唐縣高昌墓地發(fā)掘報(bào)告

內(nèi)容概要

An Excavation Report on Gaochang
Cemetery (Abstract) The "South -to- North Water Diveion Project" is
another large -scale hydraulic engineering work following the
"Three Gorgeous Projects" , and also another startling move of
Chinese government. The archaeological work, which coordinates with
this project, has become an urgent and arduous task for the three
provinces and one city along the line. In the summer of 2002, from
the end of 2003 to the beginning of 2004, and during the autumn
season of the same year, Hebei Province -acting in concert with the
water project -successively launched three archaeological
investigation, exploration and primary excavation work, eventually
fixing on 114 sites with abundant remaining relics. On the basis of
importance and preservation conditio, all these sites were
classified into "A, B, C, D" four levels as requested, among which
Gaochang cemetery was designated as Level B. Lasting from May 11,
2005 to September 30, the exploration and excavation work at
Gaochang cemetery was completed to explore an area of 5000 square
metres, 131 tombs. Among all these tombs, there are 7 earthen -
shafts of the Warring States Period, 92 earthen - shafts of the
Western Han Dynasty, 20 brick - chambered tombs of the Western and
Eastern Han Dynasties, 6 were from the Northern Dynasties to the
Sui Dynasty, one from the Song Dynasty, one earthen - shaft of the
Qing Dynasty, and four unknown tombs, unearthing more than 700 sets
of numbered funeral objects such as pottery, copper, iron, agate ,
porcelain, bone, glass, paint,etc. All the relevant information of
the 131 excavated tomb are covered by this report. The report
coists of three parts: Part I is an overview; Part 11 is the tombs'
information;Part m is a preliminary study. The fit part is divided
into three chapte, each depicting the general situation of the
cemetery and the working methods, profiles, contents as well as the
collation and compilation of materials, etc. Part 11 starts with
the tombs' era as a framework, then recounts them one by one in the
order from small to big serial numbe. Each tomb, whether robbed or
not, relies on raw material as its basis, then goes through indoor
collation of materials and restoration and checking of objects, and
then respectively depicted according to each tomb' s position, time
of excavation, status quo of its preservation, filling' s color and
composition,the tomb' s structure, the positio of coffi, bones,
burial objects and the features of every burial object. Generally,
each tomb has an attached profile, some of them also has photos.
Burial objects has attached outline drawings based on the tombs,
the better and more intact one is the choice from the same items.
Part III of preliminary study involves seven chapte: cemetery
overview; tombs' structure and the combination of burial objects;
burial objects, decorative pottery of the Warring States Period and
the Han Dynasty ; co - burial of different graves among the earthen
- shafts of the Westeru Han Dynasty ; the traition from earthen -
shafts to brick - chambered tombs ; the tombs' era and the owner' s
speculation. "Cemetery overview" summarizes how the tombs of
different periods surround a rock mound,meanwhile generalizes the
main burial customs. In the order of time periods, the chapter of
"tombs' structure and the combination of burial objects" concludes
the characteristics of tombs'struture, respectively from the
filling, tombs' direction and size, tombs' furniture, skeleton, the
combination of burial objects, etc. The conclusion, which is about
the features of 92 earthen - shafts of the Western Han Dynasty, is
particularly detailed. It divides the pottery of the burial objects
into 7 combinatio, among which the gallipots or the daily
combination of gallipots and pottery bowls are the most common. The
chapter of "burial objects" - also in the order of time -
generalizes the burial objects of all periods, roughly describing
according to such classificatio as pottery, copper, iron, pewter,
jade, glass, bone, lacquer, etc. The 7 tombs of the Warring States
Period and the 112 of the Western and Eastern Han Dynasties vary
greatly on the number and variety of burial objects, as a result,
independent forms of narratio are adopted. The pottery is divided
for their types and forms based on the traditional method, each one
is marked with the unearthed number as well as the general
characteristic of its type and form, moreover, each form is marked
with the number of tombs containing such items, and descriptive
examples are also provided. Chapter four of "decorative pottery of
the Warring States Period and the Han Dynasty" summarizes how the
items were molded and the main shapes of their various parts as
well as the main decoration methods and ornamental patter.
Furthermore, this chapter also provides description along with
drawings of rubbings for the main patter, such as whirling mark
(旋紋), cord mark, chequer, impressed complex of looped cord (繩圈印紋),
nail pattern, dancette and the combination of whirling mark (旋紋),
fret pattern, cord mark; the combination of whirling mark (旋紋),
chequer, cord mark; the combination of whirling mark (旋紋), cord
mark,short - string pattern, the combination of whirling mark (旋紋),
cord mark, impressed complex of looped cord (繩圈印紋). The " impressed
complex of looped cord (繩圈印紋) " and its combination are rare
patter, which not only can decorate but also locate the '" ear" and
the handle of an item. It' s one of the unique patter that
prevailed in certain areas during the Han Dynasty. The chapter - "
co - burial of different graves among the earthen - shafts of the
Western Hart Dynasty" - cites the 34 tombs of Western Han Dynasty
of Gaochang cemetery as concrete demotratio, every two tombs make
up a group and are side by side, which clarifies the prevalent
"husband and wife buried together" during the earthen - shafts
period. This chapter also expounds that the idea of " male
superiority" almost dominated the whole class society of China, the
idea is also reflected in the burial position of men and women due
to their different social status." Right is superior, left is
inferior" - such idea was widespread, especially in the Warring
States Period and the Han Dynasty, in line with this idea, the
social reality of "male left, female right"when burying has come
into being in most of the areas. Another significant accomplishment
of the excavation in Gaochang Cemetery is the traition from earthen
-shafts to brick -chambered tombs, by analyzing several tombs of
special styles of this particular period such as brick - framed
tombs and also brick - framed ones with flat tops, for the fit
time, however, this article has clearly claimed that such styles
were of popularity in certain areas during the traition period from
earthen - shafts to brick - chambered tombs. They still maintained
the structure of wooden coffin of the earthen - shafts period, at
the same time adopted brick frames and flat tops, even without
evident tomb doo and passage ways, they are much more primitive
than brick- spanned tops and domed tops of mature periods. The last
chapter involves the tombs' era and the owner' s speculation, by
making contrasts between tombs of major periods and recently -
published materials on the same period, then leading to inference
about the tombs' relative times, with particularly detailed
classification on the most tombs of Han Dynasty according to
different time periods. Based on the above - mentioned analysis
about the structure of tombs and conclusio about the combination of
burial objects as well as their types and forms, meanwhile taking
the unearthed coi into coideration, this chapter divides the tombs
of Han Dynasty into five periods: the early Western Han Dynasty,
the mid-Western Han Dynasty, the late Western Han Dynasty, the end
of Western Han Dynasty to the early Eastern Han Dynasty, the middle
and late Eastern Han Dynasty.

