美國(guó)學(xué)生世界歷史（上下冊(cè)）

前言

IN common with all children of my age, I was brought up on American History and given no other history but American, year in and year out, year after year for eight or more years.So far as I knew 1492 was the beginning of the world. Any events or characters before that time, reference to which I encountered by any chance, were put down in my mind in the same category with fairy-tales. Christ and His times, of which I heard only in Sunday-school, were to me mere fiction without reality. They were not mentioned in any history that I knew and therefore, so I thought, must belong not to a realm in time and space, but to a spiritual realm.To give an American child only American History is as provincial as to teach a Texas child only Texas History. Patriotism is usually given as the reason for such history teaching. It only promotes a narrow-mindedness and an absurd conceit, based on utter ignorance of any other peoples and any other times—an intolerant egotism without foundation in fact. Since World War I, it has become increasingly more and more important that American children should have a knowledge of other countries and other peoples in order that their attitude may be intelligent and unprejudiced.As young as nine years of age, a child is eagerly inquisitive as to what has taken place in the ages past and readily grasps a concept of World History. Therefore, for many years Calvert School nine-year-old pupils have been taught World History in spite of academic and parental skepticism and antagonism.But I have watched the gradual drift toward adoption of this plan of history teaching, and with it an ever-increasing demand for a text-book of general history for young children. I have found, however, that all existing text-books have to be largely abridged and also supplemented by a running explanation and comment, to make them intelligible to the young child.The recent momentous studies into the native intelligence of children show us what the average child at different ages can understand and what he cannot understand—what dates, figures of speech, vocabulary, generalities, and abstractions he can comprehend and what he cannot comprehend—and in the future all textbooks will have to be written with constant regard for these intelligence norms. Otherwise, such texts are very likely to be “over the child’s head.” They will be trying to teach him some things at least that, in the nature of the case, are beyond him.In spite of the fact that the writer has been in constant contact with the child mind for a great many years, he has found that whatever was written in his study had to be revised and rewritten each time after the lesson had been tried out in the class-room. Even though the first writing was in what he considered the simplest language, he has found that each and every word and expression has had to be subjected again and again to this classroom test to determine what meaning is conveyed. The slightest inverted phraseology or possibility of double meaning has often-times been misconstrued or found confusing. For instance, the statement that “Rome was on the Tiber River” has quite commonly been taken to mean that the city was literally built on top of the river, and the child has had some sort of fantastic vision of houses built on piles in the river. A child of nine is still very young—he may still believe in Santa Claus—younger