理解國際沖突:理論與歷史

前言

引進(jìn)和交流，是國際研究諸學(xué)科發(fā)展壯大所不可或缺的環(huán)節(jié)和紐帶。沒有引進(jìn)和交流，學(xué)術(shù)就難以活躍，也不易創(chuàng)新。每一位從事世界政治與國際關(guān)系研究的學(xué)者、每一位學(xué)習(xí)世界政治與國際關(guān)系的學(xué)生，無不深感閱讀外文原文文獻(xiàn)的重要性，他們都深知，原文的報(bào)刊、教材和專著，是獲取最新國際信息、最新理論論爭、最新參考資料的必不可少的重要來源，而獲得這樣的原文文獻(xiàn)的機(jī)會是不均等的，因此，他們極其渴望更為方便地直接接觸到原文文獻(xiàn)。而在目前不易直接在國內(nèi)購買原版書籍的情況下，采取原版影印的方式引進(jìn)國際上的優(yōu)秀教材和專著是解決問題的一條捷徑，如此就可以使國內(nèi)普通讀者方便地獲得最有權(quán)威的原文讀物，從而可以快速了解國外同行的教學(xué)和學(xué)術(shù)成果，為深入學(xué)習(xí)和研究、為開展有效的對外學(xué)術(shù)交流、也為國際關(guān)系諸學(xué)科在我國的創(chuàng)新和發(fā)展，打下更堅(jiān)實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)。    這套“世界政治與國際關(guān)系原版影印叢書”，正是基于上述認(rèn)識而組織出版的，并且得到了我國國際關(guān)系教學(xué)與科研領(lǐng)域最有權(quán)威的專家教授們的認(rèn)可，他們分別來自于北京大學(xué)國際關(guān)系學(xué)院、復(fù)旦大學(xué)國際關(guān)系與公共事務(wù)學(xué)院、中國人民大學(xué)國際關(guān)系學(xué)院、外交學(xué)院、清華大學(xué)國際問題研究所、中國社會科學(xué)院世界經(jīng)濟(jì)與政治研究所、中共中央黨校戰(zhàn)略研究所等單位，作為本套叢書的學(xué)術(shù)顧問，他們愿意向我國該學(xué)科及相關(guān)領(lǐng)域的廣大學(xué)者和學(xué)生共同推薦這套叢書。    本叢書第一批先行選入了一些經(jīng)典文獻(xiàn)選讀性質(zhì)的國外優(yōu)秀教材，也包括美國大學(xué)中的一些知名國際關(guān)系學(xué)教員所編著的教材，內(nèi)容主要在國際關(guān)系理論方面，也包括國際政治經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)和比較政治學(xué)方面的優(yōu)秀教材。它們皆可稱為原文中的精品，值得研讀和收藏，不僅如此，由于它們本身在國外的大學(xué)課堂里都是應(yīng)用較廣的教材和讀物，所以特別適合作為我國國際關(guān)系與世界政治專業(yè)大學(xué)教學(xué)中的參考讀物，甚至可以直接作為以外文授課的課堂教材。在每本書的前面，我們都邀請國內(nèi)比較權(quán)威的專家學(xué)者撰寫了精彩的導(dǎo)論，以指導(dǎo)讀者更好地閱讀和使用這些文獻(xiàn)。    根據(jù)讀者的反映和我國建設(shè)中的國際關(guān)系學(xué)科的發(fā)展需要，我們決定在上述影印圖書的基礎(chǔ)上，開辟一個(gè)“學(xué)術(shù)精品系列”，以讓我國國際關(guān)系專業(yè)的學(xué)者和學(xué)生有機(jī)會更方便地接觸到那些堪稱“精品中的精品”的學(xué)術(shù)書籍，比如摩根索的《國家間政治》、沃爾茲的《國際政治理論》和基歐漢的《權(quán)力與相互依賴》等等。這些作品大都已經(jīng)有了中文譯本，而且有的還不只一種中譯本，它們的學(xué)術(shù)和學(xué)科地位是不言而喻的，在中國讀者心目中也已有著持久深入的影響，正因如此，在這個(gè)新系列的每一種圖書前面我們沒有再煩請學(xué)術(shù)顧們撰寫導(dǎo)言。我們相信，如此有生命力的作品，當(dāng)它們以新的面目出現(xiàn)在中國讀者面前時(shí)，一定會引發(fā)新的閱讀感受、新的理論遐思和新的戰(zhàn)略決策思考。

內(nèi)容概要

　　本書出自國際關(guān)系領(lǐng)域一位著名學(xué)者之手，它巧妙地把歷史與理論結(jié)合起來，幫助學(xué)生獲得一個(gè)全面的、有深度的分析當(dāng)今世界問題和困境的框架。這部書使用了最新的學(xué)術(shù)研究成果，考察了我們在新時(shí)代所面對的國際問題，并且為學(xué)生提供了認(rèn)識和解釋未來世界事態(tài)發(fā)展的工具?！　”緯咽堑?版，現(xiàn)由我社推出這部經(jīng)典著作的英文影印版，希望能為我國致力于國際關(guān)系理論領(lǐng)域研究的學(xué)者和愛好者們提供最新的第一手資料。　　在第5版中新增加了關(guān)于伊拉克戰(zhàn)爭的討論、布什的新國家安全政策、“軟權(quán)力”的更深層討論等內(nèi)容。

