英國(guó)社會(huì)與文化

內(nèi)容概要

　　本書的宗旨就是為中國(guó)廣大的英語學(xué)習(xí)者提供一個(gè)窗口，通過對(duì)英國(guó)社會(huì)與文化方面的考察，從廣義的文化哲學(xué)層面去審視西方文明的精髓：其一，梳理英國(guó)社會(huì)思想文化的脈絡(luò)，理性思辯西方文明的思維模式和行為準(zhǔn)則；其二，闡釋英國(guó)社會(huì)藝術(shù)文化的美學(xué)價(jià)值，理解和領(lǐng)悟其深邃的內(nèi)涵和人文關(guān)懷；其三，體驗(yàn)和鑒賞世紀(jì)更迭時(shí)期英國(guó)社會(huì)豐富多彩的實(shí)用文化，包括飲食、民俗、娛樂、休閑等各方面的文化范式。同時(shí)，《英國(guó)社會(huì)與文化》也將提供精美的英語語言材料，幫助讀者在輕松愉悅、節(jié)奏舒緩的享受中開闊視野，提高英語語言修養(yǎng)，以成熟與自信的步伐，跨入英語語言的殿堂。

書籍目錄

一、概覽1、大不列顛及北愛爾蘭聯(lián)合王國(guó)2、地貌與氣候二、君方立憲制1、君主立憲2、英國(guó)議會(huì)3、英國(guó)兩大政黨4、英聯(lián)邦5、英國(guó)與歐共體三、王室掠影1、三位著名的女王2、今日王室3、爵位與榮譽(yù)四、歷史事件五、經(jīng)濟(jì)與教育1、英國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)與對(duì)外貿(mào)易2、中小學(xué)教育與大學(xué)透視六、文學(xué)藝術(shù)1、英國(guó)文學(xué)2、劇院，電影院和音樂3、圖書館與博物館4、民族藝術(shù)七、大眾傳媒1、大眾傳媒2、報(bào)刊、雜志八、英國(guó)名人九、主要城市十、倫敦?cái)垊偈?、體育與娛樂1、體育運(yùn)動(dòng)2、文化娛樂十二、人民與社會(huì)1、英國(guó)民族特2、生活習(xí)俗3、英國(guó)宗教