in ideas, in vocabulary and in understanding than most adults appreciate—even though they be parents or teachers—and new information can hardly be put too simply.So the topics selected have not always been the most important—but the most important that can be understood and appreciated by a child. Most political, sociological, economic, or religious generalities are beyond a child’s comprehension, no matter how simply told. After all, this History is only a preliminary story.Excellent biographies and stories from general history have been written. But biographies from history do not give an historic outline. They do not give any outline at all for future filling in; and, indeed, unless they themselves are fitted into such a general historical scheme, they are nothing more than so many disconnected tales floating about in the child’s mind with no associations of time or space.The treatment of the subject in this book is, therefore, chronological—telling the story of what has happened century by century and epoch by epoch, not by nations. The story of one nation is interrupted to take up that of another as different plots in a novel are brought forward simultaneously. This is in line with the purpose, which is to give the pupil a continuous view or panorama of the ages rather than Greek History from start to finish then, retracing the steps of time, Roman History, and so on. The object is to sketch the whole picture in outline, leaving the details to be gradually filled in by later study, as the artist sketches the general scheme of his picture before filling in the details. Such a scheme is as necessary to orderly classification of historical knowledge as is a filing system in any office that can function properly or even at all.The Staircase of Time is to give a visual idea of the extent of time and the progressive steps in the History of the World. Each “flight” represents a thousand years, and each “step” a hundred—a century. If you have a spare wall, either in the play-room, attic, or barn such a Staircase of Time on a large scale may be drawn upon it from floor to reaching height and made a feature if elaborated with pictures or drawings of people and events. If the wall faces the child’s bed so much the better, for when lying awake in the morning or at any other time, instead of imagining fantastic designs on the wallpaper, he may picture the crowded events on the Staircase of Time. At any rate, the child should constantly refer either to such a Staircase of Time or to the Time Table as each event is studied, until he has a mental image of the Ages past.At first a child does not appreciate time values represented by numbers or the relative position of dates on a time line and will wildly say twenty-five hundred B.C. or twenty-five thousand B.C. or twenty-five million B.C. indiscriminately. Only by constantly referring dates to position on the Staircase of Time or the Time Table can a child come to visualize dates. You may be amused, but do not be amazed, if a child gives 776 thousand years A.D. as the date for the First Olympiad, or says that Italy is located in Athens, or that Abraham was a hero of the Trojan War.If you have ever been introduced to a roomful of strangers at one time, you know how futile it is to attempt even to remember their names to say nothing of connecting names and faces. It is necessary to hear something interesting about