數(shù)字時(shí)代寫作研究策略

前言

　　北京大學(xué)出版社2008年最新引進(jìn)了一套國外暢銷的《英語寫作原版影印系列叢書》，并邀請(qǐng)我為這套叢書寫序，談?wù)勎覍?duì)英語寫作教學(xué)與研究的一些認(rèn)識(shí)。我仔細(xì)翻閱后，覺得這套書特色十分鮮明，其中有幾本再版達(dá)十次以上，經(jīng)久不衰，非常樂意在此推薦給我國的廣大讀者。　　在經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化和網(wǎng)絡(luò)高度發(fā)達(dá)的今天，學(xué)好英語已變得十分重要，英語口頭與書面語的表達(dá)能力已逐漸成為當(dāng)今的核心競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力之一，從第二語言學(xué)習(xí)的社會(huì)文化觀看，能否流利地運(yùn)用外語進(jìn)行口頭或書面交流已直接關(guān)系到學(xué)生的就業(yè)和未來發(fā)展。中國的英語寫作教學(xué)有許多問題需要深入探討，引進(jìn)國外優(yōu)秀的英語寫作教學(xué)與研究成果，對(duì)于更新我國的英語寫作教學(xué)觀念和方法，改革當(dāng)前的英語寫作教學(xué)具有重要意義?！　∫?、國內(nèi)外二語寫作研究概覽　　第二語言寫作的教學(xué)與研究在國際上一直受到重視，國外的寫作教學(xué)研究十分活躍，以美國為例，美國普度（PURDuE）大學(xué)每年定期召開二語寫作學(xué)術(shù)研討會(huì)，2008年6月6-7日召開的第7屆寫作年會(huì)的主題是：外語寫作教學(xué)：原理與實(shí)踐。二語寫作擁有自己的研究隊(duì)伍、研究機(jī)構(gòu)、學(xué)術(shù)期刊。概括起來，國際二語寫作研究集中在四個(gè)領(lǐng)域：（1）寫作過程研究，重點(diǎn)關(guān)注認(rèn)知操作模型、寫作構(gòu)思策略、學(xué)習(xí)者的個(gè)體差異以及寫作過程的階段性變化：（2）寫作結(jié)果研究，采用文本分析、錯(cuò)誤分析、對(duì)比分析、對(duì)比修辭分析、語料分析等方法；（3）寫作社會(huì)文化因素研究，影響寫作的社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu)、語域知識(shí)、動(dòng)機(jī)和需求等因素；（4）寫作教學(xué)研究，如教學(xué)過程、學(xué)習(xí)策略、語言水平發(fā)展、課堂教學(xué)環(huán)節(jié)、寫作測(cè)試、網(wǎng)絡(luò)寫作課件開發(fā)等。國際二語寫作研究近期關(guān)注四個(gè)熱點(diǎn)：（1）批評(píng)對(duì)比修辭學(xué)，（2）母語寫作遷移，（3）寫作教師教育，（4）計(jì)算機(jī)輔助寫作與研究。

內(nèi)容概要

本書共有11章，分為三個(gè)部分。第一部分（第1至4章）是關(guān)于學(xué)術(shù)研究的基本知識(shí)，主要介紹如何利用圖書館的聯(lián)機(jī)目錄檢索相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)和資料以及如何對(duì)這些文件做初步的鑒別和判斷。本部分還介紹了電子數(shù)據(jù)庫的使用方法。第二部分（第5至6章）介紹如何通過互聯(lián)網(wǎng)查找學(xué)術(shù)研究所需文獻(xiàn)和資料。本部分討論的很多方法與第一部分是相同的，但是通過互聯(lián)網(wǎng)查找資料時(shí)，要更加注意資料來源的可靠性。第三部分（@7911章）應(yīng)該是本書的重點(diǎn)，也是本書的主體部分。該部分首先討論了如何在利用數(shù)字資源時(shí)避免抄襲行為（包括有意的和無意的抄襲）。之后，該部分重點(diǎn)介紹了國際上通用的四種論文格式要求，即M1A、APA、CSE和CMS學(xué)術(shù)論文格式要求。為了便于讀者閱讀。在討論中作者使用了大量的實(shí)例。

