2014考研英語真題同源閱讀80篇

內(nèi)容概要

考研英語大綱自2005年發(fā)生重大變化，閱讀理解部分的分值從原先的50分增加到60分，在整個考研英語中的份量越來越足以決定考研的成敗。因此，“得閱讀者得天下”。本書由三位一直關(guān)注考研命題趨勢、有多年考研輔導(dǎo)教材編寫經(jīng)驗的高校英語教師精心編寫；胡敏老師在把握考研最新動向的基礎(chǔ)上，為本書的題目設(shè)置提出了很多寶貴的修改建議，使內(nèi)容得到進(jìn)一步完善并對本書進(jìn)行了整體把關(guān)。本書集萬般努力于一身，旨在幫助廣大考生切實提高英語閱讀理解能力，打下考研英語閱讀理解這半壁江山。本書也可作為擬通過大學(xué)英語六級考試的考生提高閱讀理解能力的有效輔助教材。    編者通過仔細(xì)分析近年考研英語閱讀文章，發(fā)現(xiàn)文章選材多出自英語時文報刊。鑒于此，本書閱讀文章在題源上與考研閱讀文章保持一致，均選自國外最近兩年出版的英文報刊：《新聞周刊》、《泰晤士報》、《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家》、《科學(xué)美國人》、《時代周刊》、《紐約時報》、《國際先驅(qū)者論壇》、《自然》、《洛杉磯時報》、《新科學(xué)家》、《未來學(xué)家》、《美國新聞與世界報道》、《財富》、《觀察家》、《商業(yè)周刊》、《科學(xué)》等，既充分保證了選材的時新性和典型性，又保證了文章在題材和體裁上與考研閱讀文章的一致性。同時，本書還提供了文章的題目及詳細(xì)出處，供考生進(jìn)一步查詢、閱讀及參考。實踐證明，廣泛閱讀英語報刊文章，有助于學(xué)習(xí)者真正掌握英語語言表達(dá)規(guī)律，切實提高語言運用能力。    本書所選文章題材廣泛，涉及科普、經(jīng)濟(jì)、語言、社會生活、文化、健康、環(huán)境、商業(yè)等各方面。超綱詞和長難句含量貼近真題，貼近大綱；文章組合結(jié)構(gòu)與最新考研大綱完全一致；題目設(shè)計嚴(yán)格參照真題的題型模式。

作者簡介

許卉艷，北京師范大學(xué)外語系英語教學(xué)專業(yè)研究生班畢業(yè)，現(xiàn)任中國礦業(yè)大學(xué)（北京）外語系副主任、副教授、碩士生導(dǎo)師，長期從事英語教學(xué)研究，主要研究方向為翻譯學(xué)和跨文化交際。

書籍目錄

TEST1  PartA  PartBTEST2  PartA  PartBTEST3  PartA  PartBTEST4  PartA  PartBTEST5  PartA  PartBTEST6  PartA  PartBTEST7  PartA  PartBTEST8  PartA  PartBTEST9  PartA  PartBTEST10  PartA  PartBTEST11  PartA  PartBTEST12  PartA  PartBTEST13  PartA  PartBTEST14  PartA  PartBTEST15  PartA  PartBTEST16  PartA  PartB

