培根隨筆

出版時(shí)間:2013-1  出版社:清華大學(xué)出版社  作者:培根  頁(yè)數(shù):272  

前言

  弗蘭西斯·培根(Francis Bacon,1561-1626),文藝復(fù)興后期英國(guó)著名的哲學(xué)家、思想家和作家,被馬克思稱(chēng)為“英國(guó)唯物主義和整個(gè)現(xiàn)代實(shí)驗(yàn)科學(xué)的真正始祖”。特別是,他提出的“知識(shí)就是力量”的著名論斷,已成為許多人的座右銘?! ∨喔?561年1月22日出生于倫敦一個(gè)貴族家庭。父親是英國(guó)女王的掌璽大臣,思想進(jìn)步;母親是一位頗有名氣的才女,精通希臘文和拉丁文。良好的家庭環(huán)境使培根在很小的時(shí)候就開(kāi)始博覽群書(shū)。不到13歲,培根便進(jìn)入著名的劍橋大學(xué)三一學(xué)院學(xué)習(xí)。三年后,培根作為英國(guó)駐法大使的隨員來(lái)到了法國(guó)。旅居法國(guó)期間,他接觸到許多的新鮮事物,對(duì)他的思想形成產(chǎn)生了非常大的作用。1582年,培根取得了律師資格:1584年,當(dāng)選為國(guó)會(huì)議員。1602年,伊麗莎白女王去世,詹姆士一世繼位。由于主張?zhí)K格蘭與英格蘭合并,培根因此受到詹姆士一世的贊賞,并于1602年受封為爵士,1604年被任命為國(guó)王詹姆士的顧問(wèn),1607年被任命為副檢察長(zhǎng),1613年被委任為首席檢察官,1616年被任命為樞密院顧問(wèn),1617年提升為掌璽大臣,1618年晉升為英格蘭的大陸官,授封為維魯蘭男爵,1621年又授封為奧爾本斯子爵。與此同時(shí),他在學(xué)術(shù)研究上也取得了巨大的成果,出版了多部著作。1621年,培根被國(guó)會(huì)指控貪污受賄,雖被豁免,但卻因此而身敗名裂。從此培根不理政事,開(kāi)始專(zhuān)心從事著書(shū)立說(shuō)?! ?620年,培根總結(jié)了他的哲學(xué)思想,出版了《新工具》一書(shū)。在書(shū)中他響亮地提出了“知識(shí)就是力量”的觀點(diǎn)。他指出,要想控制自然、利用自然,就必須掌握科學(xué)知識(shí)。他認(rèn)為真正的哲學(xué)必須研究自然,研究科學(xué)。該書(shū)的出版,得到了全歐洲學(xué)者的極大贊賞,因?yàn)檫@種思想既是對(duì)反動(dòng)的經(jīng)院哲學(xué)的有力批判,也是對(duì)人們探索自然的鼓勵(lì)。培根不僅是一位著名的哲學(xué)家,還是一位杰出的散文作家。在他的一生中,雖然有繁雜的事務(wù)分心,可他在寫(xiě)作上從來(lái)沒(méi)有懈怠過(guò),他一生寫(xiě)下了許多不朽的著作,其中最著名的傳世之作是1624年出版的《論說(shuō)文集》(也稱(chēng)《培根隨筆》)。該書(shū)文筆優(yōu)美、語(yǔ)言凝練、寓意深刻。在這本書(shū)中,他從各種角度論述了對(duì)人與社會(huì)、人與自己、人與自然的關(guān)系的許多獨(dú)到而精辟的見(jiàn)解,使許許多多人從這本書(shū)中獲得熏陶、得到指導(dǎo)?!杜喔S筆》與蒙田的《隨筆集》、帕斯卡爾《思想錄》一起,被譽(yù)為歐洲近代哲理散文三大經(jīng)典。出版400多年來(lái),《培根隨筆》先后被譯成世界上幾十種語(yǔ)言,在世界各地?fù)碛袩o(wú)數(shù)的忠實(shí)讀者。

內(nèi)容概要

  《培根隨筆(中文導(dǎo)讀英文版)》是文藝復(fù)興后期英國(guó)最重要的作家、哲學(xué)家、思想家培根的隨筆集,是迄今為止世界上最有影響的散文作品之一。該書(shū)內(nèi)容涉及人類(lèi)社會(huì)生活的方方面面,其中包括政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、宗教、愛(ài)情、婚姻、友誼、藝術(shù)、教育和倫理等。培根對(duì)這些問(wèn)題進(jìn)行了深刻的論述,見(jiàn)解獨(dú)特,體現(xiàn)了現(xiàn)實(shí)主義與道德理想的完美融合。該書(shū)問(wèn)世400多年來(lái),先后被譯成世界上幾十種語(yǔ)言,成為文學(xué)史上影響深遠(yuǎn)的經(jīng)典之作?! o(wú)論作為語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)的課本,還是作為通俗的散文讀本,《培根隨筆(中文導(dǎo)讀英文版)》對(duì)當(dāng)代中國(guó)的讀者,特別是青少年都將產(chǎn)生積極的影響。為了使讀者能夠了解英文故事概況,進(jìn)而提高閱讀速度和閱讀水平,在每章的開(kāi)始部分增加了中文導(dǎo)讀。

