文字書寫系統(tǒng)的計(jì)算理論

內(nèi)容概要

本書以說(shuō)明文語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)換系統(tǒng)的可操作性問(wèn)題為前提，目的并不是要介紹不同的文字書寫系統(tǒng)。最重要的理論論點(diǎn)都在第一章提出。其兩個(gè)基本論點(diǎn)是：(一)詞形到書寫規(guī)則的映射存在正則關(guān)系(regular relation)；(二)一個(gè)特定語(yǔ)言的書寫系統(tǒng)所表達(dá)的語(yǔ)言學(xué)信息具有一致性(consistency)。其它的章節(jié)主要是通過(guò)實(shí)例以不同的角度來(lái)對(duì)這兩個(gè)論點(diǎn)作出詳細(xì)的闡述和證明。第二章較詳細(xì)的闡述了書寫系統(tǒng)的正則性。第三章則詳細(xì)說(shuō)明了特定文字如何表?語(yǔ)言學(xué)信息以及所信息表達(dá)信息的一致性問(wèn)題。第四章介紹現(xiàn)代語(yǔ)言學(xué)的幾種常用的文字體系分類，進(jìn)而提出對(duì)文字書寫系統(tǒng)的二維分類方法。第五章簡(jiǎn)要介紹如何用心理語(yǔ)言學(xué)的方法來(lái)分析母語(yǔ)讀者進(jìn)行文語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)換的方式，并將本書所提出的理論與心理語(yǔ)言學(xué)的結(jié)論進(jìn)行印證。第六章先講解文字與書寫系統(tǒng)是如何被不同的文字借鑒以及承傳的方式方法，另外給出文字中對(duì)縮寫和數(shù)字的表述以及轉(zhuǎn)換，最后對(duì)本書的內(nèi)容做了一個(gè)總結(jié)。

書籍目錄

導(dǎo)讀F9PrefaceF29List of FiguresF31List of TablesF331 Reading Devices11.1 Text to Speech Conversion：A Brief Introduction21.2 The Task of Pronouncing Aloud：A Model61.2.1 A Simple Example from Russian61.2.2 Formal Definitions111.2.2.1 AVMs and Annotation Graphs111.2.2.2 Definitions131.2.2.3 Axioms141.2.3 Central Claims of the Theory151.2.3.1 Regularity161.2.3.2 Consistency191.2.4 Further Issues201.2.4.1 Why a Constrained Theory of Writing Systems?211.2.4.2 Orthography and the “Segmental” Assumption231.3 Terminology and Conventions251.A Appendix：An Overview of Finite State Automata and Transducers291.A.1 Regular Languages and Finite State Automata291.A.2 Regular Relations and Finite State Transducers302 Regularity342.1 Planar Regular Languages and Planar Regular Relations352.2 The Locality Hypothesis412.3 Planar Arrangements：Examples422.3.1 Korean Hankul432.3.2 Devanagari452.3.3 Pahawh Hmong472.3.4 Chinese482.3.5 A Counterexample from Ancient Egyptian542.4 Cross Writing System Variation in the SLU552.5 Macroscopic Catenation：Text Direction592.A Sample Chinese Characters and Their Analyses623 ORL Depth and Consistency673.1 Russian and Belarusian Orthography：A Case Study673.1.1 Vowel Reduction683.1.2 Regressive Palatalization733.1.3 Lexical Marking in Russian and Other Issues763.1.4 Summary of Russian and Belarusian793.2 English793.3 The Orthographic Representation of Serbo Croatian Consonant Devoicing893.3.1 Methods and Materials913.3.2 Results923.4 Cyclicity in Orthography953.5 Surface Orthographic Constraints963.A English Deep and Shallow ORLs993.A.1 Lexical Representations993.A.2 Rules for the Deep ORL1273.A.3 Rules for the Shallow ORL1294 Linguistic Elements1314.1 Taxonomies of Writing Systems：A Brief Overview1324.1.1 Gelb1324.1.2 Sampson1334.1.3 DeFrancis1344.1.3.1 No Full Writing System Is Semasiographic1344.1.3.2 All Full Writing Is Phonographic1354.1.3.3 Hankul Is Not Featural1354.1.4 A New Proposal4.1.5 Summary4.2 Chinese Writing4.3 Japanese Writing4.4 Some Further Examples4.4.1 Syriac Syame4.4.2 Reduplication Markers4.4.3 Cancellation Signs5 Psycholinguistic Evidence5.1 Multiple Routes and the OrthographicDepth Hypothesis5.1.1 Evidence for the Orthographic Depth Hypothesis5.1.2 Evidence against the Orthographic Depth Hypothesis5.2 "Shallow" Processing in "Deep" Orthographies5.2.1 Phonological Access in Chinese5.2.2 Phonological Access in Japanese5.2.3 Evidence for the Function of Phonetic Components in Chinese5.2.4 Summary5.3 Connectionist Models:The Seidenberg-McClelland Model5.3.1 Outline of the Model5.3.2 What Is Wrong with the Model？ 5.4 Summary6 Further Issues6.1 Adaptation of Writing Systems:The Case of Manx Gaelic6.2 Orthographic Reforms: The Case of Dutch6.2.1 The 1954 Spelling Rules6.2.2 The 1995 Spelling Rules6.3 Other Forms of Notation:Numerical Notation and Its Relation to Number Names6.4 Abbreviatory Devices6.5 Non-Bloomfieldian Views on Writing6.6 PostscriptBibliographyIndex

章節(jié)摘錄

　　Our starting point for this study of writing systems is text-to-speech synthe-sis - TTS， and more specifically the computational problem of convertingfrom written text into a linguistic representation. While the connection be-tween TTS systems on the one hand and writing systems on the other maynot be immediately apparent， a moment's reflection will make it clear thatthe problem to be solved by a TTS system - namely the conversion ofwritten text into speech - is exactly the same problem as a human readermust solve when presented with a text to be read aloud. And just as writingsystems， their properties， and the ways in which they encode linguistic infor-mation are of interest to psycholinguists who study how people read， so （inprinciple） should such considerations be of interest to those who develop　　TTS technology： At the very least， it ought to be of as much interest as，for example， understanding the physiology and acoustics erlying speechproduction， something that early speech synthesis researchers such as Fant（1960） were heavily involved in.　　Since my starting point is TTS， and since I assume that most readers willnot be familiar with this field， I will start this chapter with a review of someof the issues relevant to the development of TTS systems， particularly asthey relate to the problem of analyzing input text. This will be the topic ofSection 1.1. In Section 1.2 1 will informally introduce， by way of a simpleexample， the model that I shall be developing throughout the rest of thisbook. Finally， Section 1.3 will introduce some aspects of the formalism andthe conventions that will be used throughout this book.　　……

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