全球氣候變化中的紫外線輻射

前言

Over the past three decades, the scientific community has realized the urgency ofobtaining a better understanding of the interaction between the earth's atmosphere/biosphere and the sun's radiant energy. Most of the research has focused on theradiant energy balances in the solar and infrared regions of the spectrum, and theway these energy flows affect the climate. During this same time frame, in arelated arena, a smaller group of dedicated individuals has concentrated on therole of ultraviolet （UV） radiation as it affects the overall welfare of the planet.Although comprising only a small fraction of the radiation balance that may playa role in global climate change over the next centuries, UV radiation has thecapacity to cause direct and more immediate harm to virtually all living organismsand especially to human health. Cumulative high doses of UV radiation areconsidered a major causal factor in the development of skin cancer and cataracts.Ultraviolet radiation can weaken the human immune system, and can also affectcrop production and ocean bio-productivity.  Concerns about the increased levels of UV-B radiation reaching the earth'ssurface have led to the development of ground- and space-based measurementprograms to provide long-term records of its levels. Accurate long-termmeasurements are difficult to obtain, especially when limited to the bandwidthregions that contain the most harmful solar photons. A core of concernedscientists from across the globe realizes that much work is needed in quantifyingthe harmful radiation levels and defining their adverse effects. In assessing theeffects of UV-B radiation, it is important to realize the complexity of theinteractions of living organisms that cause adverse responses with radiant energydirectly, as well as in combination with other climate stressors, such as drought,increased temperatures, and CO2.

內容概要

大量研究指出紫外線（UV）輻射對生物有機體有害，并且危害人類健康。對地表UV-B輻射強度增加的研究極大地促進了地基和空基相關觀測項目的發(fā)展；人們還需要進一步對UV輻射的觀測、建模和影響進行深入研究。本書各章描述了過去30年來世界范圍內與UV輻射相關的研究工作，涉及的領域有：①UV輻射的當前與預測水平及其對生態(tài)系統(tǒng)、人類健康、經(jīng)濟與社會的影響；②UV輻射觀測儀器的最新發(fā)展，地基和空基觀測儀器定標進展情況以及觀測方法，建模與有關應用；③全球氣候變化對紫外線輻射的影響。    對于涉及全球氣候變化、氣象學、氣候學、環(huán)境科學、生物學和農(nóng)林科學的大專院校高年級本科生、研究生和教師，本書是一本很有價值的參考書。相關領域的科學家、決策者和普通公眾亦能受益于此書。

作者簡介

編者：高煒 (美國)施默爾特(Schmoldt.D.L) (美國)斯拉瑟(Slusser.J.R)

書籍目錄

List of Contributors 1  A Climatology of UV Radiation, 1979 - 2000, 65S - 65N   1.1  Introduction  1.2  Method  1.3  Results    1.3.1  Satellite-Derived UV Climatologies    1.3.2  Comparison with Ground-Based Measurements ..    1.3.3  Discussion of Uncertanties  1.4  ConclusionsAcknowledgementsReferences2  Balancing the Risks and Benefits of Ultraviolet Radiation 3  Climatology of Ultraviolet Radiation at High Latitudes Derived from Measurements of the National Science Foundation's Ultraviolet Spectral Irradiance Monitoring Network 4  UV Solar Radiation in Polar Regions: Consequences for the Environment and Human Health 5  Changes in Ultraviolet and Visible Solar Irradiance 1979 to 2008 6  The Brewer Spectrophotometer 7  Techniques for Solar Dosimetry in Different Environments 8  References An Ultraviolet Radiation Monitoring and Research Program for Agriculture 9  Radiative Transfer in the Coupled Atmosphere-Snow-Ice-Ocean (CASIO) System: Review of Modeling Capabilities 10  Comparative Analysis of UV-B Exposure Between Nimbus 7/TOMS Satellite Estimates and Ground-Based Measurements11  Ultraviolet Radiation and Its Interaction with Air Pollution 12  Urban Forest Influences on Exposure to UV Radiation and Potential Consequences for Human Health 13  Solar UV-B Radiation and Global Dimming: Effects on Plant Growth and UV-Shielding 14  Effects of Ultraviolet-B Radiation and lts Interactions with Climate Change Factors on Agricultural Crop Growth and Yield 15  Assessment of DNA Damage as a Tool to Measure UV-B Tolerance in Soybean Lines Differing in Foliar Flavonoid Composition 16  Physiological Impacts of Short-Term UV Irradiance Exposures on Cultivars of Glycine Max17  UV-Effects on Young Seedlings of Soybean: Effects in Early Development and Long-Term Effects 18  Characteristics of UV-B Radiation Tolerance in Broadleaf Trees in Southern USA Acknowledgements References Index

章節(jié)摘錄

插圖：Measurements of solar UV irradiance performed during the last 18 years at sixhigh-latitude locations and San Diego have revealed large differences of the sites'UV climates. The ozone hole has a large effect on the UV Index at the three Antarcticsites, and to a lesser extent at Ushuaia. UV Indices measured at South Pole duringthe ozone hole period are on average 20%-80% larger than measurements atcomparable solar elevations during summer months. When the ozone hole passedover Palmer Station late in the year, the UV Index was as high as 14.8 and exceededthe maximum UV Index of 12.0 observed at San Diego. The maximum UV Indexat Ushuaia was 11.5, which is comparable with summer-time measurements atSan Diego. UV Indices at the two Arctic sites Barrow and Summit are lower thanat southern-hemisphere sites as ozone columns are generally larger in the northernhemisphere, and ozone depletion is less severe.  A comparison of UV levels at the network sites revealed that differencesbetween sites depend greatly on the data product used. Average noontime UVIndices at San Diego during summer are considerably larger than at Antarcticsites under ozone-hole conditions, but the difference disappears when daily dosesare compared. This contradicts the common notion that UV levels at highlatitudes are small because of small solar elevations.  Reconstructions of historical UV Indices based on long-term ozone recordsand climatological cloud and aerosol patterns indicate that contemporary UVIndices measured during the ozone hole period at Antarctic sites are on average30%- 85% larger than estimates for the past. These reconstructions were basedon the assumption that cloud, albedo, and aerosol conditions have not changedover the last 40 years.

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《全球氣候變化中的紫外線輻射:觀測、模擬及其對生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的影響》由清華大學出版社出版。

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