紅與黑

前言

　　1827年，司湯達(dá)利用《司法公報》上登載的一個家庭教師殺害女主人的刑事案件作素材，創(chuàng)作一部長篇小說，原名《于連》，1830年5月，在校印期間，改名為富有象征意義的《紅與黑》。這是歐洲第一部杰出的批判現(xiàn)實(shí)主義代表作。誠如高爾基所言：“司湯達(dá)憑著自己的才能，把極為平常的刑事罪行提高到對十九世紀(jì)初期資產(chǎn)階級社會制度進(jìn)行歷史和哲學(xué)研究的程度。”小說標(biāo)題的“紅”是指紅色的軍服；“黑”則指代教士的黑教服，它代表當(dāng)時以教會為代表的反動的黑暗勢力。小說的副標(biāo)題為《1830年紀(jì)事》。司湯達(dá)在論《紅與黑》的文章里表明，他要“認(rèn)真地描寫十九世紀(jì)最初三十年壓在法國人民頭上的歷屆政府所帶來的社會風(fēng)氣”。 《紅與黑》主要描寫于連·索黑爾野心勃勃的短促一生。作品以于連的遭遇為情節(jié)線索，從惟利是圖的外省小城到省會貝尚松、首都巴黎，從陰森可怖的神學(xué)院到黑幕重重的保皇黨集團(tuán)，從愛情生活、宗教活動到秘密的政治會議，鮮明生動地勾勒出一幅查理十世統(tǒng)治下的社會生活畫面。 首先，《紅與黑》深刻揭露了1830年7月革命前夕尖銳、復(fù)雜的社會矛盾和階級矛盾。在查理十世的統(tǒng)治下，惡濁腐敗的政治氣氛籠罩著法國。

內(nèi)容概要

于連·索黑爾出身于一個農(nóng)民家庭。他身體瘦弱，富有才干，野心勃勃。于連意識到，只有通過教會才能躋身于上流社會。他由于精通拉丁語《圣經(jīng)》被聘為維立埃市市長德·瑞那孩子的家庭教師；在此期間他成為德·瑞那夫人的情人。由于戀情敗露，他被迫離開維立埃市去省城貝尚松神學(xué)院學(xué)習(xí)神學(xué)。后又經(jīng)彼拉神甫的推薦去侯爵府做德·拉·木爾侯爵的秘書，并成了侯爵女兒瑪?shù)贍柕碌那槿?。正?dāng)他準(zhǔn)備與侯爵女兒結(jié)構(gòu)，夢想政治上飛黃騰達(dá)之時，市長夫人的告密信讓這一切都化為泡影。絕望最后被送上了斷頭臺，結(jié)束了他短暫的一生。

作者簡介

司湯達(dá)是法國19世紀(jì)杰出的批判現(xiàn)實(shí)主義家，他的著名小說《紅與黑》，以其進(jìn)步的思想傾向，以及對當(dāng)時社會階級關(guān)系的深刻描寫，和對典型性格的出色的刻畫，在全世界享有盛名。
　　1783年1月23日，司湯達(dá)生于法國格勒諾布勒城的一個資產(chǎn)階級家庭。他的本名叫亨利·貝爾。