章節(jié)摘錄

　　聯(lián)邦日　　19世紀(jì)末女王維多利亞統(tǒng)治下的大英帝國(guó)處于它的全盛時(shí)期。女王逝世不久，每年中都有一天用來紀(jì)念她5月24日的生日，在英國(guó)某些地方被稱作“維多利亞日”，但在整個(gè)英國(guó)，這一天稱為“帝國(guó)日”?！　〉?0世紀(jì)50年代，帝國(guó)消亡了，取而代之的是英聯(lián)邦，即許多前英帝國(guó)內(nèi)的國(guó)家組成的一個(gè)聯(lián)合組織。帝國(guó)日由此也改名為聯(lián)邦日，同時(shí)日期也發(fā)生了變化，先是定在6月女王伊麗莎白生日那天，后又改在3月的第二個(gè)星期一，并一直延續(xù)至今?！　≡谶@一天，議會(huì)廣場(chǎng)上飄揚(yáng)著各聯(lián)邦國(guó)家的國(guó)旗，威斯敏斯特教堂有一個(gè)特別的宗教儀式。作為英聯(lián)邦的領(lǐng)袖，女王將對(duì)成員國(guó)發(fā)表講話。在講話中，她會(huì)不厭其煩地提及長(zhǎng)久的友誼以及維護(hù)聯(lián)邦密切關(guān)系的共同歷史和利益?！　?.英國(guó)與歐共體　　大英帝國(guó)以及后來的英聯(lián)邦，建立了一個(gè)親密的貿(mào)易網(wǎng)絡(luò)。英國(guó)加入歐共體后英聯(lián)邦貿(mào)易聯(lián)系的重要性就降低了?！　”M管通過了1975年的復(fù)決投票，仍有相當(dāng)多的人反對(duì)英國(guó)繼續(xù)留在歐共體內(nèi)，尤其是公共農(nóng)業(yè)政策更是備受批評(píng)。當(dāng)英國(guó)人聽說歐洲黃油堆積如山、甜菜大量過剩時(shí)，他們拒絕購買高價(jià)食物，他們過去已經(jīng)習(xí)慣了從諸如新西蘭之類的英聯(lián)邦國(guó)家進(jìn)口廉價(jià)產(chǎn)品的做法。還有一個(gè)原因：大不列顛群島四面環(huán)水，至今仍被天然的屏障隔離并保護(hù)著。因此，英國(guó)并不像大陸國(guó)家那樣，具有強(qiáng)烈的“團(tuán)結(jié)起來，進(jìn)行自我保護(hù)”的意識(shí)。而且，在英國(guó)對(duì)當(dāng)年法國(guó)否決英國(guó)加人歐共體的申請(qǐng)而耿耿于懷。因此，不能籠統(tǒng)地說歐共體在英國(guó)受歡迎?！　、? The Monarchy　　1. Three Famous Queens　　Queen Elizabeth I　　(1558 - 1603)　　When. Elizabeth I , daughter of Henry　and Anne Boleyn,succeeded Mary as queen in 1558, She possessed two great advan-tages. Firstly, Elizabeth was a Protestant. Secondly, she was all English, unlike Mary whose mother had been Spanish. in addi-tion, however, Elizabeth had the qualities of a powerful and popular monarch, for she had a natural talent for wise, moderate govern-ment.　　Elizabeth chose as her advisers men of great ability; Sir William Cecil who served her until his death in 1598, and his son Robert.Between them, Elizabeth and the Cecils handled Parliament careful-ly and tactfully and Parliament was now very strong and influential.　　Elizabeth succeeded, for under the Acts of Supremacy and Uni-formity (1559), she made possible the gradual spread of the.new Protestant religion, without offending the Catholics too much: for instance, the 1552 Protestant Prayer Book was altered to make iteasier for Catholics to accept.　　Elizabeth wisely realised that her subjects loathed the idea of foreign influence in England n Particularly after the Spaniards had controlled the government during Marys reign. This was one rea- son why Elizabeth never married, although she had many suitors,including Philip of Spain, Marys former husband.　　Instead, Queen Elizabeth preferred to be married to her country and her pople. Elizabeths court became a centre of culture for English musicians, peoets, scholars, and artists, like William Byrd, the composer, Nicholas Hillyarde, the painter and Sir Walter Raleigh, the poet and adventurer. This was also the age of great English writers,　like the dramatists,　William Shakespeare and Christopher Marlowe。　　Elizabeth herself had great charm, intelligence and pride-in be-ing English. Although she was rather vain and quick tempered, she had a great talent for inspiring loyalty. She also had considerable courage, and when England seemed in grave danger from Spanish invasion in 1588, Elizabeth went down personally to Tilbury to speak to the crews of the ships that were going to do battle with the　　great Spanish Armada. "I know I am a weak and feeble woman,"Elizabeth told her sailors, "but I have the heart and stomach of a King -- and a King of England, too ！" This was marvelously stirring stuff, and afterwards, when the English fleet won a great victory against the Armada, Elizabeths subjects felt great pride in their country, their navy —- andtheir queen.: This was a time, too, when England was becoming more important in the world, and English sailors were challenging the Spaniards in the new, rich Spanish colonies in America?！　ueen Elizabeth seemed to personify this age of daring adven-ture, and as a result, she was given nemes Like the Sun Queen or　Gloriana?！　ueen Victoria　　(1837- 1901)　　After the disreputable Hanoverian kings, it was high time the monarchy became more respectable. That was the opinion of Queen Victoria and her husband, Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha.　　Although Albert was never popular in England, and did not be-come Victorias prince consort until 1857, he had great influence on the queen. Victoria, for her part, adored her handsome husband, and when hedied in 1861, she was overcome with grief. She shut herself away to mourn him and refused to appear in public for a long time. To the end of her long life, Victoria wore black in Albertsmemory.　　Victoria was very Hanoverian in many ways. She had Hanove-rian stubbornness and hot temper and she was sometimes~ cruel and intolerant. Like the Hanoverian kings, she disliked her heir, and despite his protests refused to let him take part in government af-fairs. However, Victoria did possess a very strong sense of duty to-wards her subjects. As time went on, she acquired more and more subjects, for the British Empire grewto great size during her reign,and uhimately covered one quarter of the Earths surface and one quarter of its population.　　Albert encouraged Victoria to become interested in the suffering of children working in the mines, the hard conditions in factoriesand the filthy living conditions which so many poor people had to endure.　　……

