化學(xué)和工程熱力學(xué)

前言

This book is intended to be the text for a course in thermodynamics for undergrad-uate students in chemical engineering. It has been used in this manner at the University of Delaware for more than twenty years, originally as a course for third-yearstudents and currently for sophomores. I had two objectives in writing the first edi-tion of this book, which have been retained in the succeeding editions. The first wasto develop a modern applied thermodynamics text especially for chemical engineering students, that was relevant to other parts of the curriculum, specifically coursesin separations processes, chemical reactor analysis, and process design. The otherobjective was to organize and present material in sufficient detail, and in such a waythat the student obtained a good understanding of the principles of thermodynamics, and a proficiency in applying these principles to the solution of a large variety ofenergy flow and equilibrium problems.Since the first two editions largely met these goals, and the principles of thermo-dynamics have not changed in the last decade, this edition is similar in structure tothe earlier ones. However, there have been three important changes in engineeringeducation in the recent decades. The first is the availability of powerful desktop com-puters. The second is greater concerns about safety and the environment. The thirdis the application of chemical engineering principles to new technology areas suchas biotechnology, polymers, solidstate processing, etc. In the current edition of thistext I have made changes to address each of these issues.The availability of desktop computers and equationsolving software has nowmade it possible to bring engineering science, industrial practice, and undergraduateeducation much closer together. In particular, students in their dormitory rooms orat home can now perform sophisticated thermodynamics and phase equilibrium cal-culations similar to those that they will encounter in industry. I provide two differentways to accomplish this.

內(nèi)容概要

　　隨著中國(guó)社會(huì)主義現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)進(jìn)入新的階段，以高質(zhì)量的高等教育培養(yǎng)千百萬(wàn)專門人才，迎接新世紀(jì)的挑戰(zhàn)，是實(shí)現(xiàn)“科教興國(guó)”戰(zhàn)略的基礎(chǔ)工程，也是完成“十五”計(jì)劃各項(xiàng)奮斗目標(biāo)的重要保證。為切實(shí)加強(qiáng)高等學(xué)校本科教學(xué)并提高教學(xué)質(zhì)量，教育部于2001年專門下發(fā)文件提出12條意見(jiàn)，對(duì)高等學(xué)校教學(xué)工作從認(rèn)識(shí)、管理、教師隊(duì)伍到教學(xué)方法和教學(xué)手段等給予指導(dǎo)。文件強(qiáng)調(diào)，按照“教育要面向現(xiàn)代化、面向世界、面向未來(lái)”的要求，為適應(yīng)經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化和科技國(guó)際化的挑戰(zhàn)，本科教育要?jiǎng)?chuàng)造條件使用英語(yǔ)等外語(yǔ)進(jìn)行公共課和專業(yè)課教學(xué)?！　≡谖募裰笇?dǎo)下，全國(guó)普通高等學(xué)校尤其是重點(diǎn)高校中興起了使用國(guó)外教材開(kāi)展教學(xué)活動(dòng)的潮流。如生物技術(shù)與工程、環(huán)境科學(xué)與工程、材料科學(xué)與工程及作為其學(xué)科基礎(chǔ)理論重要組成部分的化學(xué)技術(shù)和化學(xué)工程技術(shù)又是這股潮流中最為活躍的領(lǐng)域之一。在教育部“化工類專業(yè)人才培養(yǎng)方案及教學(xué)內(nèi)容體系改革的研究與實(shí)踐”項(xiàng)目組及“化工類專業(yè)創(chuàng)新人才培養(yǎng)模式、教學(xué)內(nèi)容、教學(xué)方法和教學(xué)技術(shù)改革的研究與實(shí)踐”項(xiàng)目組和“全國(guó)本科化學(xué)工程與工藝專業(yè)教學(xué)指導(dǎo)委員會(huì)”的指導(dǎo)和支持下，化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社及時(shí)啟動(dòng)了引進(jìn)國(guó)外名校名著的教材工程?！　〕霭嫔缃M織編輯人員多次赴國(guó)外學(xué)習(xí)考察，通過(guò)國(guó)外出版研究機(jī)構(gòu)對(duì)國(guó)外著名的高等學(xué)校進(jìn)行調(diào)查研究，搜集了一大批國(guó)際知名院校的現(xiàn)用教材選題。他們還聯(lián)絡(luò)國(guó)內(nèi)重點(diǎn)高校的專家學(xué)者組建了“國(guó)外名校名著評(píng)價(jià)委員會(huì)”，對(duì)國(guó)外和國(guó)內(nèi)高等本科教學(xué)進(jìn)行比較研究，對(duì)教材內(nèi)容質(zhì)量進(jìn)行審查評(píng)議，然后決定是否引進(jìn)。他們與國(guó)外許多著名的出版機(jī)構(gòu)建立了聯(lián)系，有的還建立了長(zhǎng)期合作關(guān)系，以掌握世界范圍內(nèi)優(yōu)秀教材的出版動(dòng)態(tài)?！　∫云浠瘜W(xué)化工專業(yè)領(lǐng)域的優(yōu)勢(shì)資源為基礎(chǔ)，化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社的教材引進(jìn)主要涉及化學(xué)、化學(xué)工程與工藝、環(huán)境科學(xué)與工程、生物技術(shù)與工程、材料科學(xué)與工程、制藥工程等專業(yè)，對(duì)過(guò)程裝備與控制工程、自動(dòng)化等傳統(tǒng)專業(yè)教材的引進(jìn)也在規(guī)劃之中。

