水利水電類專業(yè)英語

內(nèi)容概要

　　《水利水電類專業(yè)英語》是水利水電類專業(yè)本、本科大學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)專業(yè)英語的教材，內(nèi)容涉及水利水電工程領(lǐng)域的各個專業(yè)面，包括水利水資源、農(nóng)田水利、水工結(jié)構(gòu)、水電站和河流泥沙工程。書中的英文原文大多選自國外經(jīng)典著作，并含有較詳細(xì)的注釋和專業(yè)英語詞匯及短語。本書還可作為水利水電類企事業(yè)單位工程技術(shù)人員和管理人員學(xué)習(xí)專業(yè)英語的培訓(xùn)教材。

書籍目錄

I　 HYDROLOGY AND WATER QUALITY　　1　Hydrological Cycle and Budget　　2　Unit Hydrographs　　3　Flood Routing　　4　Water Quality Models　　　　II　WATER RESOURCES　　1　Water Resources Planning　　2　Water Resources for Sustainable Development　　3　Water Requirements　　4　Reservoir Control　　　　III　IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE　　1　Consumptive Use of Water　　2　Irrigation　　3　Groundwater Occurrences and the Hydrological Cycle　　4　Operation　　5　Identification of Costs and Benefits　　6　Benefit-Cost Analysis　　7　Interest　　8　Environmental Assessment　　9　Interrelation of Irrigation and Drainage　　10　Hydraulic Conductivity　　11　Types of Drainage Problems　　12　Differences in Drainage in Humid and Arid Areas　　13　Main and Field Drainage Systems　　14　Classification of Drainage Methods　　15　Drainage for Salinity Control　　16　Dikes　　17　Pump Installations　　18　Pumps　　　　IV　HYDRAULIC STRUCTURE　　1　Planning Approach and Its Physical Factors　　2　Selection ofDanl Sites and Sizes　　3　Investigation ofConstructionMaterials　　4　Geologic and Foundation Investigations　　5　Design ofEarthDarns　　6　Design ofConcrete-Faced Rockfill Da／ns　　7　Design ofConcrete Dams　　8　Design 0fArch Dams　　9　Design ofGravity Dalns　　10　Design ofSpillways　　11　Conveyance Structures　　12　Callal Head Works　　13　Gares in Hydraulic Installation　　14　Operation and Maintenance ofHydraulic Works　　　　V HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING CoNSTRUCTIoN　　Concrete-Faced Rockfill Dams’Plinth Construction　　Details ofSeveral Diversion Tunnels　　TheBasicMechanismsinHomogeneousRockBlasting　　The Diversion ofRivers in Dam Construction　　TheUpper StillwaterDam’RCCPlacing　Oneeration　　6 Time Value ofMoney　　……

章節(jié)摘錄

　　1) Environment and Environmental are used in their broadest possible sense to include not only physical and biological systems but also social and economic systems and relationships.　　2) Environmental Impacts and Effects are taken to include both the influence of the wider environment on a project and the influence of the project on the environment. They are also taken to include both "positive" and "negative" changes.　　3) A Project is defined as a specific set of human aedvities in a particular location intended to modify the environment for human benefit.　Using the above definitions, a Project s prime aim is to maxi-mize environmental enhancement while minimizing environmentalchange. In terms of the assessment of envirunmentai change it includes not only the direct works of the project but also the indirect changes in infrastructure and population associated with it.　　4) Irrigation/drainage Planner, Manager, Engineer and Profes- sional are terms used to describe those people who, by virtue of their specific technical training in the techniques of irrigation, drainage and flood control are given responsibility for planning, designing, imple- menting and managing irrigation, drainage and flood control project. Use of thase terms is not intended to be restrictive in relation to the disciplines of training which such people have received but relates to their assigned responsibilities and functions in a given situation.　　8.2　Current Approaches and Priorities in Environmental　　Assessment　　The initial impetus to introduce methods of environmental as- sessment was provided by growing public concern about the large number of unforeseen, adverse environmental impacts which were re- ported during the 1960s due to new development projects particularly those constructed in areas where little previous infrastructure develop- ment had taken place. As a result, many countries have now adoptedformalized (and statutory) procedures for environmental impact as- sessment (ETA) to be applied to all new projects within specified ca- tegories. In almost every case, irrigation, drainage and flood control projects are included within the list of project types for which an EtA is normally required although in some countries projects smaller than a specified size may be exempt.　　Whilst putting a useful check on projects which might otherwise have caused lasting environmental damage, the introduction of statu- tory EtA procedures is now acknowledged to have some significant shortcomings, the principal ones being:　　1) that EtA concentrates on negative aspects of environmental change and results in a situation of conflict between those who have planned a project and those who undertake the EIA on it;　　2) that due to the detailed information required and the number of specialists engaged in an EtA it is not usually undertaken until a late stage in project planning when changes to the project to mitigate ad- verse effects are difficult and costly;　　3) that dialogue between environmental specialists and project　planners to identify beneficial modifications to the project design or　conceptisnotfacilitatedbyEIA；　　4)that available EIA procedures are too gener~in scope and re。 quire the user to exercise considerable knowledge and skill each time they a”applied to projects of a particular type such as irrigation or drainage；and　　5) that EIA procedures are intended for use only by people with particular expertise in social and environmental impact aSsessment and overlook the potential savings in time and cost Whieh could beachievedifnon-specialistsweretodo someofthepreliminarydatacol-lection as part ofnormM planning activities．　　The procedure descdbed in this report attempts to overcome some ofthe atIOVe difficulties．　　9 Interrelation of Irrigation and Drainage　　Irrigation in the world today covers approximately 160 million ha,excluding areas under natural flooding. About half of this total is foundin the arid and semi-arid subtropical zones. It was particularly inthese zones that the special drainage measures demanded by irrigationcame to be recognized, as over the years those areas with insufficientdrainage began to show rising groundwater tables and increasing salinity.　　About two thirds of the total irrigated area has been brought underirrigation since the beginning of this century, but only recently has itbecome generally accepted that the installation or improvement ofdrainage forms an indispensable part of any irrigation project.　　In ancient times, as in the days of the various Babylonian king-doms, salinity and water logging gradually reduced the productivityof the land. Market records have shown that in such a situation thecultivation ofwheat--a crop sensitive to soil salinity- gave way tothe more tolerant barley, but that finally large areas had to be aban-doned and the farmers moved to new land. The rise and fall of thevarious kingdoms in Mesopotamia were evidently closely related tothis changing state of agriculture.　　The Imperial Valley in California, comprising 200 000 ha, wasbrought under irrigation about 1910. Only fifteen years later the pro-duetivity ofthis area was severely threatened since no provisions had been made for the discharge of the superfluous i~igation water andthe salts that were brought to the area at a rate of 800 ks per ha witheach irrigation application．Large parts ofthe valley went out ofpro-duction and it was this catastrophe that provided the impulse for re-search into proper methods of re．．establishing and maintaining suffi-ciently low salt concentrations in the soil．Due to the work of the U-S．Salinity Laboratory at Riverside，California，and that of other in-stitutions，the remedy for drainage problems in irrigated lands is atpresent well．known，but only in minor part ofthe affected，subtropicalareas have the necessary works been carried out．It is estimated thatapproximately 50 million ha of irrigated lands still do not have the re-quired drainage facilities．　　The particular effects of irrigation on the criteria and the designof a drainage system are more dominant when rainfall is of lesser im-portance for the growth of crops than irrigation is．　　……

