WTO法律規(guī)則

前言

　　世界貿(mào)易組織（World Trade Organization，WTO）是當今世界最重要的政府間國際經(jīng)濟組織之一，與國際貨幣基金組織（IMF）和世界銀行集團（World Bank Group）一起，構(gòu)成了當代協(xié)調(diào)世界經(jīng)濟的三大支柱。相比而言，由于WTO在國際經(jīng)濟關(guān)系上協(xié)調(diào)的范圍更廣、影響力更大，而且具有不斷向新領(lǐng)域拓展的職能，因而被譽為“世界經(jīng)濟領(lǐng)域的聯(lián)合國”。中國作為WTO的正式成員，既要享受應(yīng)有權(quán)利，充分利用半個多世紀以來以GATT／WTO為核心形成的多邊貿(mào)易體制和貿(mào)易自由化的優(yōu)秀成果，參與世界市場經(jīng)濟全球化的發(fā)展進程；又要承擔相應(yīng)義務(wù)，切實履行我國政府在人世談判中的對外承諾，恪守WTO的基本規(guī)則和各項協(xié)定。因此，研究WTO有關(guān)規(guī)則、學(xué)習WTO專業(yè)知識、掌握WTO基本理念、培養(yǎng)WTO專業(yè)人才，成為擺在我們面前的一個長期的重要任務(wù)?！　≌窃谶@樣的背景下，近年來，世界貿(mào)易組織（WTO）及其法律規(guī)則成為我國高等院校若干專業(yè)競相開設(shè)的課程，而且，在國際法學(xué)、國際經(jīng)濟與貿(mào)易、商務(wù)英語等專業(yè)中，WTO及其法律規(guī)則的課程往往作為雙語課程開設(shè)，紛紛進行雙語課程建設(shè)。這就迫切需要一本有關(guān)WTO及其法律規(guī)則的雙語教材，但要編寫出一本好的教材是一項艱巨的任務(wù)。幾年之前，在我國剛剛?cè)耸乐H，筆者曾主編出版過作為國內(nèi)第一部WTO英文讀物的《WTO英文選讀》（與劉光溪博士合作），一度被不少院校選作教材，而事實上該書并不是一本教材，也難以滿足各方對教材的需要。曾擬改版為教材，但始終未能動筆。上海作為我國的經(jīng)濟中心城市，正在根據(jù)國家戰(zhàn)略致力于國際經(jīng)濟、金融、貿(mào)易、航運等四個中心建設(shè)；上海市非常重視國際經(jīng)濟貿(mào)易專業(yè)高級人才的培養(yǎng)，把外貿(mào)經(jīng)濟本科教育列為上海市十大教育高地之一進行建設(shè)，而《WTO規(guī)則與運作》即是這一高地建設(shè)中的標志性教材之一，遂有今日之本書，名《WTO法律規(guī)則（英文版）》（Legal Rules of the World Trade Organization）。

內(nèi)容概要

　　中國作為WTO的正式成員，既要享受應(yīng)有權(quán)利，充分利用半個多世紀以來以來WTO為核心形成的多邊貿(mào)易體制和貿(mào)易自由化的優(yōu)秀成果，參與世界市場經(jīng)濟全球化的發(fā)展進程；又要承擔相應(yīng)義務(wù)，切實履行我國政府在人世談判中的對外承諾，恪守WTO的基本規(guī)則和各項協(xié)定。因此，研究WTO有關(guān)規(guī)則、學(xué)習WTO專業(yè)知識、掌握WTO基本理念、培養(yǎng)WTO專業(yè)人才，成為擺在我們面前的一個長期的重要任務(wù)。 正是在這樣的背景下，編者編寫了此書?！禬TO法律規(guī)則》既考慮了世界貿(mào)易組織（WTO）概論課程的特點，又努力滿足WTO法律規(guī)則與實務(wù)課程的需要，試圖找到介紹WTO概況與探討其法律制度的某種平衡，因此是一個探討和嘗試。

