語言的結(jié)構(gòu)與運(yùn)用

前言

　　“西方語言學(xué)原版影印系列叢書”是北京大學(xué)出版社外語編輯部建立以來的一個(gè)新產(chǎn)品，具有重大意義。隨著國內(nèi)高等教育的發(fā)展，這幾年來本科生、碩士生和博士生的招生名額都擴(kuò)大了，教材建設(shè)再次提上了日程。除組織國內(nèi)老師自行編寫外，從國外直接引進(jìn)仍不失為一個(gè)有效途徑。語言學(xué)是一門領(lǐng)先科學(xué)，因此本叢書的有些內(nèi)容對(duì)其他專業(yè)的老師和學(xué)生、研究者，甚至業(yè)余學(xué)習(xí)者也有很高參考價(jià)值。例如，像有關(guān)語料庫、認(rèn)知語言學(xué)的著作除外語老師外，計(jì)算科學(xué)、統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)、認(rèn)知科學(xué)、詞典編輯等專業(yè)的研究人員和師生也有一讀之必要?！　”贝蟀妗拔鞣秸Z言學(xué)原版影印系列叢書”的問世是意料中的事。早在2002年1月北京大學(xué)出版社己出版過“西方語言學(xué)叢書”，從劍橋大學(xué)出版社引進(jìn)了六卷本《英語語言史》，Robert D.van Valin和Randy J.Lapolla的《句法：結(jié)構(gòu)、意義與功能》，Andres Radford的《最簡(jiǎn)方案：句法理論與英語結(jié)構(gòu)》共七種，在外語界獨(dú)樹一幟。經(jīng)過兩三年的摸索，經(jīng)驗(yàn)更豐富了，視野更擴(kuò)大了。這表現(xiàn)在選題方面語言學(xué)和應(yīng)用語言學(xué)并重，這更符合研究生專業(yè)目錄中有關(guān)“語言學(xué)和應(yīng)用語言學(xué)”的基本要求。我們的學(xué)生既要有理論知識(shí)，也要有如何運(yùn)用有關(guān)理論的知識(shí)，只有這樣，才能將所學(xué)的專業(yè)知識(shí)更好地為國家建設(shè)服務(wù)。　　另一點(diǎn)值得我們考慮的是，全面掌握語言學(xué)和應(yīng)用語言學(xué)的專業(yè)知識(shí)固然是保證教學(xué)質(zhì)量的一個(gè)方面，我們還要讓高等學(xué)校的學(xué)生經(jīng)常站在本學(xué)科的前沿，接觸本學(xué)科的最新成果，掌握本學(xué)科的最新動(dòng)向。這也是保證教材質(zhì)量，從而保證所培養(yǎng)學(xué)生質(zhì)量的一個(gè)重要方面。因此，本叢書既引進(jìn)有關(guān)學(xué)科在各時(shí)期的經(jīng)典著作，更注意引進(jìn)21世紀(jì)的新著。長江后浪推前浪，許多經(jīng)典著作最初也是以新著的形式問世的，其作者的年齡往往屬于新生代。因此，時(shí)代意識(shí)是本系列叢書的一大特征?！　榱藢?shí)現(xiàn)這一目標(biāo)，本叢書采取靈活的出版發(fā)行方式，既可系統(tǒng)成套出版，也可成熟一本，出版一本。這樣，只要國外有好的新著出版，北京大學(xué)出版社根據(jù)該書的質(zhì)量和國內(nèi)的需要，及時(shí)引進(jìn)。這在信息爆炸的今天，尤為重要。我們還認(rèn)為，這套叢書的建設(shè)與廣大讀者的監(jiān)督和支持是分不開的。

內(nèi)容概要

《語言的結(jié)構(gòu)與運(yùn)用》是一本普遍語言學(xué)入門教程，適合我國語言學(xué)、應(yīng)用語言學(xué)方向的大學(xué)生、研究生及語言學(xué)研究研讀。本書的主要目標(biāo)定位于幫助讀者認(rèn)識(shí)語言結(jié)構(gòu)和語言在社會(huì)交往中的功能。    本書內(nèi)容包括三部分：一、語言結(jié)構(gòu)；二、語言使用；三、語言變化、語言發(fā)展和語言習(xí)得。本書雖然是語言學(xué)入門的教程，但是，它所提供的信息量非常大，豐富的內(nèi)容為學(xué)生和教師提供了廣闊的選擇空間。本書的另一特點(diǎn)是語言研究與信息技術(shù)結(jié)合。本書每章末尾都專門討論計(jì)算機(jī)與該章內(nèi)容相關(guān)的內(nèi)容，除了提供常規(guī)的參考書目，還提供了豐富的、帶注釋的網(wǎng)絡(luò)資源。本書深入淺出，例證豐富，脈絡(luò)清晰，覆蓋面廣。作為語言學(xué)入門的書，作者并不只對(duì)語言學(xué)做具體的介紹，還注重語言學(xué)方法的介紹、前沿問題和研究成果的介紹，使學(xué)生和讀者從系統(tǒng)地接觸語言學(xué)的時(shí)刻起，就能夠跟上語言學(xué)的最新發(fā)展?？v覽全書，可以看出這是一本全面系統(tǒng)、信息量大、通俗易懂、注重基礎(chǔ)概念、緊跟學(xué)科發(fā)展前沿的語言學(xué)入門教程。想要進(jìn)入語言學(xué)殿堂的讀者，一定不會(huì)失望。

