操作系統(tǒng)原理

內(nèi)容概要

本書詳細(xì)講述了從單處理機(jī)到分布式和并行計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)的基本思想、原則及概念，內(nèi)容包括進(jìn)程管理與協(xié)作、內(nèi)存管理、文件系統(tǒng)與輸入輸出、系統(tǒng)保護(hù)與安全等。本書不僅從商用操作系統(tǒng)和研究型操作系統(tǒng)中選用了大量的例子來闡述有關(guān)的概念，而且針對各部分內(nèi)容，給出了相應(yīng)的編程實(shí)驗(yàn)練習(xí)，以增強(qiáng)讀者的實(shí)際動(dòng)手能力。    本書可用作計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)或計(jì)算機(jī)工程等相關(guān)專業(yè)的“操作系統(tǒng)”教科書，也可作為從事計(jì)算機(jī)工作的科技人員學(xué)習(xí)計(jì)算機(jī)操作系統(tǒng)的參考書。

書籍目錄

1 Introduction  1.1 The Role of Operating Systems  1.1.1 Bridging the Hardware/Application Gap  1.1.2 Three Views of Operating Systems  1.2 Organization of Operating Systems  1.2.1 Structural Organization  1.2.2 The Hardware Interface  1.2.3 The Programming Interface  1.2.4 The User Interface  1.2.5 Runtime Organization  1.3 Operating System Evolution and Concepts  1.3.1 Early Systems  1.3.2 Batch Operating Systems  1.3.3 Multiprogramming Systems  1.3.4 Interactive Operating Systems  1.3.5 Personal Computer and Workstation Operating Systems  1.3.6 Real-Time Operating Systems  1.3.7 Distributed Operating Systems  Part One Process Management and Coordination  2 Basic Concepts:Processes and Their Interactions  2.1 The Process Notion  2.2 Defining and Instantiating Processes  2.2.1 Precedence Relations Among Processes  2.2.2 Implicit Process Creation  2.2.3 Explicit Process Creation with fork and join  2.2.4 Process Declarations and Classes  2.3 Basic Process Interactions  2.3.1 Competition:The Critical Section Problem  2.3.2 Cooperation  2.4 Semaphores  2.4.1 Semaphore Operations and Data  2.4.2 Mutual Exclusion with Semaphores  2.4.3 Semaphores in Producer/Consumer Situations  2.5 Event Synchronization  3 Higher-Level Synchronization and Communication  3.1 Shared Memory Methods  3.1.1 Monitors  3.1.2 Protected Types  3.2 Distributed Synchronization and Communication  3.2.1 Message-Based Communication  3.2.2 Procedure-Based Communication  3.2.3 Distributed Mutual Exclusion  3.3 Other Classic Synchronization Problems  3.3.1 The Readers/Writers Problem  3.3.2 The Dining Philosophers Problem  3.3.3 The Elevator Algorithm  3.3.4 Event Ordering with Logical Clocks  4 The Operating System Kernel:Implementing Processes and Threads  4.1 Kernel Definitions and Objects  4.2 Queue Structures  4.2.1 Resource Queues in an Operating System  4.2.2 Implementations of Queues  4.3 Threads  4.4 Implementing Processes and Threads  4.4.1 Process and Thread Descriptors  4.4.2 Implementing Operations on Processes  4.4.3 Operations on Threads  4.5 Implementing Synchronization and Communication Mechanisms  4.5.1 Semaphores and Locks  4.5.2 Monitor Primitives  4.5.3 Clock and Time Management  4.5.4 Communication Primitives  4.6 Interrupt Handling  5 Process and Thread Scheduling  5.1 Organizating of Schedulers  5.1.1 Embedded and Autonomous Schedulers  5.1.2 Priority Scheduling  5.2 Scheduling Methods  5.2.1 A Framework for Scheduling  5.2.2 Common Scheduling Algorithms  5.2.3 Comparison of Methods  5.3 Priority Inversion  5.4 Multiprocessor and Distributed Scheduling  6 Deadlocks  6.1 Deadlock with Reusable and Consumable Resources  6.1.1 Reusable and Consumable Resources  6.1.2 Deadlocks in Computer Systems  6.2 Approaches to the Deadlock Problem  6.3 A System Model  6.3.1 Resource Graphs  6.3.2 State Transitions  6.3.3 Deadlock States