語(yǔ)言強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)研究

前言

　　Research in language universals as anchored in functional linguistics has drawn continued attention and interest from linguists， language educators and professionals of other applied linguistics areas in recent years. Through studying crosslinguistic variation， important generalizations about natural languages can be made which would not be revealed by investigating any single language. In that regard， previous studies of the Noun Phrase Accessibility Hierarchy as a universal tendency have largely focused on relativization， whereas those of cleft sentences have barely touched upon cleftability with regard to the Accessibility Hierarchy. Given such a gap in the research，　it seems that a systematic crosslinguistic investigation of cleftability with regard to the Accessibility Hierarchy will add significant contribution not only to the research on cleft construction by converging the Accessibility Hierarchy studies and the research on cleft sentences， but also to finding out how human languages avail themselves of various linguistic strategies for contrastive emphasis in communication in the study of language universals as an important part of linguistic theory.

內(nèi)容概要

　　《語(yǔ)言強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)研究》針對(duì)語(yǔ)言研究和教學(xué)中常見的強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)之特點(diǎn)及問(wèn)題，用大量的跨語(yǔ)言實(shí)例，通過(guò)深入淺出地討論有關(guān)語(yǔ)言通則，揭示了強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)的規(guī)律，對(duì)習(xí)得和講授強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)，具有非常的指導(dǎo)作用?！　」δ苷Z(yǔ)法對(duì)名詞短語(yǔ)可用順序的研究，過(guò)去主要針對(duì)定語(yǔ)從句，而忽視了強(qiáng)調(diào)句。《語(yǔ)言強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)研究》就強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)的分裂句提出三個(gè)原則：可強(qiáng)調(diào)順序原則、名詞性原則和主題性原則?？蓮?qiáng)調(diào)順序原則將主語(yǔ)、直接賓語(yǔ)、間接賓語(yǔ)、介詞賓語(yǔ)等依次排列，解釋其可被強(qiáng)調(diào)程度。名詞性原則除名詞成分外，還適用非名詞成分。主題性原則在涵蓋前兩者的基礎(chǔ)上，還解釋了狀語(yǔ)的可強(qiáng)調(diào)性，從而最充分地描寫和解釋了強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)。　　《語(yǔ)言強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)研究》無(wú)論在對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)等語(yǔ)言和教材編寫的具體指導(dǎo)上還是語(yǔ)言理論研究上都在同類著作中獨(dú)樹一幟，創(chuàng)造性地填補(bǔ)了語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)和研究的若干空白，特別是國(guó)內(nèi)在多語(yǔ)種綜合研究方面開創(chuàng)了先河。　　《語(yǔ)言強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)研究》適用于從事語(yǔ)言教學(xué)和研究的高校教師和從事語(yǔ)言學(xué)研究的科研人員，也可以作為語(yǔ)言專業(yè)的研究生和本科高年級(jí)學(xué)生的輔助教材，同時(shí)也可作為一般語(yǔ)言愛好者的參考書。

作者簡(jiǎn)介

　　羅澄，男，畢業(yè)于武漢大學(xué)，獲英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言與文學(xué)專業(yè)學(xué)士、碩士。后留學(xué)加拿大多倫多大學(xué)及馬尼托巴大學(xué)，獲得語(yǔ)言學(xué)暨應(yīng)用語(yǔ)言學(xué)博士，并任教于加拿大布魯克大學(xué)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言學(xué)系，為該系終身教授。目前兼任武漢大學(xué)珞珈學(xué)者暨講座教授及廣西大學(xué)的客座教授?！　×_澄博士的教學(xué)與科研涉獵廣泛，包括功能語(yǔ)言學(xué)、句法學(xué)、語(yǔ)義學(xué)、語(yǔ)用學(xué)、話語(yǔ)分析學(xué)，以及應(yīng)用語(yǔ)言學(xué)中的語(yǔ)言測(cè)試學(xué)、二語(yǔ)習(xí)得、閱讀理論、研究方法論等。他在各種國(guó)際會(huì)議和知名學(xué)科雜志上發(fā)表、宣讀近百篇論文并著有Analysis of Typical Errors in English by Chinese EFL Students；A Picture is Worth...1000 Words；Beginner Chinese Reader Series等專著。還應(yīng)邀到美國(guó)、泰國(guó)和多次回國(guó)進(jìn)行學(xué)術(shù)報(bào)告、專題講座、講課及其他學(xué)術(shù)交流活動(dòng)，為傳播中華文化和促進(jìn)中加學(xué)術(shù)交流與合作作出了重要貢獻(xiàn)。