書籍目錄

序言
第一章  概述
  第一節(jié)  墓地概況及工作方法
  第二節(jié)  工作概況及內(nèi)容
  第三節(jié)  材料整理與編寫
第二章  墓葬資料
  第一節(jié)  戰(zhàn)國(guó)時(shí)期墓葬
    一  M65
    二  M77
    三  M82
    四  M102
    五  M105
    六  M106
    七  M128
  第二節(jié)  西漢時(shí)期土坑墓葬
    一  M1
    二  M2
    三  M3
    四  M4
    五  M5
    六  M6
    七  M7
    八  M8
    九  M9
    一0  M10
    一一  M11
    一二  M12
    一三  M13
    一四  M14
    一五  M15
    一六  M16
    一七  M17
    一八  M20
    一九  M23
    二0  M25
    二一  M27
    二二  M28
    二三  M29
    二四  M30
    二五  M31
    二六  M32
    二七  M33
    二八  M34
    二九  M35
    三0  M36
    三一  M37
    三二  M38
    三三  M39
    三四  M40
    三五  M41
    三六  M42
    三七  M43
    三八  M45
    三九  M46
    四0  M48
    四一  M49
    四二  M50
    四三  M51
    四四  M52
    四五  M53
    四六  M54
    四七  M55
    四八  M56
    四九  M57
    五0  M58
    五一  M59
    五二  M60
    五三  M62
    五四  M63
    五五  M66
    五六  M67
    五七  M68
    五八  M69
    五九  M71
    六0  M72
    六一  M73
    六二  M74
    六三  M75
    六四  M76
    六五  M81
    六六  M83
    六七  M86
    六八  M87
    六九  M89
    七0  M95
    七一  M96
    七二  M97
    七三  M98
    七四  M99
    七五  M101
    七六  M103
    七七  M104
    七八  M107
    七九  M108
    八0  M109
    八一  M113
    八二  M115
    八三  M116
    八四  M117
    八五  M118
    八六  M121
    八七  M122
    八八  M123
    八九  M124
    九0  M125-
    九一  M126
    九二  M127
  第三節(jié)  兩漢時(shí)期磚室墓葬
    一  M61
    二  M64
    三  M70
    四  M78
    五  M79
    六  M80
    七  M84
    八  M85
    九  M88
    一0  M90
    一一  M91
    一二  M92
    一三  M93
    一四  M94
    一五  M100
    一六  M114
    一七  M120
    一八  M129
    一九M130
    二0  M131
  第四節(jié)  北朝—隋代墓葬
    一  M18
    二  M19
    三  M21
    四  M22
    五  M24
    六  M26
  第五節(jié)  宋代墓葬
    一  M112
  第六節(jié)  清代墓葬
    一  M47
  第七節(jié)  年代不明墓葬
    一  M44
    二  M110
    三  M111
    四  M119
第三章  初步研究
  第一節(jié)  墓地綜述
  第二節(jié)  墓葬形制及出土器物組合
    一  戰(zhàn)國(guó)時(shí)期墓葬
    二  西漢時(shí)期土坑墓葬
    三  兩漢時(shí)期磚室墓葬
    四  北朝至隋代磚室墓葬
    五  宋代墓葬
    六  清代墓葬
  第三節(jié)  出土器物
    一  戰(zhàn)國(guó)時(shí)期墓葬
    二  兩漢時(shí)期墓葬
    三  北朝至隋代墓葬
    四  宋代墓葬
    五  清代墓葬
  第四節(jié)  戰(zhàn)國(guó)、漢代陶器裝飾
  第五節(jié)  西漢土坑墓葬中的異穴合葬
  第六節(jié)  土坑墓葬向磚室墓葬的過渡
  第七節(jié)  墓葬年代及墓主推測(cè)
    一  戰(zhàn)國(guó)時(shí)期墓葬
    二  兩漢時(shí)期墓葬
    三  北朝至隋代墓葬
    四  宋代墓葬
    五  清代墓葬
  第八節(jié)  結(jié)語(yǔ)
附表  高昌墓地出土器物登記表
后記
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