each one before you can begin to recall names and faces. Likewise an introduction to World History, the characters and places in which are utterly unknown strangers to the child, must be something more than a mere name introduction, and there must be very few introductions given at a time or both names and faces will be instantly forgotten. It is also necessary to repeat new names constantly in order that the pupil may gradually become familiarized with them, for so many strange people and places are bewildering.In order to serve the purpose of a basal outline, which in the future is to be filled in, it is necessary that the Time Table be made a permanent possession of the pupil. This Time Table, therefore, should be studied like the multiplication tables until it is known one hundred per cent and for “keeps,” and until the topic connected with each date can be elaborated as much as desired. The aim should be to have the pupil able to start with Primitive Man and give a summary of World History to the present time, with dates and chief events without prompting, questioning, hesitation, or mistake. Does this seem too much to expect? It is not as difficult as it may sound, if suggestions given in the text for connecting the various events into a sequence and for passing names and events in a condensed review are followed. Hundreds of Calvert children each year are successfully required to do this very thing.The attitude, however, usually assumed by teachers, that “even if the pupil forgets it all, there will be left a valuable impression,” is too often an apology for superficial teaching and superficial learning. History may be made just as much a “mental discipline” as some other studies, but only if difficulties of dates and other abstractions are squarely met and overcome by hard study and learned to be remembered, not merely to be forgotten after the recitation. The story part the child will easily remember, but it is the “who and when and where and why” that are important, and this part is the serious study. Instead of,“A man, once upon a time,” he should say, “King John in 1215 at Runnymede because—”This book, therefore, is not a supplementary reader but a basal history study. Just enough narrative is told to give the skeleton flesh and blood and make it living. The idea is not how much but how little can be told; to cut down one thousand pages to less than half of that number without leaving only dry bones.No matter how the subject is presented it is necessary that the child do his part and put his own brain to work; and for this purpose he should be required to retell each story after he has read it and should be repeatedly questioned on names and dates as well as stories, to make sure he is retaining and assimilating what he hears.I recall how once upon a time a young chap, just out of college, taught his first class in history. With all the enthusiasm of a full-back who has just kicked a goal from field, he talked, he sang; he drew maps on the blackboard, on the floor, on the field; he drew pictures, he vaulted desks, and even stood on his head to illustrate points. His pupils attended spellbound, with their eyes wide open, their ears wide open, and their mouths wide open. They missed nothing. They drank in his flow of words with thirst unquenched; but, like Baron Munchausen, he had failed to look at the other end of the drinking horse that had been cut in half. At the end of a month his kindly principal suggested a test, and he gave it with perfect confidence.There were only three questions:1. Tell all you can about Columbus.2. Tell all you can about Jamestown.3. Tell all you can about Plymouth.And here are the three answers of one of the most interested pupils:1. He was a great man.2. He was a great man.3. He was a great man to1.