出版時間:2011-1 出版社:上海交通大學(xué)出版社 作者:希拉?賈薩諾夫 頁數(shù):334 譯者:陳光,溫珂
Tag標(biāo)簽:無
前言
1945年8月6日投放在日本廣島的原子彈不僅奪去了很多生命,毀壞了大量建筑,同時也粉碎了科學(xué)家能在他們創(chuàng)造的知識使用中置身事外的神話。幾位杰出的物理學(xué)家就原子彈投放地點向戰(zhàn)爭部長亨利·劉易斯·史汀生提供了建議,他們的名字被不光彩地載入了史冊。這些災(zāi)難性事件之后,提供科學(xué)咨詢隨即變成一個更為平凡和普及的過程。盡管這一過程很少被公之于眾,也幾乎沒有受到相應(yīng)的監(jiān)督,但它對我們?nèi)粘I畹挠绊憛s與日俱增。譬如,我們是否可以食用超市里的蘋果、使用發(fā)膠、在市中心駕車、焚毀垃圾、生產(chǎn)核能或?qū)⑥D(zhuǎn)基因生物投放到生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中等等。對于這類問題,我們希望政治決策者能征求專家們的意見,但幾乎沒有人進一步了解具體是哪些專家在提供咨詢意見,他們對公共政策的影響又有多大?! ”緯荚诮议_現(xiàn)代科學(xué)咨詢過程的面紗,使其成為公共政策分析的焦點——這是它理所當(dāng)然的位置。我從1985年起開始對科學(xué)顧問委員會的作用進行調(diào)查研究,當(dāng)時正值政府機構(gòu)的科學(xué)公信力遭到政治左翼與右翼的質(zhì)疑。他們普遍認為監(jiān)管者在制定有關(guān)健康、安全和環(huán)境的政策時,沒有付出足夠的努力去獲取高質(zhì)量的科學(xué)建議,還指責(zé)聯(lián)邦政府故意將政治與科學(xué)混為一談。他們一致認為,獨立的科學(xué)共同體應(yīng)該發(fā)揮更為積極的作用,以使監(jiān)管機構(gòu)的官員能遵循更高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的科學(xué)問責(zé)制。
內(nèi)容概要
本書為“決策科學(xué)化譯叢”之一,批判了指導(dǎo)監(jiān)管機構(gòu)運用科學(xué)知識的兩種普遍公認的范式——“民主論”模式和“技術(shù)統(tǒng)治論”模式,并通過研究美國環(huán)保局、美國食品藥品監(jiān)督局的相關(guān)案例,如致癌原風(fēng)險評估指南的制定過程、甲醛的監(jiān)管問題等,闡釋并評價了美國社會作出關(guān)于科學(xué)和技術(shù)選擇的決策過程,討論了咨詢委員會以外的其他決策咨詢機制,并就如何提高科學(xué)咨詢的質(zhì)量提出了建設(shè)性設(shè)想。
作者簡介
Sheila Jasanoff is an American academic and significant contributor to the field of Science and Technology Studies. She is Pforzheimer Professor of Science and Technology Studies at the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University, where she directs the Program on Science, Technology, & Society. [1] Her research focuses on science and the state in contemporary democratic societies. Her work is relevant to science & technology studies, comparative politics, law and society, political and legal anthropology, and policy analysis. Jasanoff’s research has considerable empirical breadth, spanning the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, the European Union, and India, as well as emerging global regimes in areas such as climate and biotechnology.
One line of Jasanoff’s work demonstrates how the political culture of different democratic societies influences how they assess evidence and expertise in policymaking. Her first book (with Brickman and Ilgen), Controlling Chemicals (1985), examines the regulation of toxic substances in the United States, Germany, and the United Kingdom.[2] The book showed how the routines of decision making in these countries reflected different conceptions of what counts as evidence and of how expertise should operate in a policy context. In Designs on Nature: Science and Democracy in Europe and the United States (2005), she has shown how different societies employ different modes of public reasoning when making decisions involving science and technology. [3] These differences, which in part reflect distinct "civic epistemologies," are deeply embedded in institutions and shape how policy issues are framed and processed by the bureaucratic machinery of modern states.
Jasanoff has also contributed to scholarship on the interaction of science and law. Science at the Bar (1995), for example, reached beyond the prevailing diagnoses of structural incompatibilities between science and law to explore how these socially-embedded institutions interact and, to a certain extent, mutually constitute each other. [4] The concept of regulatory science, conducted for the purposes of meeting legally-mandated standards, and the "boundary" drawing activities of science advisory committees are analyzed in The Fifth Branch (1990).[5] More recently, she has explored the "rise of the statistical victim" in toxic torts, as the law with its individualistic orientation has increasingly encountered, and sought ways to accommodate, the statistical vision of such fields as epidemiology.[6] In her work on science and law, as well as her research on science in the state, she takes an approach that links ideas from constitutional law, political theory, and science studies to consider the "constitutional" role of science in modern democratic states.[7]
Jasanoff has considered the politics of science not only in a comparative but also in a global context. Examples include her work on the transnational aspects of the Bhopal disaster (Learning from Disaster 1994); her research on the formation and politics of global scientific advisory bodies such as the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change; and her research on national and global environmental movements (e.g., Earthy Politics, 2004).