媒體關(guān)注與評論

　　當(dāng)前，水利水電科學(xué)技術(shù)發(fā)展十分迅速，為了了解、學(xué)習(xí)和借鑒國外先進(jìn)的科學(xué)技術(shù)，為我國的社會主義建設(shè)服務(wù)，需要大量地閱讀和翻譯國外科技文獻(xiàn)及資料。另外，近年來我國在水利水電建設(shè)中從國外引進(jìn)了大批先進(jìn)的技術(shù)和設(shè)備，為了學(xué)習(xí)這些新技術(shù)和裝好、用好、管理好這些新設(shè)備，需要詳細(xì)地閱讀和翻譯引進(jìn)的技術(shù)資料和設(shè)備的技術(shù)說明文件。同時，為了把我國水利水電工程建設(shè)和管理的成功經(jīng)驗介紹到國外，也需要有熟練的專業(yè)英語知識。要提高水利水電類專業(yè)科技英語的閱讀和翻譯能力，除需要掌握英語語法的基本知識、基本詞匯和具有相當(dāng)廣泛的專業(yè)知識之外，還需要熟悉專業(yè)詞匯和科技英語中的一些常用詞、詞組或短語，熟悉科技英語常見的句型和文體，以及掌握翻譯科技文獻(xiàn)的基本技巧．　　本教材旨在幫助學(xué)生和相關(guān)人員提高閱讀或翻譯水利水電類專業(yè)科技英語文獻(xiàn)及資料的能力，希望通過本書的學(xué)習(xí)能夠達(dá)到以下幾個目的：　　1．使學(xué)生熟悉典型的科技英語句型、文體。　　2．使學(xué)生掌握科技英語文獻(xiàn)翻譯的基本技巧。　　3．為學(xué)生提供一部分專業(yè)英語詞匯和常用詞組及短語。　　本書的目的僅在于介紹英語的語言特點，并非介紹工程技術(shù)本身，這一點務(wù)必請讀者理解?！　”緯蓜⒕爸仓骶帲畷蠭．由郭生練編：寫，II．由傅湘編寫，III．1—8由黃介生編寫，Ⅲ．9—16由蔡樹英編寫，Ⅲ．17*18由劉景植編寫，Ⅳ．1-10由陳勝宏以及陳尚法、徐明毅、傅少君、汪衛(wèi)明、夏懷孝、吳俊等編寫，Ⅳ．11—14由夏富洲編寫，V．由賀昌海編寫，Ⅵ．1—8由伍鶴皋編寫，Ⅵ．9—15由于波編寫，Ⅶ．由吳：衛(wèi)民和余明輝編寫。本書在選材過程中還得到了袁宏源教授和李義天教授的審核和指導(dǎo)?！　”緯某霭娴靡嬗谠錆h水利電力大學(xué)“211：工程”辦公室、師資辦公室以及水利水電學(xué)院的大力幫助和支持，在此表示衷心感謝!　　由于水平所限，書中的錯誤和不當(dāng)之處懇請批評指正?！　【帯≌摺　?000．12

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