與當(dāng)時(shí)所有和我同齡的孩子一樣，我也是學(xué)習(xí)“美國(guó)歷史”長(zhǎng)大的，當(dāng)時(shí)的教育只講美國(guó)的歷史，就這樣年復(fù)一年地學(xué)了八年甚至更長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間。按照我當(dāng)時(shí)的知識(shí)，世界歷史是從1492年開始的，如果我偶然聽(tīng)到或讀到別人提及1492年以前的事和人，我就會(huì)認(rèn)為這都屬于童話一類的故事。那些只有在主日學(xué)校里才能聽(tīng)到的有關(guān)基督和他的時(shí)代的故事，在我看來(lái)都是人想象出來(lái)的，并不是真的。在我所讀的歷史書中，這些故事從沒(méi)被提到過(guò)，所以我就認(rèn)為它不屬于真實(shí)的時(shí)空領(lǐng)域，而只存在于人們的想象之中。給美國(guó)孩子只講美國(guó)歷史，就像只教得克薩斯州的孩子得克薩斯州的歷史一樣褊狹。人們通常用愛(ài)國(guó)主義來(lái)解釋這樣的歷史教育，但這樣的教育只能讓人變得胸襟狹窄，狂妄自大，因?yàn)樗⒃趯?duì)其他民族和其他時(shí)代一無(wú)所知的基礎(chǔ)上——這是一種虛妄的、偏執(zhí)的自我主義。第一次世界大戰(zhàn)以后，人們?cè)絹?lái)越認(rèn)識(shí)到美國(guó)孩子應(yīng)該對(duì)其他國(guó)家和民族有所了解， 有了這方面的了解，他們看問(wèn)題才能有明智的態(tài)度，不帶偏見(jiàn)。孩子從9歲開始就迫切地想知道過(guò)去時(shí)代所發(fā)生的事，欣然領(lǐng)會(huì)世界歷史的概念。因此，多年以來(lái)卡爾弗特學(xué)校的學(xué)生從9歲開始就上世界歷史課了，盡管有些教師和孩子的父母表示懷疑和反對(duì)，但我注意到，人們漸漸接受了這樣的歷史教學(xué)計(jì)劃。隨著這種態(tài)度的轉(zhuǎn)變，對(duì)世界通史兒童讀本的需求日益增長(zhǎng)。然而，我發(fā)現(xiàn)，為了便于孩子理解，所有現(xiàn)行的歷史課本，都需要大幅度刪節(jié)，并且還要補(bǔ)充不斷的解釋和評(píng)論。最近對(duì)孩子天生智力的一些重大研究讓我們知道，一個(gè)普通孩子處于不同的年齡時(shí)什么是他可以理解的，什么是他無(wú)法理解的；哪些日期、修辭格、詞匯、一般原則和抽象概念他能理解，哪些他無(wú)法理解——將來(lái)所有的課本在編撰時(shí)都必須始終考慮到這些智力標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。否則，這樣的課本很可能超過(guò)孩子的理解能力，孩子學(xué)習(xí)這樣的課本，至少有些內(nèi)容他肯定看不懂。盡管作者多年來(lái)不斷接觸到孩子的智力問(wèn)題，他發(fā)現(xiàn)每次課文在課堂上試講后，他在書齋里所寫的那些東西還是不得不修改甚至重寫。盡管作者自認(rèn)初稿用的是最淺白的語(yǔ)言，他還是發(fā)現(xiàn)每個(gè)詞語(yǔ)和短語(yǔ)都必須先在課堂上反復(fù)試用，然后才能確定這些詞和短語(yǔ)向孩子傳達(dá)了什么意思。措詞稍有倒裝或可能存在歧義或多義都會(huì)引起孩子們的誤解和困惑。比如說(shuō)：“羅馬城在臺(tái)伯河畔”，由于這句話在英語(yǔ)中用了介詞“on”，就很容易被理解成城市就建在河上，而且孩子們還會(huì)異想天開，想象羅馬的房子都建在水里的木樁上。一個(gè)9歲的孩子還很幼稚——他可能依然堅(jiān)信有圣誕老人的存在——他在觀念、詞匯和理解能力方面比大多數(shù)成年人意識(shí)到的還要幼稚——即使這些成年人是他們的父母或老師。因此，新知識(shí)表述得越簡(jiǎn)明易懂越好。因此，課本中選擇的題材并不總是最重要的，最重要的是里面的內(nèi)容孩子們能看懂并感興趣。無(wú)論文字?jǐn)⑹龆嗝春?jiǎn)單易懂，大多數(shù)的政治學(xué)、社會(huì)學(xué)、經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)和宗教上的一般原則都超出了孩子們理解力。畢竟，這本歷史課本只是對(duì)歷史的初步敘述?！睹绹?guó)學(xué)生世界歷史》撰寫了世界歷史中極為精彩的傳記和故事，但歷史中的這些傳記無(wú)法勾勒出歷史輪廓，也根本不能為孩子們將來(lái)補(bǔ)充歷史知識(shí)提供一個(gè)大綱；事實(shí)上，如果不能將這些傳記納入歷史發(fā)展的總綱里，這些傳記只不過(guò)是浮現(xiàn)在孩子們腦海里的許多孤立的故事，與時(shí)間或空間沒(méi)有絲毫聯(lián)系。因此《美國(guó)學(xué)生世界歷史》按照時(shí)間的順序來(lái)論述題材——一個(gè)世紀(jì)接一個(gè)世紀(jì)、一個(gè)時(shí)代接一個(gè)時(shí)代地述說(shuō)歷史事件，而不是按照各個(gè)國(guó)家的順序。一個(gè)國(guó)家的歷史敘述還沒(méi)有結(jié)束就停下來(lái)，又開始了另一個(gè)國(guó)家的歷史敘述，就像小說(shuō)里讓不同的情節(jié)同步展開一樣。這樣做和編撰本書的目的是一致的——就是讓小學(xué)生們看到各個(gè)時(shí)代連續(xù)的全景圖，而不是把希臘歷史從頭到尾說(shuō)一遍，然后從時(shí)間上返回來(lái)，再講述羅馬歷史，這樣不斷繼續(xù)下去。本書的宗旨就是要勾勒出整個(gè)歷史畫面的輪廓，而詳情則有待孩子們?cè)谝院蟮膶W(xué)習(xí)中逐漸補(bǔ)充，就像畫家先粗略勾勒出草圖，然后再補(bǔ)充細(xì)節(jié)。要把歷史知識(shí)有條理地歸類，需要這樣一幅輪廓圖，就像任何一個(gè)運(yùn)作平穩(wěn)有序的辦公室，需要一個(gè)能將各類文件歸檔的系統(tǒng)?！睹绹?guó)學(xué)生世界歷史》的時(shí)間階梯是要讓孩子們?cè)谥庇^上了解時(shí)間的長(zhǎng)度和世界歷史發(fā)展的階段。每一段階梯代表一千年，每一個(gè)臺(tái)階代表一百年，也就是一個(gè)世紀(jì)。如果你有一面空墻，不管是在游戲室、閣樓還是谷倉(cāng)里，你可以將“時(shí)間階梯”放大畫在墻上，從地面一直畫到手夠得著的高度。如果再精心配上有人物和歷史事件的圖片或繪畫，那就很有特色，更吸引人了。如果這面墻正對(duì)著孩子的床，那就更好了。因?yàn)樵绯炕蚱渌麜r(shí)間孩子醒來(lái)躺在床上時(shí)，他就可以不去想象墻紙上稀奇古怪的圖案，時(shí)間階梯里擠滿的歷史事件足以讓他構(gòu)想出各種情景。