章節(jié)摘錄

Test 1Part ADirections：Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A， B， C， or D.Text 1Thanks to more than 50 years of research， we know how to change children's behavior. In brief， you identify the unwanted behavior， define its positive opposite (the desirable behavior you want to replace it with)， and then make sure that your child engages in a lot of reinforced practice of the new behavior until it replaces the unwanted one. Reinforced practice means that you pay as much attention as possible to the positive opposite so that your child falls into a pattern： Do the right behavior， get a reward (praise or a token)； do the behavior， get a reward. Real life is never as mechanically predictable as that formula makes it sound， and many other factors will bear on your success-including your relationship with your child， what behaviors you model in your home， and what influences your child is exposed to in other relationships-but， still， we know that reinforced practice usually works.1 If you handle the details properly， in most cases a relatively brief period of intense attention to the problem， lasting perhaps a few weeks， should be enough to work a permanent change in behavior.So， yes， you can change your child's behavior， but that doesn't mean you always should. When faced with an unwanted behavior， ask yourself if changing a behavior will really make a worthwhile difference in your child's life and your own. Many unwanted behaviors， including some that disturb parents， tend to drop out on their own， especially if you don't overreact to them and reinforce them with a great deal of excited attention.2 Take thumb sucking， which is quite common up to age 5. At that point it drops off sharply and continues to decline. Unless the dentist tells you that you need to do something about it right now， you can probably let thumb sucking go.Now， we're not saying that you should ignore lying or stealing or some other potentially serious misbehavior just because it will probably drop out on its own in good time. There's an important distinction to be made here between managing behavior and other parental motives and duties. Parents punish for several reasons-to teach right and wrong， to satisfy the demands of justice， to establish their authority-that have little to do with changing behavior. You can't just let vandalism go without consequences， and it's reasonable to refuse to put up with even a lesser offense such as undue whining， but don't confuse punishing misbehavior with taking effective steps to eliminate it. Punishment on its own (that is， not supplemented by reinforced practice of the positive opposite) has been proven again and again to be a fairly weak method for changing behavior. The misbehaviors in question， minor or serious， are more likely to drop out on their own than they are to be eliminated through punishment.1. How can reinforced practice help to change children's behavior？[A] Reinforced practice can eventually replace the unwanted behavior.[B] Parents need to define the consequences of unwanted behavior.[C] A timely reward can always help to define positive behavior.[D] Children can automatically take in reinforced practice as part of their habits.2. Which of the following may NOT affect the realization of permanent change in behavior？[A] Relationship between parents and children.[B] What models parents set up at home.[C] How much award children are promised.[D] How attentive parents are.3. The example of thumb sucking is cited to prove all the following EXCEPT that ________.[A] it is unnecessary to correct all unwanted behaviors[B] some parents are disturbed by such misbehaviors[C] dentists sometimes can be wrong in diagnosing diseases with oral cavity[D] as children grow up， some unwanted behaviors might deny themselves4. According to the author， what attitude should parents take towards lying or stealing？[A] Parents can expect such behaviors to drop out on its own.[B] Parents should learn to put up with such unwanted behavior.[C] Parents can do nothing except relying on the self-reliance of children.[D] Parents need to resort to effective steps in order to eliminate such behavior.5. The author implies that the results of punishment _____.