章節(jié)摘錄

　　From the moment he had opened the anonymous letter, M. de Renal's life had been quite ghasdy. He had not been so agitated since a duel he had almost fought in 1816, and, to do him justice, at that time the prospect of being shot had made him less wretched. He examined the letter from all angles: Isn't this a woman's handwriting? he said to himself. In that case, what woman wrote it? He ran through all the women he knew in Verriares without being able to fix his suspicions on any one of them. Might a man have dictated the letter? What man? The same uncertainty again; he was envied and no doubt hated by the majority of men he knew. I must consult my wife, he said to himself through force of habit, getting up from the　　chair in which he was slumped.　　He was hardly up before he exclaimed: 'God Almighty! ' and banged his head with his fists. She's the one I've got to be specially wary of: she's my enemy at this moment. And from sheer anger, tears welled up in his eyes .　　As a just reward for the emotional barrenness which is a matter of practical wisdom in the provinces, the two men M.de Renal feared most atthat moment were lus two most intimate friends.　　After these two, I've got maybe ten friends, and he ran through them, reckorung as he did so how much solace he might hope to derive from each of them. 'All of them! All of them! ' he exclaimed in rage, ' will get the greatest of enjoyment from my frightful misadventure.' He was lucky enough to be, he believed, much envied, and with good cause too. In addition to his splendid house in town, which the King of-had just honoured in perpettuty by sleeping there, he had done up his chateau in Vergy very nicelyindeed. The facade was painted white and the windows were fitted with beautiful green shutters. He took a moment's comfort from the thought of this magnifieence. The fact is that this chateau could be seen from three or four leagues away, to the great detriment of all the neighbouring country houses or so-called chateaux, which had been left the humble grey colour that weatherning had produced.　　M. de R6nal coul.d count on the tears and pity of one of his friends, the churchwarden of the parish; but he was an idiot who shed tears over anything. rlhis , however, was his only recourse.　　'What wretchedness can be compared with mine!' he exclaimed in rage. 'What isolation! ' Can it be, wondered this man who was genuinely to be pitied, can it be possible that I haven't a friend to tum to for advice in my misfortune? For I'm losing my reason, I can feel it! Ah! Falcoz! Ah! Ducros! he exclaimed bitterly. These were the names of two childhood friends whom he had estranged by his haughty behaviour in 1814. They were not noble, and You unfeeling creature! won't your heart show you a way to tell me that you love me before you set off for this walk? Whatever may happen, you can be sure of one thing: I shan't go on living for a single day after our final separation. Ah! unworthy mother! These last two words I've just written are completely empty, dear Julien. They don't afFect me at all; I can only think of you at this moment, I only wrote them so as not to be blamed by you. Now that I see myself on the brink of losing you, what's the point of hiding anything? Yes, let my soul appear black as hell to you, but let me not lie to the man I adore! I've been only too guilty of deception already in my life. There now, I forgive you if you don't love me any more.　　I haven't any time to reread my letter. It seems to me a small price to pay with my life for the days of happiness I've just spent in your arms. You know they will cost me more than that.　　JULIEN derived a childish pleasure from piecing words together for an hour on end. As he was leaving his room he ran into his pupils and their mother; she took the letter so straightforwardly and courageously that he was terrified by her calm.　　'Has the gum dried enough?' she asked him.　　Is this the woman who was driven so wild by remorse? he thought.　　What are her plans at this moment? He was too proud to ask her; but she struck him as more attractive than perhaps ever before.　　slf this goes wrong,' she added with the same composure, 'everything will be taken away from me. Bury this cache somewhere in the mountains; it may be my only resource one day.'　　She handed lum a small red morocco case, filled with gold and a few diamonds .　　'Off you go now,' she said to him.　　She kissed the children, the youngest one twice. Julien stood there motionless. She walked away from him swiftly and without looking at him.　　he had wished to alter the equal footing which had marked their relations since childhood.　　