論人類語言結(jié)構(gòu)的差異及其對人類精神發(fā)展的影響

內(nèi)容概要

本書是德國語言學(xué)家威廉·馮·洪堡特遺著的英譯本。    作者在書中從馬來諸語言、美洲印第安語言、歐洲古典及近現(xiàn)代語言、巴斯克語、梵語和巴利語等，一直談到蒙古語、滿語、漢語、緬甸語，探討了關(guān)于語言的方方面面：語言的創(chuàng)造性特征、語言活動中個人與民族的關(guān)系、語言表達(dá)思維對象的方法、世界各語言的分類等，對其后的語言研究產(chǎn)生了深刻的影響。    此書不僅是語言學(xué)領(lǐng)域的經(jīng)典，而且涉獵到心理學(xué)、認(rèn)知科學(xué)等領(lǐng)域。而現(xiàn)代人類學(xué)家、民族學(xué)家、文化史家讀畢此書，很可能也會把它列入各自領(lǐng)域的必讀書目。因為書中探討的對象正是他們共同關(guān)心的問題——語言。

作者簡介

　　威廉·馮·洪堡特（Wilhelm von Humboldt 1767—1835）是德國著名語言學(xué)家。他經(jīng)歷傳奇，曾長居政壇要位，創(chuàng)建過新型的柏林大學(xué)。后來潛心治學(xué)，在語言研究上頗有建樹，被尊為普通語言學(xué)的奠基者。他試圖創(chuàng)立一門“普通語言學(xué)”，把人類語言的生存環(huán)境、內(nèi)部構(gòu)造、相互關(guān)系等等都涵蓋起來；也著力探索了各種類型的具體語言，考察其間可能的親緣關(guān)系，分析比較它們的語法結(jié)構(gòu)。洪堡特在普通語言學(xué)、歷史語言學(xué)、語言類型學(xué)等方面都堪稱先行者。

書籍目錄

導(dǎo)讀原書目錄介紹年表閱讀材料原文說明第一章  馬來民族各部落的居住環(huán)境和文化狀況第二章  對人類發(fā)展過程的一般考察第三章  對人類發(fā)展過程的一般考察（續(xù)）第四章  特殊精神力量的影響；文明、文化和教養(yǎng)第五章  個人與民族的協(xié)同作用第六章  個人與民族的協(xié)同作用（續(xù)）第七章  對語言作更詳盡的考察第八章  語言的形式第九章  語言的一般性質(zhì)和特點第十章  語言的語音系統(tǒng)；分節(jié)音的特性；語音變化；語音與概念的配合；一般關(guān)系的指稱；發(fā)音知覺；各種語言的語音系統(tǒng)及其技術(shù)第十一章  內(nèi)在語言形式第十二章  語音同內(nèi)在語言形式的聯(lián)系第十三章  對語言方法的詳細(xì)分析；詞的相似性和詞形第十四章  詞的孤立、屈折和粘著第十五章  進(jìn)一步考察詞的統(tǒng)一性；語言的復(fù)綜型系統(tǒng)；詞的統(tǒng)一性的表達(dá)手段；停頓；字母變化第十六章  重音第十七章  語言的復(fù)綜型系統(tǒng)；句子的劃分第十八章  語言的語音形式與語法需求的一致關(guān)系第十九章  各種語言之間的主要區(qū)別：以語言構(gòu)造原則的純正程度為評判標(biāo)準(zhǔn)第二十章  各種語言的特性；詩歌和散文第二十一章  語言成功地相互生成的能力；語言中的自發(fā)設(shè)定行為；動詞；連詞；關(guān)系代詞；對發(fā)展中的屈折語言的考察；源自拉丁語的語言第二十二章  對以上研究的總結(jié)；偏離高度規(guī)律的形式的語言第二十三章  欠完善的語言結(jié)構(gòu)，其特點和根源；閃米特諸語言；特拉華語第二十四章  漢語；漢語（續(xù)）；緬甸語第二十五章  多音節(jié)的語言結(jié)構(gòu)是否源于單音節(jié)術(shù)語表索引

章節(jié)摘錄

　　but difficult toanswer with certainty: whether, thatis, the whole civilization of the archipelago is entirely of Indianorigin? and whether, too, from a period preceding all literature andthe latest and most refined development ofspeech, there have existedconnections between Sanscrit and the Malayan languages in thewidest sense, that can still be demonstrated in the common elementsofspeech? To the first of these two questions I would be inclined toreturn a negative answer. It seems to me established that there wasa true and indigenous civilization among the brown race of thearchipelago. It is still to be found in the eastern part, and even inJava has not succumbed beyond recognition. It could be said,nevertheless, that the population of the archipelago became graduallydispersed from the centre, which India initially had influenced, andexpanded thence towards the east, so that the specifically Indiancharacter became more diluted at the end-points. But such anassumption, however, becomes the less supported by specific resem-blances, when, precisely in that which does not proclaim itself to beprimarily Indian at all, striking coincidences have been noted in thecustoms of the peoples of the more central and easterly archipelago.Nor is it at all evident why a people such as the Malayans shouldbe denied a social civilization of their own creation, seeing that theprocess of population and gradual acculturation may in any casehave taken this direction or that. The very capacity of its constituentpeoples to as.simulate the Hinduism transmitted to them is a proofof this, and still more so the manner in which they neverthelessinterwove it with native elements, and almost never allowed theIndian contribution to retain its quite alien shape. Both wouldnecessarily have had to be otherwise, if the Indian incursions hadencountered these races as raw uncultivated savages. When I Speakhere of Indians, I mean of course only the Sanscrit-speaking branch,not inhabitants of the Indian mainland as such. To what extent thehtter were encountered by this branch, and perhaps driven out byit, is another question, which I do not enter into here, where myconcern is only to show by what diverse cultural circumstances theMalayan races were encompassed.　 The second question, referring only to language, must, however,in my opinion, be answered in the affirmative. In this respect theboundaries of Indian influence are more extensive.

媒體關(guān)注與評論

　　“第一部闡述普通語言學(xué)的巨作，是威廉·馮·洪堡特所撰的一本關(guān)于人類語言多樣性的論著，出版于1836年。”　　--布龍菲爾德　　這本書“在一片贊揚和反對聲中……或顯或隱地規(guī)定了直到今天為止的整個語言科學(xué)和語言哲學(xué)。”　　--海德格爾

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