書籍目錄

PrefaceChapter 1 Languages and Linguistics  What Do You Think?  How the United States Have an Official Language?    English-Only,English Plus,Multilingualism  What Is Human Language?    Theree Faces of a Languatge System    Laguage:Mental and Social  Signs:Arbitrary and Nonarbitrary    Arbitrary Signs    epresentational Signs    Language-A System of Arbitrary Signs  Languages as Patterned Structures    Discreteness    Duality  Speech as Patterned Language Use  The Origin of Languages:Babel to Babble  Languages and Diaiects    What Are Social Dialects?    Different Dialects or Different Languages?    What Is a Standard Variety?    Is There a Right and a Wrong in English Usage?  Modes of Linguistic Communication    Speaking    Writing    Signing  Do Animals Have Language?    How Animals Communicate in Their Natural Environment    Can Chimpanzees Learn a Human Language?    Did Project Nim Fail?  What Is Linguistics?    What are the Branches of Linguistics?  Computers and Linguistics  Summary  What Do You Think?Revisited  Exercises    Especially for Educators and Future Teachers  Othes Resources    Internet    Videos  Suggestions for Further Reading  Advanced Reading  ReferencesChapter 2 Words and Their Parts:Lexicon and MorphologyChapter 3 The Sounds of Languages:PhoneticsChapter 4 Sound Systems of Language:PhonologyChapter 5 The Structure and Function of Phrases and Sentences:SyntaxChapter 6 The Study of Meaning:SemanticsChapter 7 Language Universals and Language TypologyChapter 8 Information Structure and PragmaticsChapter 9 Speech Acts and ConversationChapter 10 Registers and Styles:Language Variation across Situations of UseChapter 11 Language Variation Among Social Groups:DialectsChapter 12 WritingChapter 13 Language Change over Time:Historical LinguisticsChapter 14 Historical Development in EnglishChapter 15 Acquiring First and Second Languages

章節(jié)摘錄

　　A SPEClAL WORD TO STUDENTS　　For hundreds，even thousands，of years，philosophers，rhetoricians，and grammarians have analyzed the uses to which people put language in their everyday lives and the linguistic and social structures supporting those uses．The nineteenth and twentieth centuries proved rich in linguistic insight，as philologists at first and then linguists and cognitive scientists broadened and deepened our understanding of the singularly human trait that is language．In recent decades，as space explorers revised our views of the satellites of Uranus and microbiologists plumbed the recesses of DNA in the Human Genome Project，linguists too have generated a burst of insight into the representation of language in the mind and into the interactions between language use and community social structures．In this book you will uncover a glimpse of language as we now understand it.　　Despite the impressive pace at which investigators have gained insight into human language，tough questions remain unanswered and many arenas remain unexplored or under explored．Far more remains to be discovered about language than is now known，and all abundance of intellectually exciting and sociauy useful work remains to be achieved by todays college and university students，who are tomorrow’s investigators．Today we understand a good deal more about the structures and functions oflanuages than we knew when you were born．For those of you wanting to contribute to our understanding of the human mind and of human social interaction．rest assured that what is now known will be dwarfed by what is discovered during your life time—and some of you will waa make those discoveries．For those wanting simply to grasp what we now know about language，this book will be equally useful．You are invited to dive m and raise your own questions about language and its role in your life and the lives of peoplea round you．　　"A stitch in time saves nine"is one of the helpful proverbs I first heard in sch001．a(chǎn)nd"Look before you leap”was another．One proverb involving language proved false．It said，"Sticks and stones may break my bones，but words will never hurt me"Mostofus learn early in life how powerful a tool language is and how it can be used for good or i11．It can delight and enlighten us，and it can also inflict injury．Pivotal in all human lives，language is as central to your social interactions as it is to your cognitive pursuits．Youll want to learn as much about it as you possibly can．

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