[A] may not be as profitable as they are expected[B] can serve as a supplementary practice to persuasion[C] are mostly underestimated by parents[D] rely on the nature of misbehavior難詞釋義vandalism ['v？nd？l？z(？)m] n. 故意破壞， 破壞行為whining ['wa？n？？] n. 哭哭啼啼，哭嚷文章概要本文出自SLATE 2009年3月27日一篇題為“The Messy Room Dilemma-When to Ignore Behavior， When to Change It”的文章，作者Alan E. Kazdin 和Carlo Rotella。本文主要闡述了家長對孩子負(fù)面行為應(yīng)該持有的態(tài)度。習(xí)慣上，家長們總是會竭力糾正或制止從自己的角度出發(fā)不能接受的行為，然而本文作者認(rèn)為孩子們的某些負(fù)面行為是會隨著他們的成長而自然終止的。比如許多孩子的一個通?。嚎惺种讣拙蜁诤⒆哟蟾?歲時自然停止。但是像撒謊、偷竊這樣的行為的確不容忽視，家長應(yīng)該采取切實有效的措施，正確引導(dǎo)孩子形成新的正面的行為，取代以前不好的負(fù)面行為。難句分析1. Real life is never as mechanically predictable as that formula makes it sound， and many other factors will bear on your success-including your relationship with your child， what behaviors you model in your home， and what influences your child is exposed to in other relationships-but， still， we know that reinforced practice usually works.結(jié)構(gòu)分析：本句是“and”和“but”連接的三個并列句，其中第二個并列句包括介詞“including”引導(dǎo)的主語補(bǔ)足語，補(bǔ)充說明“many other factors”都包括哪些因素；第三個并列句是主謂賓的結(jié)構(gòu)，“that”引導(dǎo)賓語從句。參考譯文：現(xiàn)實生活從來沒有定式可言，許多其他因素會影響到你的成功，包括你與孩子的關(guān)系，你在家里的行為模式，以及孩子接觸到的其他關(guān)系所產(chǎn)生的影響；但盡管如此，我們知道，強(qiáng)化某一行為常常是行之有效的。2. Many unwanted behaviors， including some that disturb parents， tend to drop out on their own， especially if you don't overreact to them and reinforce them with a great deal of excited attention.結(jié)構(gòu)分析：本句是包括“if”所引導(dǎo)的條件從句的主從復(fù)合句，主句的核心結(jié)構(gòu)為“Many unwanted behaviors…tend to drop out on their own”，介詞結(jié)構(gòu)“including some that disturb parents”是主句主語“Many unwanted behaviors”的補(bǔ)足語。參考譯文：許多負(fù)面行為，包括那些讓父母很不安的行為，往往會自行消失，尤其是那些你沒有過度矯正，和那些由于刻意重視反而被強(qiáng)化的行為。題目解析1. 答案為[A]。細(xì)節(jié)題。文章首段第二句“…your child engages in a lot of reinforced practice of the new behavior until it replaces the unwanted one”， 可見作者認(rèn)為不斷地強(qiáng)化一種新的行為會使其逐漸取代那些不好的行為，這是一個逐步改造和最終替代的過程，因此選擇[A]。2. 答案為[C]。細(xì)節(jié)題。文章第一段第四句“Real life…， and many other factors will bear on your success…”指出校正孩子的行為也會受到一些其他因素的影響，比如1) your relationship with your child； 2) what behaviors you model in your home； 3) what influences your child is exposed to in other relationships. 只有選項[C]原文沒有提及，因此本題應(yīng)選[C]。3. 答案為[C]。推斷題。文章第二段首先闡述了家長在制止孩子的某些負(fù)面行為時首先要判斷這樣做是否有意義，因為這些行為往往會自然終止，由此可判斷選項[A]和[D]是符合文章原意的；選項[B]與本段第三句話所表達(dá)的意思一致，因此只有[C]選項是文章沒有提及的，所以本題應(yīng)選[C]。4. 答案為[D]。態(tài)度題。文章最后一段首句指出“…we're not saying that you should ignore lying or stealing…”，也就是我們不應(yīng)該忽視諸如撒謊、偷竊這樣的行為，因為這類行為的性質(zhì)和前段所列舉的小孩子“啃指甲”的壞毛病不同。對于后者，家長可以不干涉，因為這類行為在孩子長大后會自然終止，撒謊等行為既然不同于這類行為，就應(yīng)該重視，并采取有效的方法制止，因此本題選擇[D]。[A]選項和[B]選項都不符合原文的意思；[C]選項的意思是家長面對此類行為無能為力，顯然也與作者的原意相反。5. 答案為[A]。推斷題。根據(jù)文章的最后兩句話“Punishment on its own…for changing behavior.”以及“The misbehaviors…are to be eliminated through punishment”可以得出作者認(rèn)為許多負(fù)面的行為是會自動停止的，相對而言，懲罰常常是行之無效的，因此本題應(yīng)選[A]。[B]、[C]選項與原文意思不符，[D]選項的內(nèi)容與文章主題不相關(guān)。參考譯文過去50多年來的研究成果使我們懂得了該如何改變孩子的行為習(xí)慣。簡而言之，首先識別孩子的不良行為，而后明確其積極的對立面（即你希望孩子取代壞習(xí)慣的理想行為），然后確保孩子不斷地強(qiáng)化練習(xí)這種新行為，最終使其取代那些不良行為。強(qiáng)化練習(xí)是指盡可能更多地關(guān)注不良行為的積極對立面，幫助孩子形成這樣一種模式：做對了會有獎（口頭表揚或給個獎品）；以后按照正確的方式去做了也有獎?，F(xiàn)實生活從來沒有定式可言，許多其他因素會影響到你的成功，包括你與孩子的關(guān)系，你在家里的行為模式，以及孩子接觸到的其他關(guān)系所產(chǎn)生的影響；但盡管如此，我們知道，強(qiáng)化某一行為常常是行之有效的。如果細(xì)節(jié)處理得當(dāng)，大多數(shù)情況下，只要對該問題密切關(guān)注一段時間（也許需要幾周），那么就足以使行為永久改變。的確，你可以改變孩子的行為，但那不意味著你永遠(yuǎn)都可以這樣做。遇到孩子有不良行為時，問問自己，如果矯正了這種行為，對你和孩子的生活是否真的值得、真的重要。許多不良行為，包括那些讓父母很不安的行為，往往會自行消失，尤其是那些你沒有過度矯正，和那些由于刻意重視反而被強(qiáng)化的行為。以吮拇指為例，這在5歲以下的孩子中是非常常見的。但到5歲時就會明顯減少，并會持續(xù)減少下去。除非牙醫(yī)對你說有必要立刻制止孩子吮拇指，否則你可以任其發(fā)展下去。以上事實并不是說因為有些壞毛病到一定時候自行消失，所以我們應(yīng)該無視那些撒謊、偷竊或其他潛在的嚴(yán)重壞行為。這里有必要對矯正習(xí)慣和其他父母管教的職責(zé)和目的做一個區(qū)分。父母懲罰孩子有如下幾個原因：教給孩子是非觀念，滿足正義的要求，建立家長權(quán)威，而這些都與改變孩子行為習(xí)慣關(guān)系不大。我們不能放任不顧后果的破壞行為，而且也有必要拒絕容忍像過分哭鬧那樣的小小觸怒。但是，我們不能把懲罰不良行為與采取有效措施消除不良行為混為一談。懲罰本身（指沒有對不良行為的積極對立面的強(qiáng)化訓(xùn)練來加以補(bǔ)充）一次又一次地被證明對改變行為方式收效甚微。那些大家認(rèn)為的不良行為，無論大小，都更有可能自行改正而不是通過懲罰來消除。

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《新航道?2013考研英語真題同源閱讀80篇》優(yōu)勢及賣點：最新時文，真題同源；考題設(shè)置，緊扣大綱；中文概要，把握主線；難句剖析，細(xì)節(jié)點津；參考譯文，加深理解?！缎潞降?2013考研英語真題同源閱讀80篇》閱讀文章在題源上與考研閱讀文章保持一致，均選自國外近幾年出版的英文報刊；《新聞周刊》、《泰晤士報》、《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家》、《時代周刊》、《紐約時報》等，既充分保證了選材的時新性和典型性，又保證了文章在題材和體裁上與考研閱讀文章的一致性。同時，《新航道?2013考研英語真題同源閱讀80篇》還提供了文章的題目及詳細(xì)出處，供考生進(jìn)一步查詢、閱讀及參考。

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