無(wú)論怎樣，在學(xué)習(xí)每一個(gè)歷史事件的時(shí)候，孩子就應(yīng)當(dāng)不斷參考這樣一個(gè)時(shí)間階梯或時(shí)間表，久而久之，過(guò)去時(shí)代的印象就會(huì)留在他腦海中。開始，孩子們領(lǐng)會(huì)不到歷史年表上數(shù)字表達(dá)的時(shí)間長(zhǎng)度或各個(gè)時(shí)期的相應(yīng)順序，會(huì)將公元前2500年、公元前25000年和公元前2500萬(wàn)年混為一談。孩子們只有不斷地將歷史時(shí)期歸入到時(shí)間階梯或時(shí)間表里相應(yīng)位置。這些時(shí)期才能在他腦子里形成具體的印象。如果一個(gè)孩子說(shuō)公元776000年舉辦了第一屆奧運(yùn)會(huì)，或者意大利位于雅典，亞伯拉罕是特洛伊戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的英雄，你可能會(huì)覺(jué)得好笑，但千萬(wàn)不要感到驚訝。如果有人一次介紹你認(rèn)識(shí)一屋子的陌生人，你知道記住他們的名字根本就是徒勞，更不用提將他們的名字和長(zhǎng)相對(duì)應(yīng)起來(lái)。在記住他們的名字和長(zhǎng)相之前，你聽(tīng)一點(diǎn)每個(gè)人的趣事是很有必要的。同樣，講述世界歷史，就不能僅僅介紹人名和地名，因?yàn)檫@些對(duì)于孩子來(lái)說(shuō)就像是不認(rèn)識(shí)的陌生人；而且，一次還不能介紹太多，否則他馬上就把“名字”和“長(zhǎng)相”都忘掉了。為了讓小學(xué)生逐漸熟悉新名字，不斷重復(fù)新的人名和地名也是必要的，因?yàn)?，這么陌生的人物和地點(diǎn)是令人困惑的。一個(gè)基礎(chǔ)的歷史大綱應(yīng)當(dāng)在將來(lái)不斷被填充。為了達(dá)到這個(gè)目的，有必要讓學(xué)生把時(shí)間表完全記住，終身不忘。因此應(yīng)當(dāng)像學(xué)習(xí)乘法表那樣去學(xué)習(xí)這個(gè)時(shí)間表，直到學(xué)生能百分之百地記住，永久不忘，直到學(xué)生能像所希望的那樣詳盡地講述與每個(gè)時(shí)期有關(guān)的主題。我們的目標(biāo)就是要讓學(xué)生在沒(méi)有別人提示和提問(wèn)的情況下，自己能夠不猶豫，不犯錯(cuò)地從原始人開始，把從古至今的世界歷史概述一遍，包括其中重要的歷史時(shí)期和事件。這個(gè)目標(biāo)是不是聽(tīng)起來(lái)期望過(guò)高了？如果采用課本所給的建議，把各個(gè)歷史事件按先后順序聯(lián)系在一起，再把重要的歷史人物和事件集中復(fù)習(xí)一遍，那么達(dá)到這個(gè)目標(biāo)就沒(méi)有聽(tīng)起來(lái)那么難了。每年卡爾維特學(xué)校數(shù)百名孩子都按照要求成功地達(dá)到了這個(gè)目標(biāo)。然而，教師通常持有這樣的看法：“即使學(xué)生忘記了所有的內(nèi)容，腦子里總要留下一點(diǎn)有價(jià)值的印象吧?！边@種看法常常成為對(duì)草率膚淺的教學(xué)和不求甚解的學(xué)習(xí)的辯解。歷史課可以和其他學(xué)科一樣成為一種“智力訓(xùn)練”，但是其前提是：不回避在學(xué)習(xí)歷史年代和抽象概念時(shí)遇到的困難，而是正面迎接，通過(guò)刻苦的學(xué)習(xí)克服這些困難，并學(xué)會(huì)記住這些年代和抽象概念，而不是在背誦之后忘得干干凈凈。凡是講故事的內(nèi)容，孩子總是很容易就記住了。但是，“人物、時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)和原因”才是重要的，這部分是需要認(rèn)真學(xué)習(xí)的。他不應(yīng)該說(shuō)，“從前有個(gè)人”，而應(yīng)該說(shuō)，“約翰王在1215年在蘭尼米德，因?yàn)椤币虼?，這本書不是一本補(bǔ)充讀本，而是一本基礎(chǔ)歷史教科書。書中對(duì)歷史事件給予了充分的敘述，讓歷史的“骨架”有了“血肉”，使本書讀起來(lái)生動(dòng)有趣。撰寫本書考慮的不是篇幅要多么長(zhǎng)，而是要多么短，所以把1000頁(yè)縮短到500頁(yè)，而留下的內(nèi)容卻不至于是干巴巴的骨頭。無(wú)論歷史在本書中是怎樣被呈現(xiàn)的，孩子都必須盡自己的努力，學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)多動(dòng)腦筋思考；為了這個(gè)目的，應(yīng)該在孩子閱讀每個(gè)故事以后，要求他們復(fù)述一遍，應(yīng)該反復(fù)問(wèn)他們故事的內(nèi)容和其中的人名和日期，以確保他們記住和吸收了所聽(tīng)到的內(nèi)容。我回想起很久以前一個(gè)大學(xué)剛畢業(yè)的小伙子教第一堂歷史課的情景。他滿腔熱情，像足球場(chǎng)上剛射入一球的后衛(wèi)那么興奮。他又說(shuō)又唱，把一幅幅地圖畫在黑板上、地板上、操場(chǎng)上。為了說(shuō)明要點(diǎn)，他畫了一些圖，用手支撐躍過(guò)一張張課桌，甚至身體倒立。學(xué)生們聽(tīng)他的課都入了迷，個(gè)個(gè)都睜大雙眼，豎起耳朵，張著嘴巴。他們?nèi)褙炞⒌芈?tīng)著，如饑似渴地吸收他滔滔不絕的話語(yǔ)。但是這個(gè)小伙子就像閔希豪生男爵，只顧著給馬飲水，卻未能看到馬的后半身早已被砍掉。過(guò)了一個(gè)月，和藹可親的校長(zhǎng)建議他進(jìn)行一次測(cè)驗(yàn)。他信心十足地出了考卷?？季砩现挥腥齻€(gè)問(wèn)題：1. 說(shuō)說(shuō)你對(duì)哥倫布了解多少。2. 說(shuō)說(shuō)你對(duì)詹姆斯敦了解多少。3. 說(shuō)說(shuō)你對(duì)普利茅斯了解多少。下面是其中一個(gè)孩子的回答，這個(gè)孩子是那些對(duì)他的課最感興趣的學(xué)生之一：1. 他是一個(gè)衛(wèi)大的人。2. 他是一個(gè)衛(wèi)大的人。3. 他也是一個(gè)衛(wèi)大的人。

內(nèi)容概要

　　To give the child some idea of what has gone on in the world
before he arrived;
　　To take him out of his little self-centered, shut-in life, which
looms so large because it is so close to his eyes;
　　To extend his horizon, broaden his view, and open up the visits
down the ages past;
　　To acquaint him with some of the big events and great names and
fix these in time and space as a basis for detailed study in the
future;
　　To give him a chronological file with main guides, into which he
can fit in its proper place all his further historical study—
　　Is the purpose of this first SURVEY OF THE WORLD’S HISTORY.
