引力

前言

~Einstein's relativistic theory of gravitation——general relativity——will shortly be acentury old. At its core is one of the most beautiful and revolutionary conceptionsof modem science——the idea that gravity is the geometry of four-dimensionalcurved spacetime. Together with quantum theory, general relativity is one of thetwo most profound developments of twentieth-century physics.   General relativity has been accurately tested in the solar system. It underliesour understanding of the universe on the largest distance scales, and is centralto the explanation of such frontier astrophysical phenomena as gravitational col-lapse, black holes, X-ray sources, neutron stars, active galactic nuclei, gravita-tional waves, and the big bang. General relativity is the intellectual origin of manyideas in contemporary elementary particle physics and is a necessary prerequisiteto understanding theories of the unification of all forces such as string theory.   An introduction to this subject, so basic, so well established, so central to sev-eral branches of physics, and so interesting to the lay public is naturally a partof the education of every undergraduate physics major. Yet teaching general rel-ativity at an undergraduate level confronts a basic problem. The logical order ofteaching this subject （as for most others） is to assemble the necessary mathemati-cal tools, motivate the basic defining equations, solve the equations, and apply thesolutions to physically interesting circumstances. Developing the tools of differ-ential geometry, introducing the Einstein equation, and solving it is an elegant andsatisfying story. But it can also be a long one, too long in fact to cover both thatand introduce the many con~~temporary applications in the time that is typicallyavailable for an introductory undergraduate course.   Gravity introduces general relativity in a different order. The principles onwhich it is based are discussed at greater length in Appendix D, but essentiallythe strategy is the following: The simplest physically relevant solutions of theEinstein equation are presented first, without derivation, as spacetimes whose ob-servational consequences are to be explored by the study of the motion of testparticles and light rays in them. This brings the student to the physical phenom-ena as quickly as possible. It is the part of the subject most directly connected toclassical mechanics, and requires the minimum of new mathematical ideas. TheEinstein equation is introduced later and solved to show how these geometriesoriginate.   A course for junior or senior level physics students based on these principlesand the first two parts of this book has been part of the undergraduate curriculumat the University of California, Santa Barbara for over twenty-five years. It works.~

內(nèi)容概要

　　Einstein的廣義相對(duì)論是現(xiàn)代物理的基石。它包括了大量講述時(shí)空的前沿話題，黑洞、重力波以及宇宙學(xué)。隨著廣義相對(duì)論越來(lái)越成為同時(shí)代物理和天文學(xué)的中心，其在本科教育中的地位也顯得尤為重要。這本全新的教材很適合本科生作為了解該課程的基礎(chǔ)理論。物理優(yōu)先、數(shù)學(xué)理論盡可能少、大量的應(yīng)用實(shí)例，作者為物理學(xué)家和對(duì)該學(xué)科感興趣的讀者自然順暢的講述了這門學(xué)科。　　讀者對(duì)象：《引力》適用于物理專業(yè)的本科生，研究生以及對(duì)該學(xué)科感興趣的廣大讀者?！　∧看危海ǖ谝徊糠郑┡ｎD物理和狹義相對(duì)論中的時(shí)空：引力物理；幾何作為物理；牛頓物理中的空間；時(shí)間和引力；狹義相對(duì)論原理；狹義相對(duì)論力學(xué)； （第二部分）廣義相對(duì)論的彎曲時(shí)空：引力作為幾何；彎曲時(shí)空的描述；測(cè)地線；球形星體外的幾何；廣義相對(duì)論的太陽(yáng)系檢驗(yàn)；實(shí)用相對(duì)論引力；引力坍縮和黑洞；天體物理學(xué)黑洞；微小轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)；旋轉(zhuǎn)黑洞；引力波；宇宙觀察；宇宙學(xué)模型；什么是宇宙以及為什么；（第三部分）Einstein方程：數(shù)學(xué)部分；曲率和Einstein方程；曲率源；引力波發(fā)射；相對(duì)論星體。

作者簡(jiǎn)介

作者：(美)哈蒂

書(shū)籍目錄

PrefacePART Ⅰ  SPACE AND TIME IN NEWTONIAN PHYSICS AND SPECIAL RELATIVITY　1  Gravitational Physics　2  Geometry as Physics　  2.1  Gravity Is Geometry　  2.2  Experiments in Geometry　  2.3  Different Geometries　  2.4  Specifying Geometry　  2.5  Coordinates and Line Element　  2.6  Coordinates and Invariance　3  Space, lime, and Gravity in Newtonian Physics　  3.1  Inertial Frames　  3.2  The Principle of Relativity　  3.3  Newtonian Gravity　  3.4  Gravitational and Inertial Mass　  3.5  Variational Principle for Newtonian Mechanics　4  Principles of Special Relativity　5  Special Relativistic MechanicsPART Ⅱ  THE CURVED SPACETIMES OF GENERAL RELATIVITY　6  Gravity as Geometry　7  The Description of Curved Spacetime　8  Geodesics　9  The Geometry Outside a Spherical Star　10  Solar System Tests of General Relativity　11  Relativistic Gravity in Action　12  Gravitational Collapse and Black Holes　13  Astrophysical Black Holes 　14  A Little Rotation　15  Rotating Black Holes　16  Gravitational Waves　17  The Universe Observed　18  Cosmological Models　19  Which Universe and Why? PART Ⅲ  THE EINSTEIN EQUATION　20  A Little More Math　21  Curvature and the Einstein Equation　22  The Source of Curvature　23  Gravitational Wave Emission　24  Relativistic StarsAPPENDIXES

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