作者簡介

　　約瑟夫·奈（Joseph s．Nye，Jr．）哈佛大學(xué)政治學(xué)博士，現(xiàn)任哈佛大學(xué)肯尼迪政府學(xué)院院長、政冶學(xué)教授，曾任美國國防部助理部長、美國國家情報(bào)委員會主席，著有《權(quán)力與相互依賴》（1977年、1989年、2001年，合著）、《注定領(lǐng)導(dǎo)》（1990年）、《理解國際沖突》（2000年）

書籍目錄

FOREWORDPREFACECHAPTER 1 Is THERE AN ENDURING LOGIC OF CONFLICT IN WORLD POLITICS?  What Is International Politics?    Two Views of Anarchic Politics    Building Blocks  The Peloponnesian War    A Short Version of a Long Story    Causes and Theories    Inevitability and the Shadow of the Future  Ethical Questions and International Politics    Limits on Ethics in International Relations    Three Views of the Role of Morality  Chronology: Peloponnesian Wars  Study Questions  Notes  Selected Readings  Further ReadingsCHAPTER 2 ORIGINS OF THE GREAT TWENTIETH-CENTURY CONFLICTS  International Systems and Levels of Causation    Levels of Analysis    Systems: Structure and Process    Revolutionary and Moderate Goals and Instruments    The Structure and Process of the Nineteenth Century System    A Modern Sequel    Domestic Politics and Foreign Policy    Liberalism Revived    Liberal Democracy and War    Definition of National Interests    Variations in Foreign Policies  Counterfactuals    Plausibility    Proximity in Time    Relation to Theory  Facts  Chronologies: Europe  Study Questions  Notes  Selected Readings  Further ReadingsCHAPTER 3 BALANCE OF POWER AND WORLD WAR I  Balance of Power  Power    Balances as Distributions of Power    Balance of Power as Policy    Balance of Power as Multipolar Systems    Alliances  The Origins of World War I    Three Levels of Analysis    Was War Inevitable?    What Kind of War?    The Funnel of Choices    Lessons of History Again  Chronology: The Road to World War I  Study Questions  Notes  Selected Readings  Further ReadingsCHAPTER 4 THE FAILURE OF COLLECTIVE SECURITY AND WORLD WAR II  The Rise and Fall of Collective Security    The League of Nations    The United States and the League of Nations    The Early Days of the League    The Manchurian Failure    The Ethiopian Debacle  The Origins of World War II    Hitler's War?    ……CHAPTER 5 THE COLD WARCHAPTER 6 INTERVENTION,INSTITUTIONS,AND REGIONAL AND ETHNIC CONFLICTSCHAPTER 7 GLOBALIZATION AND INTERDEPENDENCECHAPTER 8 THE INFORMATION REVOLUTION,TRANSNATIONAL ACTORS,AND THE DIFFUSION OF POWERCHAPTER 9 A NEW WORLD ORDER?GLOSSARYCREDITSINDEX

章節(jié)摘錄

What Is International Politics?    WHAT IS INTERNATIONAL POLITICS?    The world has not always been divided into a system of separate states. Over the cen?turies there have been three basic forms of world politics. In a world imperial system, one government controls most of the world with which it has contact. The greatest example in the Western world was the Roman Empire. Spain in the sixteenth cen?tury and France in the late seventeenth century tried to gain similar supremacy, but they failed. In the nineteenth century, the British Empire spanned the globe, but even the British had to share the world with other strong states. Ancient world empires—the Sumerian, the Persian, the Chinese—were actually regional empires. They thought they ruled the world, but they were protected from conflict with other empires by lack of communication. Their fights with barbarians on the peripheries of the empire were not the same as wars among roughly equal states.    A second basic form of international politics is a feudal system, in which human loyalties and political obligations are not fixed primarily by territorial boundaries. Feudalism was common in Europe after the collapse of the Roman Empire. An individual had obligations to a local lord, but might also owe duties to some distant noble or bishop as well as to the pope in Rome. Political obligations were determined to a large extent by what happened to one's superiors. If a ruler married, an area and its people might find their obligations rearranged as part of a wedding dowry. Townspeople born French might suddenly find themselves made Flemish or even English. Cities and leagues of cities sometimes had a special semi-independent status. The crazy quilt of wars that accompanied the feudal situation were not what we think of as modern territorial wars. They could occur within as well as across territories and were related to these crosscutting, nonterritorial loyarties and conflicts.    A third form of world politics is an anarchic system of states, composed of states that are relatively cohesive but with no higher government above them. Examples include the city-states of ancient Greece or Machiavelli's fifteenth-century Italy. Another example of an anarchic state system is the dynastic territorial state whose coherence comes from control by a ruling family. Examples can be found in India or China in the fifth century B.C. Large territorial dynasties reemerged in Europe about 1500, and other forms of international polities such as city-states or loose leagues of territories began to vanish. In 1648, the Peace of Westphalia ended Europe's Thirty Years' War, sometimes called the last of the great wars of religion and the first of the wars of modern states. In retrospect, that treaty enshrined the sovereign territorial state as the dominant form of international organization.    Thus today when we speak of international politics, we usually mean this terri?torial state system, and we define international politics as politics in the absence of a common sovereign, politics among entities with no ruler above them. Interna?tional politics is often called anarchic. As monarchy means one ruler, anarchy— "an-archy"—means the absence of any ruler. International politics is a self-help sys?tem. Thomas Hobbes, the seventeenth-century English philosopher, called such anarchic systems a "state of nature."

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