作者簡介

　　Xuesen Zhang，LL.D， East China University of Political Science and Law， Arbitrator， Senior Economist， Associate Professor of Law， Director of the Law Faculty，Shanghai Finance University　　Gary D. Patterson，J.D， Western State University College of Law at Fullerton， Professor， California State University at San Bernardino， Adjunct Professor， University of California at Riverside

書籍目錄

Chapter One Theoretical Basis of the WTO1.1 The Theory of Comparative Advantage1.1.1 Basics of the Theory1.1.2 Historical Overview1.1.3 David Ricardos Numerical Example1.1.4 The Ricardian Model Assumptions and Results1.2 The Theory of Market Economy1.2.1 Spontaneous Order or “Invisible Hand”1.2.2 Free Market Economy1.2.3 Government Intervention1.2.4 Criticism of Market Economy1.3 The Theory of Sustainable Development1.3.1 Scope and Definitions1.3.2 History of Sustainable Development as a Policy Concept1.3.3 The Earth Summit and Environmental Sustainability1.3.4 WTO and Sustainable DevelopmentCASE STUDYCS 1.1 True Meaning and Intuition of the Theory of Comparative AdvantageCS 1.2 Chinas Market Economy Status（MES）Chapter Two Development of the WTOChapter Two Development of the WTO2.1 Basics of the WTO2.1.1 The WTO in Brief2.1.2 The Multilateral Trading System2.1.3 The GATT Years： from Havana to Marrakesh2.2 Development of the WTO2.2.1 The 1947 GATT Agreement2.2.2 GATT Multilateral Trade Negotiation Meetings2.2.3 Uruguay Round and the World Trade Organization2.3 The Organization of the WTO2.3.1 Introduction to WTO Organization2.3.2 WTO Organization Chart2.3.3 Membership， Alliances and Bureaucracy2.3.4 The Secretariat Chart2.3.5 Special Policies2.4 China and WTO2.4.1 Chinas WTO Entry2.4.2 The Right-and-Duty Balance in the WTOCASE STUDYCS 2.1 Doha Development RoundChapter Three Basic Principles of the WTO3.1 Reciprocity3.1.1 Two Folds of Reciprocity3.1.2 WTO Rules of Reciprocity3.1.3 Theoretical Interpretation of Reciprocity3.2 Non-discrimination3.2.1 Most-favoured-nation （MFN）3.2.2 National Treatment： Treating Foreigners and Locals Equally3.3 Liberalization of Trade3.3.1 Liberalization for Goods3.3.2 Liberalization for Services3.3.3 Limits to Liberalization3.4 Transparency3.4.1 Introduction to Transparency3.4.2 Publication and Administration of Trade Regulations3.4.3 Transparency Rules for GATS3.4.4 Transparency Rules for TRIPS3.4.5 Trade Policy Review Mechanism （ "TPRM" ）CASE STUDYCS 3.1 MFN Exception： Promotion of Regional Intergration-Custom UnionsCS 3.2 National TreatmentChapter Four Trade in Goods4.1 Basics of Trade in Goods4.1.1 GATT 19944.1.2 Interpretation of GATT 1994 Articles4.1.3 Basic Principles of the GATT 1947/19944.2 Tariff Concessions4.2.1 Tariffs： More Bindings and Closer to Zero4.2.2 Tariff Cuts4.2.3 More Bindings4.2.4 Tariffs and Agriculture4.3 Non-tariff Measures4.3.1 Standards and Safety4.3.2 Import Licensing： Keeping Procedures Clear4.3.3 Rules for the Naluation of Goods at Customs4.3.4 Preshipment Inspection： a Further Check on Imports4.3.5 Rules of Origin4.3.6 Investment Measures： Reducing Trade Distortions4.4 Trade in Specific Products4.4.1 Textiles and Clothing4.4.2 Information Technology AgreementCASE STUDYCS 4.1 Sanitary and Phytosanitary MeasuresCS 4.2 SafeguardChapter Five Agriculture Agreement5.1 Basics of Trade in Agriculture5.1.1 New Rules5.1.2 Market Access5.1.3 Domestic Support5.1. 4 Export Subsidies： Limits on Spending and Quantities5.1.5 The Least-developed and Those Depending on Food Imports5.2 Understanding the Agriculture Agreement5.2.1 Introduction5.2.2 Market Access5.2.3 Domestic Support5.2.4 Export Competition/Subsidies5.2.5 Other Issues5.2.6 Net Food-Importing Developing Countries5.2.7 Summary5.3 The Agriculture Negotiations5.3.1 The Doha Mandate5.3.2 The Current NegotiationsCASE STUDYCS 5.1 Japan-Import Quotas on Dried Laver and Seasoned Laver （DS323）CS 5.2 European Communities-Protection of Trademarks and Geographical Indications for Agricultural Products and Foodstuffs （DS174， 290）Chapter Six Trade Remedy Measures6.1 Safeguards6.1.1 Safeguards： Emergency Actions for Imports of Particular ProductsChapter Seven Trade in ServicesChapter Eighe Intellectual Property RightsChapter Nine Otheer New Issues of the WTOChapter Ten Procedural Rules of the WTOAnnex Ⅰ Agreement Establishing the World Trade OrganizationAnnex Ⅱ Protocol on the Accession of the Peoples Republic 0f ChinaBibliography