　　⊙讓孩子知道一些他們來(lái)到這世界之前就已經(jīng)發(fā)生的事情；
　　⊙帶孩子走出以自我為中心、封閉在家的生活，這種生活顯得過(guò)于重要，因?yàn)樘N近，就成為孩子們眼中的一切，使他們看不到外面的世界；
　　⊙開闊孩子的眼界，拓寬他們的視野，將過(guò)去時(shí)代的歷史畫面展現(xiàn)在他們面前；
　　⊙讓他們熟悉歷史上一些重大事件和偉人的名字，并把這些事和人在時(shí)間和空間上確定下來(lái)，作為將來(lái)系統(tǒng)學(xué)習(xí)的基礎(chǔ)；
　　⊙向孩子提供一份歷史編年檔案，并附有要覽，這樣他們今后學(xué)習(xí)歷史就可以參照這份檔案。
　　以上所述就是寫這第一本世界歷史故事的宗旨。
　　——維吉爾?Ｍ?希利爾（卡爾佛特首任校長(zhǎng)，本書作者）

作者簡(jiǎn)介

　　維吉爾·Ｍ·希利爾（Virgil Mores
Hillyer，1875-1931）1875年出生于美國(guó)馬薩諸塞州韋茅斯，他在華盛頓特區(qū)的“國(guó)會(huì)山”度過(guò)其童年，畢業(yè)于美國(guó)哈佛大學(xué)。他是美國(guó)著名教育家、卡爾佛特學(xué)校首任校長(zhǎng)、美國(guó)家庭學(xué)校（HOMESCHOOL）課程體系創(chuàng)建者。
　　作為一位教育革新者，希利爾在美國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)和國(guó)際上獲得了廣泛聲譽(yù)和影響力。他從事教育工作的同時(shí)，親自為孩子們編寫教材，在課堂上試講并修訂，受到學(xué)校和學(xué)生們的贊譽(yù)，不少教材至今仍被學(xué)校使用。如《美國(guó)學(xué)生世界地理》、《美國(guó)學(xué)生世界歷史》、《美國(guó)學(xué)生藝術(shù)史》等。他一直探索家庭學(xué)校教育理念并設(shè)計(jì)其課程體系，寫作了一本家庭學(xué)校教育手冊(cè)——《在家教出好孩子》，成為父母教育孩子的指南。

書籍目錄

01 How Things Started ◆ 萬(wàn)物起源
02 People Who Lived in Caves ◆ 穴居人
03 Fire! Fire!! Fire!!! ◆ 火！火！火！
04 From an Airplane ◆ 從飛機(jī)上往下看
05 Real History Begins ◆ 真正的歷史從此開始
06 The Puzzle Writers in Egypt ◆ 埃及之謎的作者
07 The Tomb Builders ◆ 建造陵墓的人
08 A Rich Land Where There Was No Money ◆ 沒(méi)有錢的富饒之地
09 The Jews Search For a Home ◆ 尋找家園的猶太人
10 Fairy-Tale Gods ◆ 神話故事中的眾神
11 A Fairy-Tale War ◆ 神話故事中的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)
12 The Kings of the Jews ◆ 猶太國(guó)王
13 The People Who Made Our ABC’s ◆ 發(fā)明字母ABC 的人
14 Hard as Nails ◆ 像鐵釘一樣堅(jiān)硬
15 The Crown of Leaves ◆ 桂冠
16 A Bad Beginning ◆ 邪惡的開端
17 Kings with Corkscrew Curls ◆ 長(zhǎng)著螺旋形卷發(fā)的國(guó)王們
18 A City of Wonders and Wickedness ◆ 奇跡和邪惡并存的城市
19 A Surprise Party ◆ 遭到突襲的宴會(huì)
20 The Other Side of the World: India ◆ 世界的另一邊：印度
21 All the Way Around the World in China ◆ 中國(guó)人的世界
22 Rich Man, Poor Man ◆ 雅典的富人和窮人
23 Rome Kicks Out Her Kings ◆ 羅馬人攆走了國(guó)王
24 Greece vs. Persia ◆ 希臘對(duì)波斯
25 Fighting Mad ◆ 戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)狂
26 One Against a Thousand ◆ 以一擋千
27 The Golden Age ◆ 黃金時(shí)代
28 When Greek Meets Greek ◆ 當(dāng)希臘人遇上希臘人
29 Wise Men and Otherwise ◆ 智者和愚人
30 A Boy King ◆ 少年國(guó)王
31 Picking a Fight ◆ 尋釁斗毆
32 The Boot Kicks and Stamps ◆ 靴子的反擊和踐踏
33 The New Champion of the World ◆ 新的世界冠軍
34 The Noblest Roman of Them All ◆ 羅馬人中的最高貴者
35 An Emperor Who Was Made a God ◆ 被看做神明的皇帝
36 “ Thine is the Kingdom, the Power, and the Glory”
“國(guó)度、權(quán)柄、榮耀，全是你的”
37 Blood and Thunder ◆ 血和雷
38 A Good Emperor and a Bad Son ◆ 好皇帝和他的壞兒子
39 I_H_ _S_ _ _ _V_ _ _ _ _ ◆ 靠服
40 Barbarian Invaders ◆ 野蠻的入侵者
41 Barbarians Meet the Champions of the World ◆
野蠻人遭遇世界霸主
42 New Places—New Heroes ◆ 新地方，新英雄
43 Being Good ◆ 為 善
44 A Christian Kingdom in Africa ◆ 非洲的一個(gè)基督教王國(guó)
45 Muhammad and the Early Years of Islam ◆ 穆罕默德和初期的伊斯蘭教
46 Arabian Days ◆ 阿拉伯時(shí)代
47 Two Empires, Two Emperors ◆ 兩個(gè)帝國(guó)，兩個(gè)皇帝
48 Getting a Start ◆ 啟 動(dòng)
49 The End of the World ◆ 世界末日