One of them, Falcoz, an intelligent, warm-hearted man who was a paper merchant in Verriares, had bought a printing press in the main town of the d6partement, and had started up a newspaper. The Congregation had determined to nun him: his newspaper had been condemned and his printer's licence withdrawn. In these sad circumstances he had tried writing to M. de Renal for the first time in ten years. The mayor of Verriares thought it his duty to reply like an ancient Roman: 'IF the king's minister did me the honour of consulting me, I should say to him: "Do not scruple to ruin all provincial printers, and tum printing into a monopoly like tobacco."' This letter to a close fniend was admired by the whole of Verriares at the time, and M. de Renal was now appalled to recall its terms. Who could have told me that with my rank, my fortune, and my decorations, I should need him one day? Tossed by fits of anger Such as these, now directed against himself, now against everything round about him, he spent a terrible night; but fortunately he did not think to spy on his wife .　　I'm used to Louise, he said to himself, she's familiar with all my busmess; even supposing I were free to marry tomorrow, I shouldn't find anyone to replace her. At that point he went along with the idea that his wife was innocent, this view of matters did not impose on him the need to show any force of character, and suited him much better; what a common occurrence it is, anyway, to see women slandered!　　‘What the devil!' he exclaimed suddenly, striding fitfully up and down . Am I to put up with her mocking me with her lover as if I were a nobody, or a vagabond? Must the whole of Verrieres laugh me to scom for tuming a blind eye? Just think what they said about Charmier! (He was one of the neigh bour hood's notorious cuckolds.) When his name is mentioned, doesn't a smile pass over everyone's Lips? He's a good barrister, but who on earth ever talks of his oratorical skills? 'Ah! Charmier! ' they say, 'Bemard's Charmier': that's what they call him-by the name of the man who's the cause of his shame.　　Thank heavens, thought M. de Renal at other moments, I haven't got a daughter, and the way I'm going to punish their mother won't prejudice the establishment of my children; I can surprise that little peasant with my w:ife, and kill them both; in that case, the tragic side of the adventure will perhaps remove the ridicule from it, This idea appealed to him; he pursued it in every detail. The penal system is on my side, and whatever happens, our Congregation and my friends on the jury will save me. He examined his hunting knife which was exceedingly sharp; but the thought of blood frightened him.　　I can thrash this impertinent tutor and drive him from the house; but what a furore in Verriares and even throughout the d6partement! After Falcoz's newspaper had been banned, when its editor-in-chief came out of prison, I helped to ensure that he lost his job worth six hundred francs.　　They say this scribbler is daring to show his face again in Besangon, he can offer me up cleverly to public ridicule, and in such a way that it will be impossible to take him to court. Take him to coLut! . . . The impertinent fellow will find innumerable ways of insinuating that he has told the truth. A gentleman who maintains his station as I do is hated by all plebeians. I shall get into those frightful Paris newspapers; oh heavens! what a calamity! To see the ancient name of Renal plunged into the mire of ridicule. . . If ever I travel I shall have to change my name. What! give up this name which is my glory and my strength. What depths of misfortune! If I don't kill my wife, but instead drive her from the house in ignominy, she has her aunt in Besangon who will hand over her fortune to her directly. My wife will go and live in Paris with Julien; Verrieres will come to hear of it, and once again I'll be taken for a dupe. At this point the unhappy man noticed from the dimness of his lamp that day was beginning to break. He went out into the garden for a breath of fresh air. At that moment he was almost resolved not to create a scandal, chiefly on the grounds that a scandal would thoroughly delight his friends in Verriares.　　The walk in the garden calmed him down a little. 'No,' he exclaimed, 'I shan't deprive myself of my wife, she's too useful to me.' He pictured with horror what his house would be like without his wife; the only female relative he had was the Marquise de R- , who was old, weak in the head and spiteful.　　A very sensible idea occurred to him, but to carry it out would have reqtured strength of character far in excess of what little the poor man possessed. If I keep my wife, he said, I know myself, one day when I get impatient with her rii reproach her with her infidelity. She's proud, we'll quarrel, and all this will happen before she has inherited her aunt's money. How I shall be mocked then! My wife loves her children, everything will revert to them in the end. But / shall be the laughing-stock of Verriares. 　　What! they'll say, he didn't even manage to get his revenge on his wife!　　Wouldn't it be better to stick to suspicions and not try to prove anything? In that case I tie my hands, and can't reproach her with anything subsequently .　　