Jasanoff also has contributed to building Science and Technology Studies as a field. Prior to moving to Harvard, she was the founding chair of the Department of Science & Technology Studies at Cornell University. She is also the founder of the Science & Democracy Network, a group of scholars interested in the study of science and the state in democratic societies that has met annually since 2002. Her research has been recognized with many awards, including the Bernal Prize from the Society for Social Studies of Science.
She is married to Jay Jasanoff, and has two children, Maya Jasanoff, who is an associate professor in the Department of History at Harvard, Alan Jasanoff, is a neuroscientist at MIT.
書籍目錄
第1章 政治理性化 社會管制的興起 科學(xué)與政策制定 專業(yè)能力與信任 知識的偶然性 改革的爭論 一個替代方案第2章 有瑕疵的決策 亞硝酸鹽事件 2、4、5-涕事件 拉夫運河事件 職業(yè)性癌癥評估 技術(shù)統(tǒng)治論者的反應(yīng) 批判性反駁第3章 有益于人民的科學(xué) 公共科學(xué)的基本原理 “新興”專家機構(gòu) 科學(xué)咨詢與政務(wù)公開 科學(xué)政策的司法審查 科學(xué)政策范式的弱化第4章 同行評議與管制科學(xué) 同行評議的傳統(tǒng) 實踐中的同行評議制度 失誤的啟示 管制科學(xué)的內(nèi)容與背景 監(jiān)管領(lǐng)域同行評議的含義第5章 美國環(huán)保局及其科學(xué)顧問委員會 早期的政治挑戰(zhàn) 一項新的合作 劃界行為 科學(xué)顧問委員會對政策的影響 結(jié)論第6章 清潔空氣的科學(xué)與政策 清潔空氣科學(xué)顧問委員會和國家空氣質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)程序 科學(xué)與標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 重新定義清潔空氣科學(xué)顧問委員會的角色 一氧化碳的爭論 清潔空氣科學(xué)顧問委員會的作用:鏈接科學(xué)與政策第7章 當(dāng)顧問成為敵人 科學(xué)顧問小組 執(zhí)行不可能的任務(wù) 二溴乙烷 三氯殺螨醇事件 丁酰肼 權(quán)威的破碎第8章 美國食品藥品監(jiān)督局的咨詢網(wǎng)絡(luò) 對藥物的科學(xué)評估 專家意見和食物安全 咨詢意見和決策第9章 應(yīng)對新知識 探求有原則的風(fēng)險評估 甲醛:一個不確定的致癌原 結(jié)論第10章 再論技術(shù)統(tǒng)治論 面向科學(xué)的公私伙伴關(guān)系 沒有政治的風(fēng)險評估 公眾質(zhì)詢委員會 廣泛的應(yīng)用第11章 好科學(xué)的政治功能 從咨詢到政策 可接受的風(fēng)險 科學(xué)咨詢的合法化:協(xié)商及劃界活動 定義“好科學(xué)” 規(guī)范意義結(jié)論譯后記
章節(jié)摘錄
在1983~1984年召開的一系列關(guān)于殺蟲劑注冊的聽證會上,眾議院政府運作委員會的一個分委員會聽取了有關(guān)美國環(huán)保局如何處理三氯殺螨醇的證詞,自此三氯殺螨醇開始受到政治關(guān)注。②在這個系列聽證中,環(huán)保利益集團明顯要比農(nóng)業(yè)利益集團更具影響力。該分委員會的成員表示了極大的憂慮,因為他們發(fā)現(xiàn),從美國環(huán)保局禁用DDT到發(fā)現(xiàn)三氯殺螨醇的制備劑也被相關(guān)化合物污染之間發(fā)生了不合理的延遲。1957年開始,三氯殺螨醇制造商就向政府提交秘密報告,證明DDT是一種雜質(zhì)。然而,這一事實直到美國環(huán)保局在1979年發(fā)起對三氯殺螨醇的注冊標(biāo)準(zhǔn)評審時,才被正式公告。③根據(jù)美國環(huán)保局自己的規(guī)定,DDT作為一種禁用物質(zhì),一旦出現(xiàn),僅此就足夠啟動可駁回注冊假定評審;但事實上,直到美國環(huán)保局完成了三氯殺螨醇的注冊標(biāo)準(zhǔn)程序,它仍在觀望。國會的調(diào)查人員對美國環(huán)保局的“只有先完成注冊標(biāo)準(zhǔn),才能作出更有效的行政決策”的說法不屑一顧。在要求對三氯殺螨醇采取實際行動的壓力之下,1984年末美國環(huán)保局發(fā)出通知取消了這種殺蟲劑的注冊資格。
編輯推薦
“決策科學(xué)化譯叢”是中國第一套系統(tǒng)研究科學(xué)咨詢的理論與實踐的譯叢。本譯叢收入了當(dāng)前國際科學(xué)咨詢領(lǐng)域的10部名著,從政治學(xué)、社會學(xué)、歷史學(xué)和哲學(xué)等不同的學(xué)科視角,對科學(xué)家的社會責(zé)任、科學(xué)咨詢的演進過程及制度設(shè)計等方面進行了深入探討,有助于科研院所、科學(xué)團體以及專門決策咨詢機構(gòu)有效參與政府決策咨詢過程,推進我國決策科學(xué)化和科學(xué)咨詢事業(yè)的發(fā)展。
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