書籍目錄

PrefacePART ONE RESEARCH BASICS  CHAPTER 1 GET OFF TO A GOOD START    Step 1 : Choose a Topic    Step 2: Narrow Your Focus      Exercises    CHAPTER Z FIND THE PERFECT MATCH    Where Do You Find the Perfect Match?     How Do You Find the Perfect Match?     Exercises   CHAPTER 3  BECOME A RESEARCH "SUPERSLEUTH"    Ask Questions     Make Connections     Background Checks     The Thrill of the Hunt     Exercises   CHAPTER 4 GET IMMEDIATE RESULTS: DATABASES    What Is a Database?     Get to Know Your Databases     How Do Databases Work?     Exercises PART TWO RESEARCH USING THE WORLD WIDE WEB  CHAPTER 5  CASTYOUR NET IN STOCKED PONDS    Academic Research on the Internet Must Be Authenticated     Academic Research on the lnternet Must Be Done in "Stocked Ponds"      Use the Best Commercial Search Engines     Academic Research on the Internet Requires Careful Evaluation     Exercises   CHAPTER 6 FIELD RESEARCH ONLINE    Conducting an Interview     Developing a Survey     Exercises PART THREE RESEARCH DOCUMENTATION  CHAPTER 7 DOCUMENTATION: GENERAL RULES    A Few Words About Plagiarism: DON'TDO IT    A Sure Way to Impress: Incorporate and Document with Skill      Ererc/ses    CHAPTER 8 DOCUMENTATION: MLA FORMAT    Directory of Citation and Entry Formats     MLA In-Text Citations     MLA Works Cited Entries     Sample Research Paper Using MLA Style      Sample Literary Analysis Research Paper Using MLA Style    CHAPTER 9 DOCUMENTATION: APA FORMAT    Directory of Citation and Entry Formats     APA in-Text Citations     APA Reference List Entries     Sample Research Paper Using APA Style    CHAPTER 10 DOCUMENTATION: CSE FORMAT    Directory of Citation and Entry Formats     CSE In-Text Citations      CSE Reference List Entries      Sample Research Paper Using CSE Style    CHAPTER 11 DOCUMENTATION: CMS FORMAT    Directory of Note and Bibliography Entry Formats     CMS Foomotes, Endnotes, and Bibliographies     CMS Footnote/Endnote and Bibliography Format     Sample Research Paper Using CMS Style IndexCredits

章節(jié)摘錄

　　If the subject is assigned, try to shape your approach so that it reflects something that appeals to you, intrigues you, or even annoys you. You should at leastexperience a spark of curiosity. You should want to know more. Ideally, youll feelmuch more than a spark of interest, and youll discover that the assignment prorides an opportunity for you to learn more about the world, yourself, other people,and/or other cultures. Coming up with your own angle on a topic is simply a matter of learning how to ask good questions——and, of course, of knowing yourself.TUrn a “Boring” Topic into an interesting One. Suppose your American historyinstructor assigns a research project on "The Effects of the Vietnam War." Your firstreaction might be to dismiss this topic as essentially boring——as something that mighthave appealed to the baby-boomer generation but not to you. However, unless theprofessor is very specific about what types of effects he/she expects you to study （e.g.,the effects of the war on subsequent U.S. presidential elections）, you can find a wayto connect the subject with something you really do find interesting. If you are majoring in the biological sciences or pursuing a career in a medical field, for instance, youmight research the long-term effects of Agent Orange on soldiers who fought in theVietnam conflict. Someone interested in film or the arts might compare the differentways this war has been represented in film in the decades following the conclusion ofAmerican involvement. A sociology major could investigate some of the reasons whypopular opinion concerning this war has changed since the 1960s. A student of architecture might consider the factors that influenced the design and construction of theVietnam Veterans Memorial in Washington, D.C. It all comes back to knowing yourself and making connections that initially might not seem obvious.Stumped？ Ask Others. Sometimes answers to questions such as the ones listedearlier might come with virtually no conscious effort on your part. When thathappens, the experience can seem almost magical. More often, especially fornovice writers, your thinking will seem blocked. You might sit at the computer forhours without accomplishing anything that feels like real progress. That is a per-fectly normal （if not particularly pleasant） experience. After all, a research projectinvolves multiple tasks, each of which is complex, and only some of which are tangible features of the final product. In the inevitable moments of frustration—— moments common to experienced writers as well as novices——it helps to remem ber that good thinking rarely occurs in a vacuum. If you cant come up with a good topic on your own, seek aid elsewhere.　　Help can come in various forms. One option is to discuss the project with others.Make an appointment with your instructor. Explore your interests in conversation and ask for suggestions.Discuss the project with an instructor who teaches in your major or minor.Talk to other students in the class. After all, they are familiar with the assignment and will probably be eager to bounce ideas off you as well.Explain the assignment to friends and family members. Perhaps they can suggesta particular angle on the topic that combines your interests with the assignment.

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