作者簡(jiǎn)介

  弗蘭西斯·培根(Francis Bacon,1561-1626),文藝復(fù)興后期英國(guó)著名的哲學(xué)家、思想家和作家,被馬克思稱(chēng)為"英國(guó)唯物主義和整個(gè)現(xiàn)代實(shí)驗(yàn)科學(xué)的真正始祖"。特別是,他提出的"知識(shí)就是力量"的著名論斷,已成為許多人的座右銘。

書(shū)籍目錄

1.論真理/Of truth2.論死亡/Of death3.論宗教統(tǒng)一/Of unity in religion4.論報(bào)復(fù)/Of revenge5.論逆境/Of adversity6.論偽裝與掩飾/Of simulation and dissimulation7.論父母與子女/Of parents and children8.論結(jié)婚與獨(dú)身/Of marriage and single life9.論嫉妒/Of envy10.論愛(ài)情/Of love11.論權(quán)位/Of great place12.論大膽/Of boldness13.論善/Of goodness and goodness of nature14.論貴族/Of nobility15.論叛亂/Of seditions and troubles16.論無(wú)神論/Of atheism17.論迷信/Of superstition18.論旅游/Of travel19.論君王/Of empire20.論諍諫/Of counsel21.論拖延/Of delays22.論狡猾/Of cunning23.論自私/Of wisdom for a man’s self24.論革新/Of innovations25.論迅速/Of dispatch26.論假聰明/Of seeming wise27.論友誼/Of friendship28.論消費(fèi)/Of expense29.論強(qiáng)國(guó)和強(qiáng)國(guó)之術(shù)/Of the true greatness of kingdoms and estates30.論養(yǎng)生之道/Of regiment of health31.論猜疑/Of suspicion32.論言談/Of discourse33.論殖民事業(yè)/Of plantations34.論財(cái)富/Of riches35.論預(yù)言/Of prophecies36.論野心/Of ambition37.談宮廷化裝舞/Of masques and triumphs38.論天性/Of nature in men39.論習(xí)慣與教育/Of custom and education40.談幸運(yùn)/Of fortune41.論放債/Of usury42.論青年與老年/Of youth and age43.論美/Of beauty44.論殘疾/Of deformity45.論建筑/Of building46.論園林/Of gardens47.論協(xié)商/Of negotiating48.論隨從/Of followers and friends49.論求情辦事者/Of suitors50.論學(xué)養(yǎng)/Of studies51.論黨派/Of faction52.論禮貌/Of ceremonies and respect53.論贊揚(yáng)/Of praise54.論虛榮/Of vain–glory55.論榮譽(yù)/Of honor and reputation56.論司法/Of judicature57.論憤怒/Of anger58.論事變/Of vicissitude of things

章節(jié)摘錄

  45.論建筑  房子是為了住人,不是為了觀賞。因此,應(yīng)先求使用,再談美觀。選址時(shí)要全面了解,揚(yáng)長(zhǎng)避短,在各種惡劣之處,如空氣不好、氣候多變、交通不便、鄰居惡劣的地方建造美麗的房子,相當(dāng)于把自己投進(jìn)了監(jiān)獄?! ∫蛔∪魶](méi)有兩個(gè)側(cè)樓就不算完美,一個(gè)用于舉辦宴會(huì),一個(gè)作為起居場(chǎng)所。二者都要寬敞明亮,好好布置。此外搭配一個(gè)地下室和幾間廚房。主樓則裝飾完美,其后要有一個(gè)美麗的四合院,但三面的建筑要比正樓低,院中安排花卉小徑。宴會(huì)廳應(yīng)有彩繪玻璃和穹頂長(zhǎng)廊,其他各房間應(yīng)考慮使其冬暖夏涼。這個(gè)庭院后面應(yīng)有個(gè)內(nèi)院,其面積和房屋高度應(yīng)和前庭相同。院子兩側(cè)可作私人住房,對(duì)面可作會(huì)館,房間和庭院都要精心裝飾?! f ouses are built to live in, and not to look on, therefore let use be preferred before uniformity, except where both may be had. Leave the goodly fabrics of houses, for beauty only, to the enchanted palaces of the poets; who build them with small cost. He that builds a fair house, upon an ill seat, committeth himself to prison. Neither do I reckon it an ill seat, only w ere the air is unwholesome; but likewise where the air is unequal; as you shall see many fine seats set upon a knap of ground, environed with higher hills round about it; whereby the heat of the sun is pent in, and the wind gathereth as in troughs; so as you shall have, and that suddenly, as great diversity of heat and cold as if you dwelt in several places. Neither is it ill air only that maketh an ill seat, but ill ways, ill markets; and, if you will consult with Momus, ill neighbors. I speak not of many more; want of water; want of wood, shade, and shelter; want of fruitfulness, and mixture of grounds of several natures, want of prospect; want of level grounds; want of places at some near distance for sports of hunting, hawking, and races, too near the sea, too remote, having the commodity of navigable rivers, or the discommodity of their overflowing; too far off from great cities, which may hinder business, or too near them, which lurcheth all provisions, and maketh everything dear; where a man hath a great living laid together, and where he is scanted: all which, as it is impossible perhaps to find together, so it is good to know them, and think of them, that a man may take as many as he can; and if he have several dwellings, that he sort them so, that what he wanteth in the one, he may find in the other. Lucullus answered Pompey well; who, when he saw his stately galleries, and rooms so large and lightsome, in one of his houses, said, Surely an excellent place for summer, but how do you in winter? Lucullus answered, Why, do you not think me as wise as some fowl are, that ever change their abode towards the winter?  ……

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