50 Real Castles ◆ 真正的城堡
51 Knights and Days of Chivalry ◆ 騎士和騎士制度時(shí)期
52 A Pirate’s Great Grandson ◆ 海盜有個(gè)了不起的孫子
53 A Great Adventure ◆ 一次偉大的歷險(xiǎn)
54 Tick-Tack-Toe; Three Kings in a Row
畫“連城”游戲，三個(gè)國(guó)王成一行
55 Three Kingdoms in West Africa ◆ 西非三個(gè)王國(guó)
56 Bibles Made of Stone and Glass ◆ 石頭和玻璃制作的《圣經(jīng)》
57 John, Whom Nobody Loved ◆ 沒(méi)人喜歡的約翰
58 A Great Story Teller ◆ 一位了不起的講故事的人
59 A Magic Needle and A Magic Powder ◆“ 魔針”和“魔粉”
60 Thelon Gest Wart Hate Verwas ◆ 歷史上時(shí)間最長(zhǎng)的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)
61 Print and Powder ◆ 印刷術(shù)和火藥——新舊時(shí)代的交替
62 A Sailor Who Found a New World ◆ 一個(gè)發(fā)現(xiàn)“新”大陸的水手
63 Fortune Hunters ◆ 尋找財(cái)富的探險(xiǎn)家
64 The Search for Gold and Adventure ◆ 尋金和探險(xiǎn)
65 Along the Coast of East Africa ◆ 沿著東非海岸
66 Rebirth ◆ 再 生
67 Christians Quarrel ◆ 基督徒的爭(zhēng)吵
68 Queen Elizabeth ◆ 伊麗莎白女王
69 The Age of Elizabeth ◆ 伊麗莎白時(shí)代
70 James the Servant ◆ 仆人詹姆斯
71 A King Who Lost His Head ◆ 掉了腦袋的國(guó)王
72 Red Cap and Red Heels ◆ 紅帽子和紅鞋跟
73 A Self-Made Man ◆ 靠自己奮斗成功的人
74 A Prince Who Ran Away ◆ 逃跑的王子
75 America Gets Rid of Her King ◆ 美國(guó)擺脫了國(guó)王
76 Upside Down ◆ 天翻地覆
77 A Little Giant ◆ 矮小的巨人
78 Latin America and the Caribbean Islands ◆
拉丁美洲和加勒比海群島
79 From Pan and His Pipes to the Phonograph ◆
從森林之神的排簫到留聲機(jī)
80 The Daily Papers of 1854-1865 ◆ 1854-1865 年的日?qǐng)?bào)
81 Three New Postage Stamps ◆ 三張新郵票
82 The Age of Miracles ◆ 產(chǎn)生奇跡的時(shí)代
83 A Different Kind of Revolution ◆ 另一種革命
84 A World at War ◆ 陷入戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的世界
85 A Short Twenty Years ◆ 短短二十年
86 Modern Barbarians ◆ 現(xiàn)代“野蠻人”
87 Fighting the Dictators ◆ 對(duì)抗獨(dú)裁者
88 A New Spirit in the World ◆ 世界新精神
89 Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow ◆ 昨天、今天、明天

章節(jié)摘錄

版權(quán)頁(yè)：   插圖：   THE first things are usually the most interesting-the first baby, the first tooth, the first step, the first word, the first spanking. This book will be chiefly the story of first things; those that came second or third or fourth or fifth you can read about and study later. Primitive people did not at first know what fire was. They had no matches nor any way of making a light or a fire. They had no light at night. They had no fire to warm themselves by. They had no fire with which to cook their food. Somewhere and sometime, we do not know exactly when or how, they found out how to make and use fire. If you rub your hands together rapidly, they become warm. Try it. If you rub them together still more rapidly, they become hot. If you rub two sticks together rapidly, they become warm. If you rub them together still more rapidly, they become hot. If you rub two sticks together very, very, very rapidly, they become hot and at last, if you keep it up long enough and fast enough, are set on fire. Native Americans and Boy Scouts and Girl Scouts do this and make a fire by twisting one stick against another.