媒體關(guān)注與評(píng)論

　　前言　　隨著中國(guó)加入WTO和邁入21世紀(jì)，全球化的趨勢(shì)和進(jìn)程成為我們必須面對(duì)的現(xiàn)實(shí)，而這一時(shí)代最重要的標(biāo)志，市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)的全球化和信息傳播的全球化，則超越和突破了原本意義上的文化接收與滲透，為我們的價(jià)值觀和道德觀提供了更廣闊的發(fā)展空間?！队?guó)社會(huì)與文化》編著的宗旨，就是為中國(guó)廣大的英語學(xué)習(xí)者提供一個(gè)窗口，通過對(duì)英國(guó)社會(huì)與文化方面的考察，從廣義的文化哲學(xué)層面去審視西方文明的精髓：其一，梳理英國(guó)社會(huì)思想文化的脈絡(luò)，理性思辨西方文明的思維模式和行為準(zhǔn)則；其二，闡釋英國(guó)社會(huì)藝術(shù)文化的美學(xué)價(jià)值，理解和領(lǐng)悟其深邃的內(nèi)涵和人文關(guān)懷；其三，體驗(yàn)和鑒賞世紀(jì)更迭時(shí)期英國(guó)社會(huì)豐富多彩的實(shí)用文化，包括飲食、民俗、娛樂、休閑等各方面的文化范式。同時(shí)，《英國(guó)社會(huì)與文化》也將提供精美的英語語言材料，幫助讀者在輕松愉悅、節(jié)奏舒緩的享受中開闊視野，提高英語語言修養(yǎng)，以成熟與自信的步伐，跨入英語語言的殿堂。　　英國(guó)社會(huì)與文化對(duì)中國(guó)、對(duì)世界的影響遠(yuǎn)不止一個(gè)世紀(jì)。透過文化歷史的幔帳，大不列顛的民族精神隨著時(shí)代更迭衍變。英國(guó)國(guó)旗記錄著三個(gè)王權(quán)一步步成功聯(lián)合為一個(gè)王國(guó)的進(jìn)程。英格蘭的鄉(xiāng)村，蘇格蘭的高地，威爾士的群山，北愛爾蘭的海岸，處處洋溢著溫文爾雅的紳士風(fēng)度。英國(guó)的氣候，構(gòu)成了英國(guó)社會(huì)的一種獨(dú)特文化：它造就了英國(guó)人的性格——小心謹(jǐn)慎且具有忍耐力和適應(yīng)性。英國(guó)的君主立憲制是英國(guó)社會(huì)整體發(fā)展的典型例證，它與上議院和下議院剛健的職責(zé)交相輝映，相得益彰。英聯(lián)邦涵蓋了許多不同的政府、種族、膚色、語言和觀念及發(fā)展水平，他們凝聚成一種歷史，一種文化。英國(guó)王室由封建式走向更高歷史階段是歷史的一種抉擇，它一直在用貴族的氣質(zhì)雕塑一種生命的形式美。維多利亞時(shí)代的“日不落”帝國(guó)形象早已在歷史的風(fēng)雨中淹沒無聞，但沿襲歷史的文化獨(dú)特性和魅力仍給一向保守的英國(guó)民族自信心和自豪感。英國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)是現(xiàn)代規(guī)則和貴族風(fēng)度的結(jié)合體，因?yàn)橛?guó)貴族之所以久享榮華，就因?yàn)橐回炗秘?cái)富原則指導(dǎo)其重商、經(jīng)商。聲名顯赫的牛津和劍橋一直是英國(guó)知識(shí)和智慧的中心，他們就像獨(dú)特的溫室，為英國(guó)和世界培養(yǎng)出了眾多的社會(huì)上層精英，展示著英國(guó)教育制度的輝煌成就。英國(guó)文學(xué)藝術(shù)的長(zhǎng)廊中琳瑯滿目地陳列著具有精神超越性和靈魂升華感的偉大作品，他們?cè)缫堰M(jìn)入接受主體的鑒賞、參與、再創(chuàng)造，將文學(xué)與藝術(shù)價(jià)值的審美升華為社會(huì)的審美，折射出其文化及其價(jià)值取向。英國(guó)的新聞傳媒雖然承襲了客觀、低調(diào)、含蓄的傳統(tǒng)風(fēng)格，其影響力卻風(fēng)靡世界。英國(guó)是一個(gè)精英輩出的國(guó)家，他們都與頭銜和爵位有著割舍不斷的淵源，即成名之后總會(huì)接受王室的授勛。英國(guó)城市的典雅和精致已經(jīng)成為英國(guó)社會(huì)和文化中的一道景觀，他們激活了英國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)，豐富了人民生活。風(fēng)光旖旎的倫敦，令人流連忘返的景點(diǎn)名勝不勝枚舉，是鑲嵌在英國(guó)社會(huì)與文化中的明珠。英國(guó)人的體育、娛樂、和休閑活動(dòng)多種多樣，他們或在戶外采用各種不同的方式與大自然親密接觸，或入酒吧與至愛親朋暢敘豪飲。英國(guó)社會(huì)的現(xiàn)代生活已經(jīng)發(fā)生了很大的變化——傳統(tǒng)與開放并存：英國(guó)社會(huì)的風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣不僅在保守的基礎(chǔ)上根深蒂固，而且還在不斷創(chuàng)新，最突出的一個(gè)例子就是今日英國(guó)宗教的急劇衰退。達(dá)爾文的進(jìn)化論給喜歡思考的英國(guó)人提供了令人信服的答案：人不是上帝創(chuàng)造的特殊生命。而是從更低的生命形式經(jīng)過漫長(zhǎng)的進(jìn)化產(chǎn)生?？茖W(xué)似乎把神秘及神圣排擠出了宇宙，為英國(guó)社會(huì)與文化在再生中注入新的生命活力?！　　?/pre>






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