社會統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)與數(shù)理統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)的統(tǒng)一

內(nèi)容概要

It is recorded by the history of statistics that "political arithmetic" and " staatenkunde" date back to the 17th century--primary social statistics, originated in Britain and Germany. Almost at the same time, "gambling mathematics'--primary probability theory, appeared in Italy. Primary mathematical statistics did not come into being until the 19th　century when law of large numbers and error theory were discovered and added to probability theory. So we can draw the conclusion thatsocial statistics came into use two centuries earlier than mathematical statistics.      Because social statistics is widely used in economy and politics,the governments of all nations have been attaching great 'importance to it and made it develop systematically.  After 1940s, mathematical statistics developed rapidly owing to the development of probability theory. After 400 years' development, two branches of learning have been formed--social statistics and mathematical statistics,  both of which are in constant competition and neither of them can win easily.

書籍目錄

Chapter 1  Data Collecting and Data Sorting　Section 1  Data Measure and Types　Section 2  Data Collecting　Section 3  Data SortingChapter 2  Data Description　Section 1  Absolute Number and Relative Number 　Section 2  Description of Average Level  　Section 3  Description of Dispersion DegreeChapter 3  Time Series Analysis　Section 1  Basis Analysis of Time Series　Section 2  Determination of Long-term Trend　Section 3  Determination of Seasonal Variation　Section 4  Establishment of Prediction EquationChapter 4  Index Analysis　Section 1  Index and Sorting　Section 2  Weighted Index　Section 3  Index System　Section 4  Several Important IndicesChapter 5  Statistics Distribution　Section 1   Population and Sample　Section 2  Statistics DistributionChapter 6  Parameter Estimate　Section 1  Point Estimate　Section 2  Standard to Amount Estimate  　Section 3  Interval EstimateChapter 7  Hypothesis Testing　Section 1  Proposal on Hypothesis Testing Problem　Section 2  Procedure of Hypothesis Testing  　Section 3  Hypothesis Testing of a Normal Population　Section 4  Hypothesis Testing on Two Normal Populations　Section 5  Hypothesis Testing of the Probability　Section 6  Hypothesis Testing of Distribution Function　Section 7  Two Types of Errors in Hypothesis Testing……

章節(jié)摘錄

插圖：Period number possesses the feature that different period numbers can be added together to obtain a total quantity over a longer period. For example, the earnings of twelve months add up to the annual revenue. Time point number reflects the level of a studied phenomenon at a moment, such as population, inventory quantity of the goods and so on. Time point number is characterized that adding all time point numbers does not make any sense. Like, the population of a city in 1980 is 1 million, when in 1990 the population increases to 1.5 million. There is no meaning to add 1 million to 1.5 million.There are three types of absolute value measure unit: object measure unit, value measure unit and composite measure unit. Object measure unit is based on the properties of things. For example: the population uses "individual" as measure unit; cars, trains use "vehicle" as measure unit. Value measure unit is based on the form of currency to measure social wealth and labor efforts, such as gross domestic product, cost and profit. Object measure units cannot be added up, while value measure units can.  Take gross domestic product as an example. Gross domestic product is the sum of labor efforts in different walks of life. That is why value measure unit is widely applied.

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