A moment later M. de Renal was seized again by wounded vanity and laboriously recalled all the ploys quoted in the billiard room of the Casino or Noble Circle of Verrieres when someone with the gift of the gab interrupts the pool to have a joke at the expense of a cuckolded husband. How cruel　　these jibes seemed to him now! God! Why is my wife not dead! then I'd be impervious to ridicule.　　Why am I not a widower! I'd go and spend six months in Paris in the best circles . After this moment of happiness conjured up by the idea of widowerhood, his imagination retumed to the means of ascertaining the truth.　　Should he emerge at midnight, after everyone had gone to bed, to spread a thin layer of bran in front of the door to Julien's room? Next moming at dawn he would see the footprints.　　'But that method's no good,' he cried out in a sudden fit of rage, t that sly minx Elisa would notice, and the household would soon know that I'm jealous . '　　In another story told at the Casino, a husband had ascertained his misfortune by sealing up the doors to his wife's and the gallant's bedrooms by means of a little wax and two strands of hair.　　After so many hours of uncertainty, this method of shedding light on his fate seemed to him to be decidedly the best, and he was thinking of using it when, at a bend in one of the paths, he met this w:ife whom he would have liked to see dead.　　She was coming back from the village. She had gone to hear Mass in the church at Vergy. A tradition of most dubious reliability in the eyes of the cold man of reason, but one she believed in, has it that the little church used today was the chapel of the chateau belonging to the squire of Vergy. This idea obsessed Mme de Renal for the whole of the time she was intending to spend praying in this church. She had a constant image of her husband killing Julien while out hunting, as if by accident, and then making her eat his heart in the everung. My fate, she told herself, depends on what he's going to think when he listens to what I have to say. After this fateful quarter of an hour, I may not find another opportunity to speak to him. He isn't a man of sense, controlled by reason. Otherwise I could use my feeble reasoning powers to foresee what he's going to do or say. He will decide our common fate, he has the power to do it. But that fate depends on my cunning, my skill in guiding the thoughts of this unpredictable mind tumed blind by anger and prevented from seeing half of what's going on. God AJmighty! I need talent, I need a cool head, where do I get them from? She regained her calm as if by magic on entering the garden and seeing her husband from a distance. His rumpled hair and clothes signaled that he had not slept.　　She handed him a letter with the seal broken but refolded. He did not open it but stared at his wife with wild eyes.　　'This is an abomination' , she said to him, 'that was handed to me as I was passing round the back of the solicitor's garden, by a disreputable looking man claiming to be acquainted with you and to owe you a debt of gratitude. I demand one thing of you: that you send this Mr Julien off packing back to his family, right away.' Mrne de Renal uttered his name hastily, perhaps a little too soon, in order to be rid of the fearful prospect of having to utter it.　　On seeing the joy which her words produced in her husband, she was overcome with the same feeling herself. She realized from the way he was staring at her that Julien had guessed right. Instead of lamenting this genuine misfortune, she thought to herself: what a genius, what perfect intuition! And in a young man still lacking any experience ! Will any doors remain closed to him later on! Alas ! then his successes will make him forget me.　　This little act of admiration for the man she adored rid her completely of her nerves.　　She congratulated herself on what she had done. I haven't been unworthy of Julien, she said to herself with a sweet inner glow of pleasure.　　Without saying a word for fear of committing himself, M.de Renal examined the second anonymous letter composed, the reader will remember, of printed words stuck on to a sheet of blue-tinged paper. I am being mocked in any event, M. de Renal said to himself, overwhelmed with fatigue .　　Yet more slander to exanune, and my wife's the cause of it again! He was on the point of subjecting her to the coarsest of insults, when the prospect of the Besangon inheritance stopped him just in time. Devoured by the need to vent his destructive urge on something, he crumpled up the paper on which this second anonymous letter had been written, and began striding off; he needed to get away from his wife. A few moments later he retumed' to her, in a calmer frame of nund.　　You must take a decision and dismiss Julien,' she said to him at once, 'after all, he's only a workman's son. You can make him a small payment in compensation, and anyway he's very leamed and will easily find himself another post, for instance with M. Valenod or the sub-prefect de Maugiron who both have children. In this way you won't be doing him anyharm. . . '　　'You're talking just like the silly idiot you are,' thundered M. de Renal. 