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《美國(guó)學(xué)生世界歷史(套裝上下冊(cè))(英漢雙語(yǔ)版)》撰寫了世界歷史中極為精彩的傳記和故事，但歷史中的這些傳記無(wú)法勾勒出歷史輪廓，也根本不能為孩子們將來(lái)補(bǔ)充歷史知識(shí)提供一個(gè)大綱；事實(shí)上，如果不能將這些傳記納入歷史發(fā)展的總綱里，這些傳記只不過(guò)是浮現(xiàn)在孩子們腦海里的許多孤立的故事，與時(shí)間或空間沒(méi)有絲毫聯(lián)系。因此《美國(guó)學(xué)生世界歷史(套裝上下冊(cè))(英漢雙語(yǔ)版)》按照時(shí)間的順序來(lái)論述題材——一個(gè)世紀(jì)接一個(gè)世紀(jì)、一個(gè)時(shí)代接一個(gè)時(shí)代地述說(shuō)歷史事件，而不是按照各個(gè)國(guó)家的順序。一個(gè)國(guó)家的歷史敘述還沒(méi)有結(jié)束就停下來(lái)，又開始了另一個(gè)國(guó)家的歷史敘述，就像小說(shuō)里讓不同的情節(jié)同步展開一樣。這樣做和編撰《美國(guó)學(xué)生世界歷史(套裝上下冊(cè))(英漢雙語(yǔ)版)》的目的是一致的——就是讓小學(xué)生們看到各個(gè)時(shí)代連續(xù)的全景圖，而不是把希臘歷史從頭到尾說(shuō)一遍，然后從時(shí)間上返回來(lái)，再講述羅馬歷史，這樣不斷繼續(xù)下去。《美國(guó)學(xué)生世界歷史(套裝上下冊(cè))(英漢雙語(yǔ)版)》的宗旨就是要勾勒出整個(gè)歷史畫面的輪廓，而詳情則有待孩子們?cè)谝院蟮膶W(xué)習(xí)中逐漸補(bǔ)充，就像畫家先粗略勾勒出草圖，然后再補(bǔ)充細(xì)節(jié)。要把歷史知識(shí)有條理地歸類，需要這樣一幅輪廓圖，就像任何一個(gè)運(yùn)作平穩(wěn)有序的辦公室，需要一個(gè)能將各類文件歸檔的系統(tǒng)?！睹绹?guó)學(xué)生世界歷史(套裝上下冊(cè))(英漢雙語(yǔ)版)》的時(shí)間階梯是要讓孩子們?cè)谥庇^上了解時(shí)間的長(zhǎng)度和世界歷史發(fā)展的階段。每一段階梯代表一千年，每一個(gè)臺(tái)階代表一百年，也就是一個(gè)世紀(jì)。如果你有一面空墻，不管是在游戲室、閣樓還是谷倉(cāng)里，你可以將“時(shí)間階梯”放大畫在墻上，從地面一直畫到手夠得著的高度。如果再精心配上有人物和歷史事件的圖片或繪畫，那就很有特色，更吸引人了。如果這面墻正對(duì)著孩子的床，那就更好了。因?yàn)樵绯炕蚱渌麜r(shí)間孩子醒來(lái)躺在床上時(shí)，他就可以不去想象墻紙上稀奇古怪的圖案，時(shí)間階梯里擠滿的歷史事件足以讓他構(gòu)想出各種情景。無(wú)論怎樣，在學(xué)習(xí)每一個(gè)歷史事件的時(shí)候，孩子就應(yīng)當(dāng)不斷參考這樣一個(gè)時(shí)間階梯或時(shí)間表，久而久之，過(guò)去時(shí)代的印象就會(huì)留在他腦海中。開始，孩子們領(lǐng)會(huì)不到歷史年表上數(shù)字表達(dá)的時(shí)間長(zhǎng)度或各個(gè)時(shí)期的相應(yīng)順序，會(huì)將公元前2500年、公元前25000年和公元前2500萬(wàn)年混為一談。孩子們只有不斷地將歷史時(shí)期歸入到時(shí)間階梯或時(shí)間表里相應(yīng)位置。這些時(shí)期才能在他腦子里形成具體的印象。如果一個(gè)孩子說(shuō)公元776000年舉辦了第一屆奧運(yùn)會(huì)，或者意大利位于雅典，亞伯拉罕是特洛伊戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的英雄，你可能會(huì)覺(jué)得好笑，但千萬(wàn)不要感到驚訝。

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