and Safe States  6.4 Deadlock Detection  6.4.1 Reduction of Resource Graphs  6.4.2 Special Cases of Deadlock Detection  6.4.3 Deadlock Detection in Distributed Systems  6.5 Recovery from Deadlock  6.5.1 Process Termination  6.5.2 Resource Preemption  6.6 Dynamic Deadlock Avoidance  6.6.1 Claim Graphs  6.6.2 The Banker's Algorithm  6.7 Deadlock Prevention  6.7.1 Eliminating the Mutual-Exclusion Condition  6.7.2 Eliminating the Hold-and-Wait Condition  6.7.3 Eliminating the Circular-Wait Condition  Part Two Memory Management  7 Physical Memory  7.1 Preparing a Program for Execution  7.1.1 Program Transformations  7.1.2 Logical-to-Physical Address Binding  7.2 Memory Partitioning Schemes  7.2.1 Fixed Partitions  7.2.2 Variable Partitions  7.2.3 The Buddy System  7.3 Allocation Strategies for Variable Partitions  7.3.1 Measures of Memory Utilization  7.4 Managing Insufficient Memory  7.4.1 Memory Compaction  8 Virtual Memory  8.1 Principles of Virtual Memory  8.2 Implementations of Virtual Memory  8.2.1 Paging  8.2.2 Segmentation  8.2.3 Paging with Segmentation  8.2.4 Paging of System Tables  8.2.5 Translation Look-Aside Buffers  8.3 Memory Allocation in Paged Systems  8.3.1 Global Page Replacement Algorithms  8.3.2 Local Page Replacement Algorithms  8.3.3 Load Control and Thrashing  8.3.4 Evaluation of Paging  9 Sharing of Data and Code in Main Memory  9.1 Single-Copy Sharing  9.1.1 Reasons for Sharing  9.1.2 Requirements for Sharing  9.1.3 Linking and Sharing  9.2 Sharing in Systmes without Virtual Memory  9.3 Sharing in Paging Systems  9.3.1 Sharing of Data  9.3.2 Sharing of Code  9.4 Sharing in Segmented Systems  9.4.1 Sharing of Code and Data  9.4.2 Unrestricted Dynamic Linking  9.5 Principles of Distributed Shared Memory  9.5.1 The User's View of Distributed Shared Memory  9.6 Implementations of Distributed Shared Memory  9.6.1 Implementing Unstructured Distributed Shared Memory  9.6.2 Implementing Structured Distributed Shared Memory  Part Three File Systems and Imput/Output  10 File Systems  10.1 Basic Functions of File Management  10.2 Hierarchical Model of a File System  10.3 The User's View of Files  10.3.1 File Names and Types  10.3.2 Logical File Organization  10.3.3 Other File Attributes  10.3.4 Operations on Files  10.4 File Directories  10.4.1 Hierarchical Directory Organizations  10.4.2 Operations on Directories  10.4.3 Implementation of File Directories  10.5 Basic File System  10.5.1 File Descriptors  10.5.2 Opening and Closing Files  10.6 Device Organization Methods  10.6.1 contiguous Organization  10.6.2 Linked Organization  10.6.3 Indexed Organization  10.6.4 Management of Free Storgae Space  10.7 Principles of Distributed File Systems  10.7.1 Directory Structures and Sharing  10.7.2 Semantics of File Sharing  10.8 Implementing Distributed File System  10.8.1 Basic Architecture  10.8.2 Caching  10.8.3 Stateless Versus Stateful Servers  10.8.4 File Replication  11 Input/Output Systems  11.1 Basic Issues in Device Management  11.2 A Hierarchical Model of the Input/Output System  11.2.1 The Input/Output System Interface  11.3 Input/Output Devices  11.3.1 User Terminals  11.3.2 Printers and Scanners  11.3.3 Secondary Storage Devices  11.3.4 Performance Characteristics of Disks  11.3.5 Networks  11.4 Device Drivers  11.4.1 Memory-Mapped Versus Explicit Device Interfaces  11.4.2 Programmed