語言引論

前言

　　“西方語言學原版影印系列叢書”是北京大學出版社外語編輯部建立以來的一個新產品，具有重大意義。隨著國內高等教育的發(fā)展，這幾年來本科生、碩士生和博士生的招生名額都擴大了，教材建設再次提上了日程。除組織國內老師自行編寫外，從國外直接引進仍不失為一個有效途徑。語言學是一門領先科學，因此本叢書的有些內容對其他專業(yè)的老師和學生、研究者，甚至業(yè)余學習者也有很高參考價值。例如，像有關語料庫、認知語言學的著作除外語老師外，計算科學、統(tǒng)計學、認知科學、詞典編輯等專業(yè)的研究人員和師生也有一讀之必要。

內容概要

　　本書是適合所有層次學生的理想教材，包含語言教學的諸多領域，諸如語言學、英語、教育、外國語言、心理學、人類學、社會學以及英語作為第二語言的教學。第八版繼承作者始終如一的寫作與出版理念，努力做到最前沿、最完整、內容最豐富，除保留面向學生的親和風格之外，新增了近年來神經語言學的新發(fā)展和語言自主性的相關研究，更新了心理語言學的最新發(fā)現和計算語言學的有關議題等，反映了語言學領域內最新的研究成果。

書籍目錄

prdfaceabout the authorspart 1 the nature of human language　chapter 1 what is language　chapter 2 brain and languagepart 2 grammatical aspects of language　chapter 3 morphology:the words of language　chapter 4 syntax:the sentence patterns of language　chapter 5 the meaning of language　chapter 6 phonetics:the sounds of language　chapter 7 phonology:the sound patterns of languagepart 3 the psychology of language　chapter 8 language acquistion　chapter 9 language processing:humans and computerspart 4 language and society　chapter 10 language in society　chapter 11 language change:the syllables of time　chapter 12 writing:the ABCs of language

章節(jié)摘錄

　　BRAIN PLASTICITY AND LATERALrZATION IN EARLY LIFE：　　It takes only one hemisphere to have a mind.　　A.W.WlfAN.1844　　Lateralization of language to the left hemisphere is a process that begins early in life.Wernicke's area is visibly distinctive in the left hemisphere of the fetus by the twenty-sixth gestational week. Infants as young as one week old show a greater electrical response in the left hemisphere to language and in the right hemisphere to music.　　Recent work with deaf and hearing babies between the ages of five' and twelve months shows that there is left hemisphere dominance for babbling， an early linguistic function.　　Whereas the left hemisphere is innately predisposed to specialize for language，there is also evidence of considerable plasticity （i.e.， flexibility） in the system during the early stages of language development. Tlus means that under certain circum stances， the right hemisphere can take over many of the language functions that would normally reside in the left hemisphere. An impressive illustration of plasticity is provided by children who have undergone a procedure known as hemispherec-tomy， in which a henusphere of the brain is surgically removed. This procedure is used to treat otherwise intractable cases of epilepsy. In cases of left hem is pherec to my after language acquisition has begun， children experience an initial period of aphasia and then reacquire a linguistic system that is virtually indistinguishable from that of normal children. They also show many of the development patterns of normal lan-guage acquisition. UCLA professor Susan Curtiss and colleagues have studied many of these children. They hypothesize that the latent lingLustic ability of the right hemisphere is "freed" by the removal of the diseased left hemisphere， which　may have had a strong inhibitory effect before the surgery.　　In adults， however， surgical removal of the left hemisphere inevitably results in severe loss of the language function （and so is done only in life-threatening circum-stances）， whereas adults （and children） who have had their right hemispheres remove dretain their language abilities， although other cognitive losses may result， such as those typically lateralized to the right hemisphere. The plasticity of the brain decreases with age and with the increasing specialization of the different hemispheres and regions of the brain.　　Despite strong evidence that the left hemisphere is predetermined to be the lan-guage hemisphere in most humans， some evidence suggests that the right hemisphere plays a role at the earliest stages of language acquisition. Children with prenatal， perinatal， or childhood brain lesions in the right hemisphere can show delays and impair-ments in babbling and vocabulary learning， whereas children with early left hemi-sphere lesions demonstrate impairments in their ability to form phrases and sentences.　　Also， many children who undergo right hem is pherec to my do not develop language，even though they still have a left hemisphere.　　Various findings converge to show that the human brain is essentially designed to specialize for language in the left hemisphere but that the right hemisphere is involved in early language development. They also show that， under the right circumstances，the brain is remarkably resilient and that if brain damage or surgery occurs early in life， normal left hemisphere functions can be taken over by the right hemisphere.　　SPLIiT BRAINS　　Persons suffering from intractable epilepsy may be treated by severing communica-tion between their two hemispheres. Surgeons cut through the corpus callosum （see Figure 2.1）， the fibrous network that connects the two halves. When this pathway is severed， there is no communication between the "two brains." Such split-brain patients also provide evidence for language lateralization and for understanding con-tralateral brain functions.　　The psychologist Michael Gazzaniga states：　　With the corpus callosum] intact， the two halves of the body have no secrets from one another. With it sectioned， the two halves become two different con-scious mental spheres， each with its own experience base and control system for behavioral operation……Unbelievable as this may seem， this is the flavor of a long series of experimental studies first carried out in the cat and monkey.　　……

媒體關注與評論

　　最全面的語言學導論，已經成為我的案頭書。　　——約翰·奧森，　英國倫敦法律語言研究所所長

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