作者簡(jiǎn)介

作者：(美國(guó))桑德美(Stanley I.Sandler)

書(shū)籍目錄

NOTATIONCHAPTER INTRODUCTION1.1 The Central Problems of Thermodynamics1.2 A System of Units1.3 The Equilibrium State1.4 Pressure, Temperature, and Equilibrium1.5 Heat, Work, and the Conservation of Energy1.6 Specification of the Equilibrium State; Intensive and ExtensiveVariables; Equations of State1.7 A Summary of Important Experimental Observations1.8 A Comment on the Development of ThermodynamicsProblemsCHAPTER CONSERVATION OF MASS AND ENERGY2.1 A General Balance Equation and Conserved Quantities2.2 Conservation of Mass2.3 Conservation of Energy2.4 The Thermodynamic Properties of Matter2.5 Applications of the Mass and Energy Balances2.6 Conservation of Momentum2.7 The Microscopic Equations of Change for Thermodynamics andFluid Mechanics （Optional）ProblemsCHAPTER ENTROPY: AN ADDITIONAL BALANCE EQUATION3.1 Entropy: A New Concept3.2 The Entropy Balance and Reversibility3.3 Heat, Work, Engines, and Entropy3.4 Entropy Changes of Matter3.5 Applications of the Entropy Balance3.6 Liquefaction3.7 Power Generation and Refrigeration Cycles3.8 The Thermodynamics of Mechanical Explosions3.9 The Microscopic Entropy Balance （Optional）ProblemsCHAPTER THE THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF REALSUBSTANCES4.1 Some Mathematical Preliminaries4.2 The Evaluation of Thermodynamic Partial Derivatives4.3 The Ideal Gas and Absolute-Temperature Scales4.4 The Evaluation of Changes in the Thermodynamic Properties of RealSubstances Accompanying a Change of State4.5 An Example Involving the Change of State of a Real Gas4.6 The Principle of Corresponding States4.7 Generalized Equations of State4.8 The Third Law of Thermodynamics4.9 More About Thermodynamic Partial Derivatives （Optional）Appendix A4.1 A Program for Thermodynamic PropertiesCalculations Using the Peng-Robinson Cubic EquationofState, PR1ProblemsCHAPTER 5EQUILIBRIUM AND STABILITY IN ONE-COMPONENTSYSTEMS5.1 The Criteria for Equilibrium5.2 Stability of Thermodynamic Systems5.3 Phase Equilibria: Application of the Equilibrium and StabilityCriteria to the Equation of State5.4 The Molar Gibbs Free Energy and Fugacity of a PureComponent5.5 The Calculation of Pure Fluid-Phase Equilibrium: The Computationof Vapor Pressure from an Equation of State5.6 The Specification of the Equilibrium Thermodynamic State of aSystem of Several Phases: The Gibbs Phase Rule for aOne-Component System5.7 Thermodynamic Properties of Phase TransitionsProblemsCHAPTER 6THE THERMODYNAMICS OF MULTICOMPONENTMIXTURES6.1 The Thermodynamic Description of Mixtures6.2 The Partial Molar Gibbs Free Energy and the GeneralizedGibbs-Duhem Equation6.3 A Notation for Chemical Reactions6.4 The Equations of Change for a Multicomponent System6.5 The Heat of Reaction and a Convention for the ThermodynamicProperties of Reacting Mixtures6.6 The Experimental Determination of the Partial Molar Volume andEnthalpy 6.7 Criteria for Phase Equilibrium in Multicomponent Systems6.8 The Criteria for Chemical Equilibrium, and Combined Chemical andPhase Equilibrium6.9 The Specification of the Equilibrium Thermodynamic State of aMulticomponent, Multiphase System; the Gibbs Phase Rule6.10 Some Concluding RemarksProblemsCHAPTER 7THE ESTIMATION OF THE GIBBS FREE ENERGY ANDFUGACITY OF A COMPONENT IN A MIXTURE7.1 The Ideal Gas Mixture7.2 The Partial Molar Gibbs Free Energy and Fugacity7.3 The Ideal Mixture and Excess Mixture Properties7.4 The Fugacity of Species in Gaseous, Liquid, and Solid Mixtures7.5 Several Correlative Liquid Mixture （Activity Coefficient）Models7.6 Two Predictive Activity Coefficient Models7.7 A Corresponding States Principle for Mixtures; The PseudocriticalConstant Method7.8 The Fugacity of Species in Nonsimple Mixtures7.9 Some Comments on Reference and Standard States7.10 A Combined Equation-of-State--Excess Gibbs Free Energy Models7.11 Electrolyte Solutions7.12 Concluding RemarksAppendix A7.1 A Statistical Mechanical Interpretation of the Entropy ofMixing in an Ideal MixtureAppendix A7.2 A Program for Multicomponent Vapor-LiquidEquilibrium Calculations Using the Peng-RobinsonCubic Equation of State, VLMUAppendix A7.3 Multicomponent Excess Gibbs Free Energy （ActivityCoefficient） ModelsAppendix A7.4 A Program for the Prediction of Activity Coefficientsand Low Pressure Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium Using theUNIFAC Model, UNIFAC.ProblemsCHAPTER 8 PHASE EQUILIBRIUM IN MIXTURESCHAPTER 9 CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM AND THE BALANCE

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