'What sense can anyone expect from a woman? You never pay any attention to what is reasonable; how can you possibly know a thing? Your happy-go-lucky outlook and your laziness only give you energy for chasing after butterflies, you feeble creatures that we are unfortunate enough to have in the midst of our families! . . .'　　Mme de Renal let him have his say, and it went on for a good while; he was getting shot of his anger , as the local expression goes.　　' Sir,' she answered him at last, 'I speak as a woman impugned in her honour, that is to say in the most precious thing she has.'　　Mme de Renal remained completely unruffled throughout the whole of this painful conversation on which hung her chance of going on living under the same roof with Julien. She tried to produce ideas she thought most likely to guide the blind anger of her husband. She had been unmoved by all the insulting remarks he had addressed to her, she wasn't even listening, she was thinking about Julien at the time. Will he be pleased with me? 'This little peasant on whom we have showered kindness and even presents may be innocent,' she said at last, 'but he is none the less the pretext for the first affront I've received... Sir! when I read this abominable missive, I vowed to myself that either he or I would leave your house . '　　'Do you want to cause a scandal to dishonour me and yourself too? You give rise to a lot of bad feeling in Verriares.' lt's true: most people envy the prosperous state which your wise administration has secured for yourself, your family and the town... All right! I shall entreat Julien to ask you for a period ofleave to go and spend a month with that timber merchant in the mountains-a worthy friend for this little workman. '　　'Don't you take any kind of action, ' replied M, de Renal quite calmly. 'What I insist on above all is that you should not speak to him. You would do it in anger and set him and me at loggerheads; you know how touchy the little gentleman is. '　　'The young man has no sense of propriety,' went on Mme de Renal, ' he may be learned-you're the judge of that-but undemeath he's notlung but a real peasant. As far as I'm concemed, I've never thought well of him since he refused to marry Elisa; it was a guaranteed fortune; and all because she sometimes pays secret visits to M. Valenod.'　　'Ah!' said M. de Renal, raising his eyebrows quite excessively, 'what was that? Did Julian tell you that?' Not exactly; he has always talked to me about his calling for the sacred mirusty; but believe you me, the first calling for common people like him is to earn their bread. He led me to understand clearly enough that he was aware of these secret visits.'　　' And I was quite unaware of them, / was ! ' exclaimed M. de Renal, full of fury once more and stressing his words. "Ilungs happen in my house that l'm unaware of... What, was there ever anything between Elisa and Valenod? '　　'Ha! That's ancient history, my dearest,' laughed Mme de Renal, 'and perhaps nothing wicked happened. It was at the time when your good friend Valenod wouldn't have been displeased if people in Verriares had thought that a little affair was developing between him and me-perfectly platonic , of course. '　　'I thought as much at one time,' exclaimed M. de Renal, hitting his head furiously as he made one discovery after another, ' and you never said anything to me about it?' Was there any need to cause two friends to quarrel for the sake of a little flight of vanity from our dear Master? You name me a society woman to whom he hasn't sent some extremely witty and even flirtatious lettetrs! '　Did he write to you by any chance?' He writes a lot.'　　'Show me those letters at once, I order you to!' and M. de Renal drew himself up to a full six foot.　　'I shall certainly not,' came the reply; gentle almost to the point of nonchalance, 'rii show them to you one day, when you're behaving better. '　　'This very instant, by God! ' shouted M. de Renal, intoxicated with anger, and yet happier than he had been for the past twelve hours. 'Do you swear to me' , said Mme de Renal very gravely, 'that you will never quarrel with the master of the workhouse on the subject of these letters ?　'Quarrel or no quarrel, I can take the foundlings from him; but', he went on furiously, 'l want those letters at once; where are they?' In a drawer of my desk; but I certainly won't give you the key.' 　　'I'Il find a way of breaking into it,' he shouted as he ran off to his wife's room.　　He did indeed use an iron bar to smash a valuable writing-desk in veined mahogany obtained in Paris that he often used to buff up with his coat-tail when he thought he saw some mark on it.　　Mme de Renal had run up the hundred and twenty steps to the top of the dovecot; she was fastening the comer of a white handkercluef to one of the iron bars of the little window. She was the happiest of women. She gazed with tears in her eyes towards the great woods on the mountain. No doubt, she said to herself, Julien is undemeath one of those leafy beeches, watching out for this good-luck siWal. 　　……

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