書籍目錄

List of Tables/FiguresAbbreviationsPrefaceChapter 1 Introduction1.1 The Noun Phrase Accessibility Hierarchy1.2 The Cleftability Hierarchy1.3 Theory and Methodology1.3.1 AH as a universal tendency1.3.2 A working definition of clefts1.3.2.1 Previous definitions1.3.2.2 Clefts in non-configurational languages1.3.2.3 A working definition1.3.3 Clefting strategies1.3.4 Other methodological considerations1.3.4.1 Reduced Clefiability Hierarchy through collapsing1.3.4.2 Measurement of grammaticality and universality1.3.4.3 Data and analysisChapter 2 NP Cleftabifity2.1 The Cleftability Criteria2.2 Grammaticality： Cleftable Versus Uncleftable2.2.1 Clefting of subject only2.2.1.1 Chadic languages2.2.1.1.1 Margi2.2.1.1.2 Bade. Ngizim. Karekare. and Dera2.2.1.2 Toba-Batak2.2.1.3 Indonesian2.2.1.4 Malagasy2.2.2 Clefting of NP arguments2.2.2.1 Basque2.2.2.2 Berber2.3 Clefting Strategies： Deletion Versus Retention2.3.1 Polynesian languages2.3.1.1 Maori2.3.1.2 Tongan2.3.1.3 Samoan2.3.1.4 Rennellese2.3.2 Summary2.4 Structural Complexity ： Wider Versus Narrower Distribution2.4.1 Maori2.4.2 English2.4.3 Danish2.4.4 Kinyarwanda2.4.5 Tera2.4.5.1 The cleft construction2.4.5.2 Clefiability2.4.5.3 Distributions of SU and ADVL as cleft focus2.5 Frequency of Occurrence ： More Frequent Versus Less Frequent2.5.1 Intralinguistic frequency2.5.2 Crosslinguistic frequency2.6 Promotion to Higher Positions for Clefting2.6.1 Subjectivization in Indonesian2.6.2 Objectivization in Kinyarwanda2.7 Diaehronie Precedence ： IndonesianChapter 3 NP Cleftability——Counterevidenee?3.1 Cleftability and Ergativity3.1.1 Mayan languages3.1.2 Pukapukan3.1.3 Subject reinterpreted3.2 Cleftability and Language Specific Constraints： Chinese3.2.1 The problem of DO uncleftability3.2.2 A linear constraint3.2.3 Is shi an adverb?3.2.4 0uasi-verbs and the constraint revisited3.2.5 Summary3.3 ConclusionChapter 4 Non-NP Cleftability4.1 Introduction4.2 AP Cleftability4.2.1 The Nouniness Principle4.2.2 Cleftability of predicational APs.the Specificity Condition4.2.3 Contextually generated specificity.English4.2.4 Summary4.3 VP Cleftability4.3.1 Limitations and conditions4.3.2 Crosslinguistic evidence4.3.2.1 Morpho-syntactic nominalhy of clefted VPs ： English. Berber. Breton. and Hausa4.3.2.2 The retention strategy for VP clefting ： Vata . Yoruba. and Haitian4.3.3 The Specificity Condition revisited： English4.3.4 Summary4.4 PP Clefting4.4.1 Proposition-internal and proposition-external PPs4.4.2 PP clefting and the Nouniness Principle4.5 ADVP clefting4.6 Summary and ConclusionChapter 5 Towards a General Account of Cleftability5.1 Theme and Thematicity5.1.1 Theme5.1.2 Thematicity5.2 The Function of Clefts5.2.1 Focused thematization5.2.2 Clause binding and salient information5.3 The Thematicity Principle （TP）5.4 Further Empirical Evidence5.5 SummaryChapter 6 The Contrastive Focus Marker6.1 Introduction6.2 Formal Identity between the CFM. the Copula and the Demonstrative6.3 Polesemy in Mandarin Chinese6.3.1 Synchronic evidence6.3.2 Diachronic evidence6.4 The Common Pragmatic Function6.5 Crosslinguistic Evidence6.5.1 Hebrew6.5.2 Margi6.5.3 Mokilese6.5.4 Kusaiean6.5.5 Malayalam6.6 An Iconic Account6.7 ConclusionChapter 7 ConclusionReferencesLanguage IndexSubject Index

章節(jié)摘錄

　　The fact that direct objects in the aforementioned Polynesian as well as Mayan languages are more accessible than （ergative） subjects poses a challenge for the proposed Cleftability Hierarchy as a putative universal. To solve this problem， we can either declare the inadequacy of the CH， or reinterpret the concept subject so that absolutive NPs can be treated as subjects. Since the former solution is undesirably simplistic before other possibilities are exhausted， rather than quickly dismiss the CH as untenable， the latter alternative will be examined by proposing a solution by reinterpreting subject and object in ergative patterns， so that absolutive NPs can be reinterpreted as SUs and ergative NPS as DOS.　　It should be noted that reinterpretation of subjects relies crucially on the relationship between morphological ergativity and syntactic ergativity， regarding which two opposing views have been expressed， viz.　the Integrated Position and the Independent Position. According to the Integrated Position， the categories picked out by the case marking of a language are the same categories that its syntactic rules refer to， i.e. the syntax of every language should parallel its morphology. For example， morphologically accusative languages should not exhibit syntactic ergativity， and morphologically ergative languages should not exhibit syntactic nominativity. According to the Independent Position （Anderson 1976， Perlmutter & Postal 1974）， the categories picked out by the case marking of a language need not be the same as those that its syntactic rules refer to.　Therefore，　a languages syntax and its morphology may be organized differently，　such that a morphologically ergative language may turn out to be syntactically accusative.

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