素的方法去討論建筑,JA有幾期就是講屋頂、窗戶之類的東西。日本人為什么那么喜歡討論要素呢?是否這是一種更為本質(zhì)的討論設(shè)計(jì)的方法?即使是討論細(xì)部,也能夠聯(lián)系到更大的層級(jí),甚至超越建筑邁向城市?
  •   這不就是英文原版么,捂嘴樂(lè)
  •   書(shū)里面有diagram就好了……
  •   忽然間,自己詫異了,好久沒(méi)有這樣靜下心去讀書(shū)了呀,看這篇讀書(shū)筆記的時(shí)間是研一剛?cè)雽W(xué)不久,那會(huì)兒正式激情四溢時(shí)。而現(xiàn)在,每天總是陷入無(wú)限的迷茫中。。。。。
  •   我們需要的堅(jiān)持建筑學(xué)自主發(fā)展的同時(shí),去實(shí)現(xiàn)學(xué)科的交叉,只有這樣,我們才能創(chuàng)造出更美妙的扣人心弦的建筑——這是你的觀點(diǎn)還是文丘里的?
  •   venturi的宣言性和觀點(diǎn)性的言論還是沒(méi)有corbusier或者koolhaas尖銳……感覺(jué)像是圍繞著建筑的形式問(wèn)題進(jìn)行各方面反復(fù)的觀點(diǎn)表達(dá)……復(fù)雜,矛盾,不定,傳統(tǒng),法則XX,XXX,XXX
    我讀的時(shí)候確實(shí)不知道怎么去做讀書(shū)筆記了……也許是讀書(shū)時(shí)心不靜吧……
  •   想買一本了
  •   Good!
    在看這本書(shū)的時(shí)候有個(gè)名詞我很不理解。
    建筑的“二元并列”是什么意思呢?
  •   個(gè)人認(rèn)為這個(gè)名詞不是專有名詞,使翻譯者翻譯出的。大概是兩個(gè)不同的東西(比如室內(nèi)和室外)并立在一起的意思。
    二元對(duì)立的意思是“非此即彼的思維方式”,也是本書(shū)中極力反對(duì)的。更確切的理解,可能要看原著,漢譯還是有曖昧的部分,我只能說(shuō)是我的理解。
  •   嗯,有一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)理解了。
    謝謝啦!
  •   在建筑界往往存在這樣那樣的理論或矛盾或統(tǒng)一。
  •   我想了想,最近覺(jué)得建筑學(xué)這個(gè)東西,目前復(fù)雜到?jīng)]有一種理論也沒(méi)有一種美學(xué)來(lái)指導(dǎo)我們做設(shè)計(jì)了.不同的理論關(guān)注了建筑不同的側(cè)面,關(guān)注相同側(cè)面的理論往往矛盾.
  •   不知道你看過(guò)一本有關(guān)建筑的書(shū)叫《巴別,巴別》沒(méi),其中將后現(xiàn)代主義就是這樣定義的,沒(méi)有一個(gè)絕對(duì)的統(tǒng)一,就好像不同名族不同地區(qū)的人都有自己的語(yǔ)言一樣,我們既沒(méi)有必要也不可能去過(guò)分的要求什么統(tǒng)一,只要遵循一部分人的心里美學(xué)就好了,其余的則個(gè)行其道,這并沒(méi)有什么不好的。而且這也是必須得
  •   剛讀過(guò)這本書(shū)……還是感覺(jué)venturi對(duì)建筑復(fù)雜性和矛盾性的敘述主要集中在建筑的形式上,對(duì)于古典建筑,就是集中在裝飾的手法上……感覺(jué)這本書(shū)上的東西還是有點(diǎn)遠(yuǎn)了……另外周卜頤的翻譯還是有點(diǎn)齪的…………
  •   文丘里是說(shuō)這本書(shū)本來(lái)的名字應(yīng)該叫作“建筑形式的復(fù)雜性與矛盾性”的。文丘里在書(shū)中提出“當(dāng)形式明確地追隨功能時(shí),功能含蓄的機(jī)會(huì)就少了”,你覺(jué)得這與他直截了當(dāng)?shù)貜墓δ艹霭l(fā)做設(shè)計(jì)(而不受其他主義、思潮影響)的說(shuō)法是否矛盾呢?他推崇的是形式與功能之間沒(méi)有完全地追隨與被追隨關(guān)系嗎?
  •   有沒(méi)有裝讓正版的啊 急需
  •   我對(duì)二元并列也有疑問(wèn)
    我想糾正下樓主對(duì)二元對(duì)立的看法
    非此即彼應(yīng)該屬于一元論 要么物質(zhì)要么精神
    外國(guó)建筑師對(duì)哲學(xué)的造詣都很高
    但是對(duì)于二元并列我確實(shí)不知道怎么理解
    感覺(jué)和樓主理解的差不多
    哲學(xué)上的二元并列最有名的例子是理性與感性
    如果這樣理解
    應(yīng)該是對(duì)立的事物同時(shí)并列存在
 

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