Input/Output with Poling  11.4.3 Programmed Input/Output with Interrupts  11.4.4 Direct Memory Access  11.5 Device Management  11.5.1 Buffering and Caching  11.5.2 Error Handling  11.5.3 Disk Scheduling  11.5.4 Device Sharing  Part Four Protection and Security  12 The Protection and Security Interface  12.1 Security Threats  12.1.1 Damage Types  12.1.2 Vulnerable Resources  12.1.3 Attack Types  12.2 Functions of a Protection System  12.2.1 External Safeguards  12.2.2 Verification of User Identity  12.2.3 Communication Safeguards  12.2.4 Threat Monitoring  12.3 User Authentication  12.3.1 Approaches to Authentication  12.3.2 Passwords  12.4 Secure Communication  12.4.1 Principles of Cryptography  12.4.2 Secret-Key Cryptosystems  12.4.3 Public-Key Cryptosystems  13 Internal Protection Mechanisms  13.1 The Access Control Environment  13.2 Instruction-Level Access Control  13.2.1 Register and Input/Output Protection  13.2.2 Main Memory Protection  13.3 High-Level Access Control  13.3.1 The Access Matrix Model  13.3.2 Access Lists and Capability Lists  13.3.3 A Comprehensive Example:Client/Server Protection  13.3.4 Combining Access Lists and Capability Lists  13.4 Information Flow Control  13.4.1 The Confinement Problem  13.4.2 Hierarchical Information Flow  13.4.3 The Selective Confinement Problem  Part Five Programming Projects  I Process/Thread Synchronization  1 Project Overview  2 Setting Up a Race Condition  3 Solutions to the Critical Section Problem  3.1 Solution Using mutex Locks  3.2 Software Solution  4 Implementing General Semaphores  4.1 Solution Using Mutex Locks and Condition Variables  4.2 Software Solution  5 Bounded Buffer  6 Summary of Specific Tasks  7 Ideas for Additional Tasks  II Process and Resource Management  1 Project Overview  2 Basic Process and Resource Manager  2.1 Process States  2.2 Representation of Processes  2.3 Representation of Resources  2.4 Operations on Processes and Resources  2.5 The Scheduler  2.6 The Presentation Shell  3 Extended Process and Resource Manager  3.1 Timeout Interrupts  3.2 Input/Output Processng  3.3 The Extended Shell  4 Summary of Specific Tasks  5 Ideas for Additional Tasks  III Main Memory Management  1 Project Overview  2 The Memory Manager  2.1 Main Memory  2.2 The User Interface  3 The Simulation Experiment  3.1 Generating Request Sizes  3.2 Gathering Performance Data  3.3 Choosing a Block to Release  4 Summary of Specific Tasks  5 Ideas for Additional Tasks  IV Page Replacement Algorithms  1 Project Overview  2 Global Page Replacement Algorithms  3 Local Page Replacement Algorithms  4 Generating Reference Strings  5 Performance Evaluations  6 Summary of Specific Tasks  7 Ideas for Additional Tasks  V File System  1 Project Overview  2 The Input/Output System  3 The File System  3.1 Interface Between User and File System  3.2 Organization of the File System  3.3 The Directory  3.4 Creating and Destroying a File  3.5 Opening and Closing a File  3.6 Reading,Writing and Seeking in a File  3.7 Listing the Directory  4 The Presentation Shell  5 Summary of Specific Tasks  6 Ideas for Additional Tasks  Other Programming Projects  1 Timer Facility  2 Process Scheduling  3 The Banker's Algorithm  4 Disk Scheduling Algorithms  5 Stable Storage  Glossary  Bibliograhy  Author Index  Subject Index

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