章節(jié)摘錄

　　9.2.5 Conclusions　　The motivation for this policy brief has been to consider whether intemational labor standards should be incorporated into the WTO and other trade agreements.The empirical literature summarized above suggests that mandating unsustainably high labor standards will not improve average wages and working conditions in poor countries. In fact， such mandates can both reduce the number of workers with better pay and working conditions and increase the number in poorer conditions， hence creating further inequality. The literature also shows that low labor standards do not provide developing countries with an unfair advantage in their export trade nor do they drive FDI. Hence， raising labor standards in poor countries will not protect jobs of workers in industrialized countries. What then should be done on the global level？　　If one looks at the economic development of the United States， Western Europe， Japan and other advanced industrialized countries over the past century， it is evident that the real incomes of workers have increased dramatically and that the conditions of work have improved concomitantly. In recent decades， there have been similar improvements in a substantial number of developing countries，especially in East and Southeast Asia as well as in Latin America. What the historical record suggests therefore is that it is not through the external enforcement of labor standards that improvements have been realized， but through internal economic and social development and growth in a countrys GNP. This means that governments in poor countries must implement solid growth strategies and target policies to eradicate poverty. Governments in rich countries can also help increase demand for poor countries output by reducing the barriers to imports from these countries. Finally， conscientious consumers in rich countries can also play a small role in increasing demand for products that are not produced by children or sweatshops， while MNCs can ensure their affiliates also follow better labor practices.

編輯推薦

　　《WTO法律規(guī)則（英文版）》主要是根據(jù)高等院校國際經(jīng)濟與貿(mào)易專業(yè)《WTO法律規(guī)則》（英文版）雙語課程教學(xué)的要求而編寫，兼顧了法學(xué)專業(yè)、商務(wù)英語、國際金融等專業(yè)相關(guān)課程教學(xué)的需要，同時也可以作為社會各界，特別是與WTO業(yè)務(wù)相關(guān)或?qū)TO業(yè)務(wù)感興趣的專業(yè)人士，訓(xùn)練使用英語研究WTO有關(guān)法律文件，閱讀WTO英文原著文章，用英文處理WTO實際問題的精讀材料；可以作為WTO各類專業(yè)人才系列培訓(xùn)、研討活動的教材或參考資料，以及WTO法律英語愛好者的自學(xué)教材。

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